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1.0 The Origin of Biopotentials (New)
1.0 The Origin of Biopotentials (New)
MEASUREMENT
IDA MARIA BINTI MOHD YUSOFF
TOPICS
1. THE ORIGIN OF BIOPOTENTIAL
2. BIOPOTENTIAL ELECTRODES
3. BIOPOTENTIAL AMPLIFIERS
4. CARDIOVASCULAR MEASUREMENT
5. RESPIRATORY MEASUREMENT
Course Assessment
Test
Quiz
Practical Work
Practical Test
End of Chapter
Essay Question
- 1 (20%)
- 4 (10%)
- 6 (50%)
- 1 (15%)
- 2 (5%)
- 1 (5%)
CHAPTER 1:
THE ORIGIN OF BIOPOTENTIAL
Extracellular
Domain
Intracellular
domain
Resting Membrane
Potential
Higher concentration of potassium (K+) inside
At rest, potassium
ions (K+) can cross
through the membrane
easily.
Chloride ions (Cl-)and
sodium ions (Na+) have a
more difficult time
crossing.
Resting Potentials
Nerve
Na+ concentration inside the cell is far less than that outside.
The outside of the cell is more positive than the inside of the cell.
Action Potential
Na-K pump
Vm
Action potential
as a "spike" or an "impulse" for the action
potential
When it is stimulated, protein channels in the
membrane open, and let sodium into the cell,
making the membrane potential more
positive.
Action potential is an explosion of electrical
activity that is created by a depolarizing
current
A stimulus causes the resting potential to
move toward 0 mV
When the depolarization reaches about -55
mV a it will fire an action potential.
This is the threshold
DEPOLARIZATION
Na+ channels open.
K+ channels begin to
open.
Depolarization results
because the inward
movement of Na+ makes
the inside of the
membrane more positive
REPOLARIZATION
Na+ channels close
and additional
K+ channels open.
Na+ movement into
the cell stops and K+
movement out of the
cell increases, causing
repolarization
Membrane Current
im
membran current im
time / ms
distance / mm
Action Potential
Action Potential
excitable cell
Vm
Na+ -channels
K+ -channels
time
resting potential
ACTION POTENTIAL
http://brainu.org/files/movies/action_potential_cartoon.swf
ECG
Electrocardiograph
Heart
ElectroCardioGram
Heart
Eindhovens triangle
36
EEG
The EEG (popularly known as brain waves)
represents the electrical activity of the brain
Delta (): 0.5 - 4 Hz;
Theta (): 4 - 8 Hz;
Alpha (): 8 - 13 Hz; and
Beta (): > 13 Hz.
Brain
ElectroEncefaloGram
Waves:
Delta: < 4 Hz
Theta: 4.5 -8 Hz
Beta: 12 - 30 Hz
Gama: 3080 Hz
EMG
Electromyograph
Electromyogram (EMG)
Skeletal muscle is organized
functionally on the basis of the
single motor unit (SMU).
SMU is the smallest unit that can be
activated by a volitional effort
where all muscle fibers are activated
synchronously.
SMU may contain 10 to 2000 muscle
fibers, depending on the location
of the muscle.
Factors for muscle varying strength
1. Number of muscle fibers
contracting within a muscle
2. Tension developed by each
contracting fiber
http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/matthews/myosin.html
Figure 4.10 Diagram of a single motor unit (SMU), which consists of a single motoneuron and
the group of skeletal muscle fibers that it innervates. Length transducers [muscle spindles, Figure
4.6(a)] in the muscle activate sensory nerve fibers whose cell bodies are located in the dorsal root
ganglion. These bipolar neurons send axonal projections to the spinal cord that divide into a
descending and an ascending branch. The descending branch enters into a simple reflex arc with
the motor neuron, while the ascending branch conveys information regarding current muscle
length to higher centers in the CNS via ascending nerve fiber tracts in the spinal cord and brain
stem. These ascending pathways are discussed in Section 4.8.
Electromyogram (EMG)
Field potential of the active fibers of an SMU
1- triphasic form
2- duration 3-15 msec
3- discharge rate varies from 6 to 30 per second
4- Amplitude range from 20 to 2000 V
Surface electrode record field potential of surface muscles and over a
wide area.
Monopolar and bipolar insertion-type needle electrode can be used to
record SMU field potentials at different locations.
ENG
The ENG is an electrical signal observed as a
stimulus and the associated nerve action
potential propagate over the length of a nerve.
It may be used to measure the velocity of
propagation (or conduction velocity) of a
stimulus or action potential in a nerve
ENGs may be recorded using concentric needle
electrodes or silver -silver-chloride electrodes
(Ag - AgCl) at the surface of the body.
Electroneurogram (ENG)
Recording the field potential of an excited nerve.
Neural field potential is generated by
- Sensory component
- Motor component
Parameters for diagnosing peripheral nerve disorder
- Conduction velocity
- Latency
- Characteristic of field potentials evoked in muscle supplied by the
stimulated nerve (temporal dispersion)
S2
Reference
Muscle
S2
V(t)
L2
Velocity = u =
1 mV
S1
V(t)
L1
D
L1 - L2
2 ms
Figure 4.9 The H reflex The four traces show potentials evoked by stimulation of the
medial popliteal nerve with pulses of increasing magnitude (the stimulus artifact increases
with stimulus magnitude). The later potential or H wave is a low-threshold response,
maximally evoked by a stimulus too weak to evoke the muscular response (M wave). As the
M wave increases in magnitude, the H wave diminishes.
Electroretinogram (ERG)
ERG is a recording of the temporal sequence of changes in potential in
the retina when stimulated with a brief flash of light.
Aqueous humor
Glaucoma
High pressure
A transparent contact lens contains one electrode and the reference electrode can be
placed on the right temple.
Electroretinogram (ERG)
Ag/AgCl electrode impeded in a special contact lens.
Electroretinogram (ERG)
The a-wave, sometimes called the "late receptor potential," reflects the general physiological
health of the photoreceptors in the outer retina. In contrast, the b-wave reflects the health of
the inner layers of the retina, including the ON bipolar cells and the Muller cells (Miller and
Dowling, 1970). Two other waveforms that are sometimes recorded in the clinic are the c-wave
originating in the pigment epithelium (Marmor and Hock, 1982) and the d-wave indicating
activity of the OFF bipolar cells (see Figure 3).
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http://webvision.med.utah.edu/ClinicalERG.html
Electro-Oculogram (EOG)
EOG is the recording of the corneal-retinal potential to determine the
eye movement.
By placing two electrodes to the left and the right of the eye or above
and below the eye one can measure the potential between the two
electrode to determine the horizontal or vertical movement of the eye.
The potential is zero when the gaze is straight ahead.
Applications
1- Sleep and dream research,
2- Evaluating reading ability and visual fatigue.
Bionic Eyes