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Life of Marcus Tullius Cicero - William Forsyth 1864 - Vol 2
Life of Marcus Tullius Cicero - William Forsyth 1864 - Vol 2
fs"
LIFE
OF
MARCUS
WILLIAM
BY
AUTHOR
OF
'
'NAPOLEON
'
HISTORY
AT
OF
TRIAL
FELLOW
OF
TWO
VOLUMES."
LATE
IN
M.A., Q.C.,
FORSYTH,
HORTENSIUS,'
AND
CICERO,
TULLIUS
WITH
HELENA
ST.
SIR
HUDSON
JURY.' ETC.,
BY
TRINITY
AND
COLLEGE,
CAMBRIDGE.
VOL.
II.
ILLUSTRATIONS.
LONDON:
JOHN
MURRAY,
ALBEMARLE
I864"
The
right of Translation
is reserved.
STREET
LOWE,'
T"0
LONDON
PRINTED
BY
W.
AND
CIX)WES
CHARrNO
AND
SONS,
CROSS.
STAMFORD
STREET,
CONTENTS
OF
II.
VOL.
PAGE
CHAP.
XVI.
XVII.
XVIII.
XIX.
Clodius
The
Civil
and
Proconsulate
26-64
War
65-107
Troubles
Domestic
of Tullia"
XX.
XXI.
Death
Vacillation
Quarrel
The
XXIV.
The
Divorce
Second
from
Terentia
"
Death
Marriage
108-141
,
"
142-166
Italy'and sudden
from
Departure
with
Antony
of
Embassy
Siege
Return
Rome
Movements
XXIII.
"
of Csesar
to
XXII.
1-25
Milo
to
and
The
"
Antony
and
167-187
Second
Philippic
"
Octavian
188-209
Antony
Battles
210-235
of
Mutina,
and
Treachery
of
Octavian
XXV.
The
Proscription
236-268
and
Death
of Cicero"
His
character
269-288
APPENDIX.
Cicero's
Roman
Orations
Consuls
289-290
during
Cicero's
Life
291-292
INDEX
293-299
.
The
Tomb
The
Appian
of
II.
VOL.
TO
ILLUSTKATIONS
Cicero
to
Way
Eegina
Viarum
Title-page
face
to
face
8
p.
"
Pompey
the
Great
112
,
Julius
142
Csesar
,,
Temple
Jupiter
of
Capitolinus
restored
by
Cav.
246
Canina
:
,
Fonnise,
where
275
murdered
Cicero
was
LIFE
THE
OF
CICEKO.
TULLIUS
MAECUS
XVI.
CHAPTER
JEt.
of
succession
of officers
according
to
this
there
year
chosen
were
by
by
tribunes,,who
opposed
the
attempts
failed.
VOL.
to
At
of
or
last
period of
five
of their
of the
In
of
body, and
own
the
rally
gene-
the
meantime,
ever,
how-
turbulent
confusion.
All
election
the usual
device
riots which
of consuls
of
"
broke
ing
watchup
the
thrown
to
must
why
reason
for the
interrupted by
of the
that
days,so
always plebeians,
were
stopped by
Lucceius
time
thirty-sixinterreges. They
comitia
courage
old
explains the
state
Sylla,was
when
this state
the
creation.
one
And
as
as
out
were
their
were
summoned
II.
course
the
sky,"
And
least
Senate
hold
to
grandson
which
at
in
meeting.
a
were
city was
They
the
custom
or
office for
of
consuls.
no
who,
appointed,called interreges,
was
held
the
53-52.
for six
which
patricians,
be
law
law
each
monarchy,
with
lasted
interregnum
B.C.
54-55.
opened
year
new
MILO.
AND
CLODIUS
into
perform
Hirrus
prison by
this
one
proposed
the
Senate,
ness.
act of firm-
that
dictator
AND
CLODIUS
MILO.
JET. 54-55.
and
his
exerted
result
the
be
the votes
secured
month
in the
would
bribery.
During this
to
get
consuls
Calvinus
that Domitius
was
chosen
were
influence
of
and
July,as
of the electors
by
The
Yalerius Messala
Cicero
had
before
; for
six months
case
elected.
phesied
pro-
they
profligate
the most
and the
summer,
togetherfor
were
is not
he
may
the
in
next
two
November, and
And
years.
the friends
as
this work
concerned.
He
"
kept
learned
liked
friend
nothing
amusing correspondencewith
in Gaul, and seems
to
Trebatius,
an
up
"
better than
to
his
have
fire off
legaljokes at this
But
soldier-lawyer.
unfortunately
they will not bear
translation.
Even
the legalwit of Westminster
Hall is
caviare to the general
and it is hopeless
to attemptto
;
make
all the technical puns
in which
Cicero
intelligible
"
"
ran
riot when
in
an
Caesar if he
he wrote
to Trebatius.
explanation.He
The
advised him
fun would
porate
eva-
to remain
with
better
was
for
stage than
becoming an
that
of
British
Epicurean;
and
asked him
how,
the
as
good
of all?
of such
disciple
selfishphilosophy,
for the
common
law which
was
however,
afraid,
He
CORRESPONDENCE.
