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B 438 - B 438m - 00 Qjqzoc9cndm4ts1sruq
B 438 - B 438m - 00 Qjqzoc9cndm4ts1sruq
1. Scope
1.1 This specification covers sintered bronze, oil-impregnated bearings made primarily from elemental copper, tin, and graphite
powders. The manufacturer may, at his discretion, use prealloyed bronze powder in the blend.
1.2 This specification covers the following variables:
1.2.1 GradesAvailable in three four bronze base composition grades identifiable by different graphite contents.
1.2.2 TypeGrades 1 and 2 are available in four types described by specific density ranges.
1.3 Bearings ordered to this specification will normally be sized after sintering and will be impregnated with a lubricating oil
unless otherwise specified by print.
1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are
shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently
of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B-9 B09 on Metal Powders and Metal Powder Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
B09.04 on Bearings.
Current edition approved Nov. 10, 2000. April 1, 2004. Published January 2001. May 2004. Originally published as B 438 66 T. approved in 1966. Last previous edition
approved in 2000 as B 438 00a.
Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards,
Vol 02.05. volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.
3
Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 191115094, Attn: NPODS.
Grade 1
Grade 2
87.290.5
87.290.5
9.510.5
9.510.5
00.3
00.3
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
85.790.0
85.790.0
9.510.5
9.510.5
0.51.8
0.51.8
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
Grade 3
82.888.3
82.888.3
9.210.2
9.210.2
2.55.0
2.55.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
Grade 4
80.988.0
9.510.5
0.501.75
1.0
0.5
2.04.0
2.04.0
0.75
0.35
0.25
Type
Density, g/cm3
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5.86.2A
6.46.8
6.46.8
6.87.2
6.87.2
7.27.6
7.27.6
A
Maximum density limit of 6.2 g/cm3 has been established on Type 1 to ensure
meeting an oil content of 27 % minimum. Satisfactory bearings can also be
produced between Type 1 and Type 2. These bearings have slightly higher
strength constants and slightly lower oil content.
Type
1
2
Grade 3
Grade 1
Grade 2
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
27
27
19
19
12
12
9
9
25
25
17
17
9
9
7
7
Grade 3
Grade 4
11A
11A
...
...B
17
...B
...
...
...
...
...
...
7.2 Radial Crushing ForceRadial crushing force shall be determined by compressing the test specimen between two flat steel
surfaces at a no load speed not greater than 0.2 in./min [5.0 mm/min], the direction of the load being normal to the longitudinal
axis of the specimen. The point at which the load drops as a result of the first crack shall be considered the crushing strength. This
test shall be applied to plain cylindrical bearings. Flanged bearings shall be tested by cutting off the flange and compressing the
two sections separately. Each section shall meet the minimum strength requirements prescribed in Table 5.
TABLE 5 Strength Constant K (Strength Constants, Min),A psi
[MPa]
Type
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
Grade 1
15 000
15 000
26 000
26 000
37 000
37 000
40 000
40 000
[105]
[105]
[180]
[180]
[255]
[255]
[275]
[275]
Grade 2
13 000 [90]
13 000 [90]
23 000 [160]
23 000 [160]
30 000 [205]
30 000 [205]
34 000 [235]
34 000 [235]
Grade 3
10 000 [70]
10 000 [70]
15 000 [105]
15 000 [105]
... [...]
... [...]
... [...]
... [...]
Grade 4
... [...]
... [...]
23 000 [160]
23 000 [160]
... [...]
... [...]
... [...]
... [...]
A
For the K value specification to be valid, wall thickness must be less than one
third of the outside diameter.
7.2.1 Radial crushing force shall not be less than the value calculated as follows:
P 5 KLT 2/~D2T!
(1)
where:
P = radial crushing force, pounds [N];,
D = outside diameter of bearing, inches [mm];,
T = wall thickness of bearing, inches [mm];,
K = strength constant as shown in Table 5 for grade and type specified, psi [MPa];, and
L = length of bearing, inches [mm].
