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Transmission Properties of Pair Cables: Nils Holte, NTNU
Transmission Properties of Pair Cables: Nils Holte, NTNU
Transmission Properties of Pair Cables: Nils Holte, NTNU
pair cables
NTNU
Department of Telecommunications
Overview
Part I: Physical design of a pair cable
Part II: Electrical properties of a single pair
Part III: Interference between pairs,
crosstalk
Part IV: Estimates of channel capacity of pair
cables. How to exploit the existing
cable plant in an optimum way
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Department of Telecommunications
Part I
Basic design of pair cables
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Conductor
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A twisted pair
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Cross-stranding
Cross-stranding
technique:
Each pair runs
through a die in the
cross-stranding
matrix.
The positions of the
dies are set by a
random generator
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1) overhead cable
2) buried cable
3) in water (fresh water)
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Part II
Properties of a single pair
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2r
r
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0 r
C=
2a
ln
r
The capacitance of cables in the access network is 45 nF/km
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0 2a
L=
ln
r
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Skin effect
At high frequencies the current will flow in the outer part
of the conductors, and the skin depth is given by [12]:
1
f r 0
2, 11
FkHz
mm
= 2.11 mm at 1 kHz
= 0.067 mm at 1 MHz
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Department of Telecommunications
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Resistance of a conductor
The resistance per unit length of a conductor is for r << a given by:
1
r2
RC =
1
2 r
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Resistance of a pair
The resistance per unit length of a pair will be the sum of the
resitances of the two conductors and is given by:
2
r2
R = 2 RC =
1
r
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Department of Telecommunications
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Conductance of a pair
The conductance per unit length of a pair is given by:
G = l C
l is the dielectric loss factor
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10
Rx
U+U
I+I
Cx
Gx
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U(x)
x=0
x=l
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11
d
U ( x ) = ( R + jL) I ( x ) = Z I ( x )
dx
d
I ( x ) = (G + jC )U ( x ) = Y U ( x )
dx
Combining the equations:
d2
U( x) = Z Y U( x)
dx
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Department of Telecommunications
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U(x) = c1 e x + c2 e x
I(x) =
c1 x c 2 x
e +
e
Z0
Z0
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12
Propagation constant
= Z Y = ( R + jL) (G + jC ) =
( R + jL) jC
= + j
is the attenuation constant in Neper/km
is the phase constant in rad/km
Neper to dB:
dB =
20
= 8.69
ln(10)
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Department of Telecommunications
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Characteristic impedance
Z0 =
Z
=
Y
( R + jL)
=
(G + jC )
( R + jL)
jC
Z0 =
L
C
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13
Attenuation constant
At high frequencies (f > 100 kHz) R <<L.
By series expansion of :
R C G
+
2 L 2
L
=
C
R C
= k1 f
2 L
jC R = (1 + j )
==
RC
2
RC
= k2 f
2
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Department of Telecommunications
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14
Phase constant
At high frequencies (f > 100 kHz):
= L C = k3 f
Phase velocity:
v=
x wavelength 2
=
=
=
t
cycle
2
1
c
=
LC
r
Phase velocity is 200 000 km/s for pair cables at high frequencies
(r = 2.3 for polyethylene)
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Department of Telecommunications
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Termination of a pair
I(l)
U(l)
R, L, C, G
ZT
x=0
x=l
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15
Reflection coefficient
U(x) = V+ e ( l x ) + V e ( l x )
I(x) =
ZT =
V+ ( l x ) V ( l x )
e
e
Z0
Z0
U ( l)
V + V
= Z0 +
I ( l)
V+ V
Reflection coefficient:
Z Z0
V
= = Z0 T
V+
ZT + Z 0
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Part III
Crosstalk in pair cables
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16
Crosstalk mechanisms
Main contributions:
Capacitive coupling
Inductive coupling
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17
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1 dU2 N
1 Ci , j ( x ) Li, j ( x )
=
+
j 0 U1 dx 2 C
L
N i, j ( x ) =
F i, j ( x ) =
1 dU2 F
1 Ci , j ( x ) Li, j ( x )
j 0 U1 dx 2 C
L
Ci,j(x) is the mutual capacitance per unit length between pair i and j
Li,j(x) is the mutual inductance per unit length between pair i and j
0 is the lossless phase constant, 0 = L C
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18
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V
H NE ( f ) = 20 = j 0 N ( x )e 2x 2 jx dx
V10
0
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19
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
-1
10
10
10
Frequency, MHz
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RN ( ) = E[ N ( x ) N ( x + )] = kN ( )
FEXT autocorrelation function [6]:
RF ( ) = E[ F ( x ) F ( x + )] = kF ( )
kN and kF are constants
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20