7.2.2 Concerning spherical bearings, sample parts from a lot will be machined to a straight wall and radially crushed to calculate
the K value. Sample parts from the same lot will be radially crushed as is (whole part). By correlation, the minimum radial crush
value will be established on the whole bearing and so specified as the minimum radial crush value for the part.
3
APPENDIXES
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. EXPLANATORY INFORMATION
Grades 1, 2, 3, and 3 4
Type I
3200
2000
500
325
[22]
[14]
[3.4]
[2.2]
250 [1.7]
A
Type II
4000
2000
550
365
[28]
[14]
[3.9]
[2.5]
280 [1.9]
A
Type III
4000
2000
550
365
[28]
[14]
[3.9]
[2.5]
280 [1.9]
A
Type IV
4000
2000
550
365
[28]
[14]
[3.9]
[2.5]
280 [1.9]
A
For shaft velocities over 200 ft/min [1.00 m/s], the permissible loads may be
calculated as follows:
P 5 50 000/V@1.75/V]
(1)
where:
P = safe load, psi [MPa] of projected area, and
V = shaft velocity, ft/min [m/s].
NOTE 1With a shaft velocity of less than 50 ft/min [0.25 m/s] and a
permissible load greater than 1000 psi [0.15 MPa], an extreme pressure
lubricant should be used.
NOTE 2With good heat dissipation and heat removal techniques,
higher PV ratings can be obtained.
Total Diameter
Tolerances, in. [mm]
Over
Through
...
1 [25]
1.5 [40]
2 [50]
2.5 [65]
1 [25]
1.5 [40]
2 [50]
2.5 [65]
3 [75]
0.001 [0.025]
0.0015 [0.04]
0.002 [0.05]
0.0025 [0.064]
0.003 [0.076]
1.5 [40]
3 [75]
4.5 [115]
Outside Diameter, D,
in. [mm]
Over
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
Through
...
...
...
...
...
[25]
[25]
[25]
[25]
[25]
[50]
[50]
[50]
[50]
[50]
Through
...
1.5 [40]
3 [75]
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
[25]
[25]
[25]
[25]
[25]
[50]
[50]
[50]
[50]
[50]
[75]
[75]
[75]
[75]
[75]
0.005 [0.13]
0.010 [0.25]
0.015 [0.38]
Over
Through
Concentricity,
6in.
[mm]
0 [0]
1 [25]
1.5 [40]
2 [50]
2.5 [65]
0 [0]
1 [25]
1.5 [40]
2 [50]
2.5 [65]
0 [0]
1 [25]
1.5 [40]
2 [50]
2.5 [65]
0 [25]
1.5 [40]
2 [50]
2.5 [65]
3 [75]
1 [25]
1.5 [40]
2 [50]
2.5 [65]
3 [75]
1 [25]
1.5 [40]
2 [50]
2.5 [65]
3 [75]
0.003
0.004
0.004
0.005
0.005
0.004
0.005
0.005
0.006
0.006
0.005
0.006
0.006
0.007
0.007
[0.08]
[0.1]
[0.1]
[0.13]
[0.13]
[0.1]
[0.13]
[0.13]
[0.15]
[0.15]
[0.13]
[0.15]
[0.15]
[0.18]
[0.18]
Chamfer Tolerances
Wall Thickness (D-d)12
Chamfer, C. max, in. [mm]
in. Over
Through
...
0.040
0.080
0.120
0.160
0.200
0.040
0.080
0.120
0.160
0.200
...
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
0.008
0.012
0.016
0.025
0.030
0.030
[0.2]
[0.3]
[0.4]
[0.6]
[0.8]
[0.8]
Angularity
Tolerance, 6
45
(from the face)
good design practice for average conditions. It is assumed that ground steel shafting having a recommended finish of 4 to 16 root
mean square (rms) will be used and all bearings will be oil impregnated.
X1.6 Flange and Thrust Bearing Specifications
X1.6.1 Diameter and thickness specifications for flange and thrust washers are shown in Table X1.5.
X1.7 Lubricating Oil-Impregnant
X1.7.1 It was found that the high-grade turbine oil containing rust and oxidation inhibitors and antifoam additives is the most
desirable type of oil to be used. The viscosity should be specified by the user in accordance with the application.
Through
[0.000]
[20]
[40]
[63]
[75]
0.760 [20]
1.510 [40]
2.510 [63]
3.010 [75]
...
Press Fit
min, in. [mm]
0.001 [0.025]
0.0015 [0.04]
0.002 [0.05]
0.002 [0.05]
0.002 [0.05]
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
[0.08]
[0.10]
[0.13]
[0.15]
[0.18]
Through
[0.000]
[6]
[20]
[40]
[60]
0.250 [6]
0.760 [20]
1.510 [40]
2.510 [60]
... [...]
0.0003
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
[0.008]
[0.013]
[0.025]
[0.040]
[0.050]
Through
0 [0]
112 [40]
112 [40]
3 [75]
3 [75]
6 [150]
Special
(Tolerance),
in. [mm]
0.002
[0.05]
0.003
[0.08]
0.004
[0.10]
A
Standard and special tolerances are specified for diameters, thickness, and
parallelism. Special tolerances should not be specified unless required since they
require additional or secondary operations and, therefore, are costlier.
B
Outside diameter tolerances are the same as for flange bearings.
X2.2.2 Referenced documents shall be of the issue in effect on the date of invitations for bids or request for proposals, except
that referenced adopted industry documents shall give the date of the issue adopted.
X2.2.3 In the event of a conflict between the text of this document and the references cited herein, the text of this document
takes precedence.
X2.2.4 The bearings described in this document are not recommended for military airframe applications.
TABLE X2.1 Dimensions and Dash Numbers
Dash
no.
Static capacity
(lb)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
75
125
175
96
160
222
65
130
193
255
290
385
485
580
675
387
516
645
773
902
1160
387
516
645
773
902
1160
485
645
805
970
1130
1450
405
570
730
890
1060
1375
580
L
Length
Nominal
ID
d-basic
ID
r-radius
(max)
D-basic
OD
D1-flange
OD
3 32
0.095
1 32
0.159
3 16
0.127
1 32
0.1895
14
0.253
38
1 16
0.3155
7 16
1 16
0.378
12
1 16
0.440
9 16
1 16
0.440
9 16
1 16
0.503
11 16
3 32
0.503
58
1 16
18
e-flange
thick
1 32
3 16
14
18
18
3 16
14
18
3 16
14
5 16
14
3 16
0.1895
1 32
14
0.252
1 32
0.252
1 32
5 16
0.3145
1 32
5 16
0.3145
3 64
0.377
3 64
5 16
38
7 16
12
14
5 16
38
7 16
14
516
38
716
12
58
14
516
38
716
12
58
14
516
38
716
12
58
14
12
58
14
38
Static capacity
(lb)
L
Length
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
70
71
72
73
74
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
99
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
775
965
1160
1355
1740
2125
580
775
965
1160
1545
1920
1130
1360
1585
2035
2490
1290
1550
1810
2325
2840
3355
1550
2070
2580
3100
3615
1935
2580
3220
3865
4510
5155
5800
2320
3080
3865
4645
5415
6180
6960
2325
6195
10065
3610
4510
5415
6315
8120
9925
11730
4640
6705
8760
10730
12895
14995
8380
10960
13540
16121
18695
23850
17015
23200
29390
21660
25270
32485
39705
97
145
5 16
Nominal
ID
d-basic
ID
r-radius
(max)
D-basic
OD
D1-flange
OD
e-flange
thick
0.377
3 64
0.628
78
18
7 16
0.4395
3 64
0.565
34
1 16
7 16
0.4395
3 64
0.565