Average NEXT
Average NEXT power transfer function between two pairs [6]:
p( f ) = E H NE ( f )
2
0 N
e
0
4x
V
= E 20
V10
02 k N
02 k N
4 l
= kN 2 f 1.5
1 e )
dx =
(
4
4
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21
V
H FE ( f ) = 2 l = j 0 F ( x ) dx
V1l
0
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Average FEXT
Average FEXT power transfer function between two pairs [6]:
q( f ) = E H FE ( f )
2
0
V
= E 2l
V1l
dx = k F 02 l = kF2 f 2 l
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22
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H NE ps ( f ) = H NE i , j ( f )
j =1
j i
HFE ps ( f ) = HFE i , j ( f )
j =1
j i
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23
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
-1
10
10
10
Frequency, MHz
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1
1
pz ( z ) =
z e a
( ) a
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24
1.8
Probability density
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
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Department of Telecommunications
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25
ps
1
p ps ( z ) =
( ps ) a ps
ps
ps 1
ps z
a ps
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Probability density of
crosstalk power sum
2
ny = 0.2
ny = 0.5
ny = 1.0
ny = 2.0
ny = 5.0
1.8
Probability density
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
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26
for NEXT
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N
p ps 99 ( F ) = 10
49
4
0.6
F1.5
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27
N
q ps 99 ( F ) = 3 10
49
4
0.6
F2 L
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Part IV
Channel capacity estimates [1,2,8]
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28
S( f )
CSh = log 2 1 +
df
N( f )
fl
bit/s
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( f ) =
S( f )
C
= keff log 2 1 +
N( f )
f
bit/s/Hz
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29
Signal transmission
Attenuation proportional to f
due to skin effect (f > 100 kHz)
Signal transfer function:
H ( f ) = 10
dBl
20
= exp kl f
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S( F ) = e 2L
Noise models:
N NEXT = 10 4 F1.5
N ( F ) = N FEXT = 3 10 4 F 2 L e 2L
8
N
AWGN = 10
NEXT
FEXT
AWGN
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Department of Telecommunications
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30
15
FEXT
AWGN
NEXT
10
L=1 km
5
0
0
Frequency, MHz
10
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L=3 km
15
one-way transmission
two-way transmission
2*two-way transmission
10
0
0
Frequency, MHz
10
15
one-way transmission
two-way transmission
2*two-way transmission
10
0
0
0.5
Frequency, MHz
1.5
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Department of Telecommunications
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31
S( F )
Rone way = keff log 2 1 +
df
N FEXT + N AWGN
fl
Two-way transmission:
fh
S( F )
Rtwo way = keff log 2 1 +
df
N
+
N
+
N
NEXT
FEXT
AWGN
fl
The channel capacity is somewhat greater than this expression for two-way
transmission due to uncorrelated NEXT in different frequency bands [9,10]
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Department of Telecommunications
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32
Assumptions II
Multicarrier modulation [7]
Adaptive modulation in each sub-band
M-TCM modulation in each sub-band
4 M 16384, 1 - 13 bit/s/Hz
Distance to Shannon (): 9 dB
(6 dB margin + 3 dB for modulation)
White noise: 80 dB below output signal
Cable: 0.4 mm, 22.5 dB/km at 1 MHz
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Department of Telecommunications
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one-way transmission
two-way transmission
transmission
one-way
two-way transmission
50
50
VDSL
Bitrate,Mbit/s
Mbit/s
Bitrate,
40
40
30
30
20
20
ADSL
10
10
00
00
11
22
Range,
Km3
Range, Km
44
55
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Department of Telecommunications
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33
3.5
SHDSL+
means a
multicarrier
system using
approximately
the same
frequency
band as
SHDSL
Bitrate, Mbit/s
3
2.5
2
1.5
SHDSL+
1
0.5
0
2
2.5
3.5
Range, Km
4.5
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Department of Telecommunications
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Department of Telecommunications
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ADSL
125
Frequency, kHz
211
400
1104
Downstream
2 Mbit/s SHDSL
SHDSL low
0
VDSL
ADSL + VDSL
125
276
400
Frequency, kHz
1104
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Department of Telecommunications
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Conclusions
Frequency planning in pair cables is very
important
New systems should be introduced with
great care in order to preserve the potential
transmission capacity of the cable
Full rate SHDSL systems overlaps with
ADSL
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Department of Telecommunications
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References I
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
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References II
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
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References III
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
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Department of Telecommunications
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