34
1 16
12
0.502
3 64
0.628
34
1 16
12
0.502
3 64
0.753
15 16
18
58
0.627
3 64
0.879
118
18
34
0.752
3 64
0.941
1316
18
34
0.752
1 16
1.003
112
18
78
0.877
1 16
1.004
114
18
1-0
1.003
3 64
1.379
134
3 16
114
1.2535
1 16
1.504
134
3 16
112
1.504
1 16
1.755
2-0
18
134
1.754
3 32
2.254
3-0
14
0.095
1 32
0.159
14
1 16
38
7 16
34
516
38
716
12
58
34
38
716
12
58
34
38
716
12
58
34
78
12
58
34
78
1-0
12
58
34
78
1-0
118
114
12
58
34
78
1-0
118
114
12
118
134
58
34
78
1-0
114
112
134
34
1-0
114
112
134
2-0
1-0
114
112
134
2-0
212
112
2-0
212
134
2-0
212
3-0
316
14
12
58
38
3 32
10
Static capacity
(lb)
L
Length
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
193
322
201
282
363
443
195
290
385
485
580
675
725
1045
1690
805
965
965
1355
2125
870
1255
2030
965
1355
2125
1585
2490
1030
1290
1545
2060
2580
3095
3610
1550
2070
2580
3100
3615
1935
2580
3220
4510
5155
2705
4255
2320
3865
5415
6960
2320
2705
3865
5415
6960
1935
3480
5415
6575
4060
5865
4510
6315
8120
9925
11730
5155
7220
9280
11345
7220
4640
5 16
Nominal
ID
d-basic
ID
r-radius
(max)
D-basic
OD
D1-flange
OD
e-flange
thick
0.127
0.158
1 32
0.253
0.253
38
1 16
38
1 32
3 16
0.1895
1 32
0.253
5 16
1 16
0.252
0.3145
1 32
0.378
0.440
3 64
1 32
9 16
3 32
364
0.503
0.503
0.503
11 16
1116
1 16
38
0.3145
0.377
0.377
3 64
38
58
3 32
38
0.377
3 64
0.503
11 16
3 32
0.377
3 64
0.628
78
1 16
7 16
0.4395
3 64
0.565
11 16
1 16
12
0.502
3 64
0.628
78
18
12
0.502
3 64
0.753
1-0
18
58
0.627
3 64
0.753
1-0
18
34
0.752
3 64
0.879
1-0
1 16
34
0.752
3 64
0.941
114
18
34
1.752
3 64
0.941
1516
18
1.752
0.752
3 64
34
0.941
1.004
1516
114
3 16
78
0.877
3 64
1.004
114
3 16
78
0.877
3 64
1.129
112
18
1-0
1.003
3 64
1.254
112
18
1-0
1-0
1.003
1.003
3 64
1.254
1.379
178
158
3 16
18
3 16
5 32
38
1 32
14
5 16
38
3 16
14
5 16
38
7 16
12
34
38
1332
38
12
34
38
12
34
38
12
34
12
34
38
716
12
58
34
78
1-0
12
58
34
78
1-0
12
58
34
1-0
118
12
34
12
34
1-0
114
12
916
34
1-0
114
12
34
1-0
114
34
1-0
34
1-0
114
112
134
34
1-0
114
112
1-0
34
38
14
38
5 16
5 16
38
34
11
3 64
3 64
3 64
12
116
18
18
Static capacity
(lb)
L
Length
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
6705
10730
12895
14955
8380
10960
13540
16121
8380
13540
13150
13150
25525
30935
47440
28875
45375
38675
59295
79920
36095
56720
77345
55685
68060
80435
92810
105185
117560
4645
1-0
112
134
2-0
1-0
114
112
134
1-0
112
112
112
214
2-0
3-0
2-0
3-0
2-0
3-0
4-0
2-0
3-0
4-0
212
3-0
312
4-0
412
5-0
78
Nominal
ID
d-basic
ID
r-radius
(max)
D-basic
OD
D1-flange
OD
e-flange
thick
114
1.2535
3 64
1.504
134
3 16
114
1.2535
3 64
1.630
134
3 16
112
112
1.504
1.504
3 64
1.755
1.880
2-0
2-0
3 16
3 64
2-0
2.004
1-16
2.254
212
18
2-0
2.004
1-16
2.505
3-0
14
212
2.505
3 32
3.006
314
18
212
2.505
3 32
3.006
312
14
3-0
3.006
3 32
3.507
334
14
0.752
3 64
0.941
1516
18
34
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12
3 16