AMUSING
B.C. 53-52.
was
common
to efface and
take
For
fresh
use
piece
"
it
was
legalformulae ?
writingto put
of your
some
I cannot
own
your
he
wrote
at
Trebatius
which
lawyer.
He began
this year
in
qusestor
then
was
and
prefect
;
was
of young
nobles who
he
Asia
marshes
called them
by
of
the
the absent
with Curio,who
correspondence
the
Minor
girl" Curio as he
"
"
had
the
in
been recommended
he had
clients to whom
town
Clodius upon
the bill for putting
reject
of his violation of
select juryon account
people
to
the
mysteriesof
"
the
It
seems
into Britain.
Dea.2
And
clear therefore
It is
the
word
"
how
the idea
amusing
England provoked merriment at Rome.
the growth of the race since Cicero's time.
into
for
2
Ad
see
of
It has
crossed
over
lawyer imported
proved a kindlysoil
a
Alt. i. 14,
B
CLODIUS
Antony,
the
Curio.
He
at
had
in
Mr.
of
he had
of
career
of
account
on
Cicero's earnest
profligacyand
had
Antony
had
intercession,
to
the
himself
we
of
ringleader
who, he
would
had
guished
distin-
opposition
; and
by Yettius of being the
an
"
to condole
with
him
tion
accusa-
of Yettius
his father's
on
if he
good fortune,
He
become
gifted
genius for
he
the
Cicero wrote
pay.
chiefs of the
accused
was
curity
se-
was
which
death ;
first triumvirate
of the
one
remember
may
himself.
as
to
Cicero,and
oratory. During
travagance,
ex-
father,
his
undertaken
himself
attached
to
become
amount, which
enormous
54-55.
married
many
with
as
run
debt
Since then
MILO.
and
for
AND
such
son
could have
advised him
not
compliment,
styleof exaggerated
have surpassed
all men
in
bed.
only seen him at his death-
to incur
needless expense
in the
it was
funeral games
and shows which
usual to give on
such occasions,
adding that everybodyhad had enough of
these
thrown
Curio
away.
exhibited funeral
shows
of almost
afterwards
Caesar's most
are
that he became
very
expectthem
desertinghis
devoted
few,and
overwhelmed
not
adherents.
party
Cicero's
interesting
; as
to be when
3
old
we
indeed
find him
with
became
one
of
letters to him
we
could
sayingthat
15.
debt ; and
hardly
he should
B.C.
DEATH
53-52.
; for he
personalinterest to Curio
who would do that ;
plentyof correspondents
not write
had
times
in
CRASSUS.
OF
of
matters
on
were
Nothing
jocularity.
then
it decent to
left but
was
the
and
indulge
write
to
on
serious
"
"
the
At
there
came
on.
the
the Partliiaiis.
not
findingin
which
elected
were
fellEke
bolt,
thunder-
Borne.
consuls
new
the East
from
news
on
perished
that the
time
same
and
him
ask
to
that he would
answered
will grow
on
his
striking
than
left hand
all his
with
generalafterwards
and
attendants.
says, the
with the
attack
then
The
on
of
fingers
Seleucia.
the
his
crossed
He
and
enemy
fell upon
him
and
poured molten
whose
proconsul,
"
officers,
right, sooner
the Euphrates
his
son
was
Publius
surrounded
killed him
took to
Hair
"
of the unfortunate
Crassus
war.
of the Parthian
one
discouraging
omens,
rash
of
cause
givehis replyin
palm,"cried
this
the most
havingmade
and
the
was
will be in Seleucia."
you
amidst
what
him
Parthian
to
with
ference,
con-
his
flight
; and Dio
bitter mockery of his
golddown the throat
wealth and profusion
CLODIUS
AND
MILO.
to
express
own
privatemeans.
was
to succeed
of
We
him.
an
those who
out of their
army
at the
and
Caesar,
Pompey,
beginningof
Crassus,had
offer which
that he
rememher
may
long coveted
cost of
pityfor
54-55.
in
vacancy
chosen
the
to maintain
too poor
were
JET.
would
virate
the trium-
said it
be
had
the
was
likelyto tempt
him.
Appius Claudius
He
was
of the
one
Domitius
and
then
Cicero
he had
said it
and
the
his character
made
was
proconsulof Cilicia.
infamous
bargainwith
no
worse
by
character to lose.4 As
no
active
this time
to
parties
Memmius,
in fact
given his
at
was
that
such
was
the disclosure :
had
he
praetor
Clodius
duringthe disastrous
of which Cicero was
the
year of his brother's tribuneship,
victim,and it was only to pleasePompey, whose son had
that he had agreedto a reconmarried Appius'sdaughter,
ciliation
And
with him.
yet we now find him writingto
and
Appius in the most friendly
complimentaryterms.
He wished to recommend
rate
modeValerius,
a lawyerof very
but an
intimate
friend of his own, to his
abilities,
and said, You may be assured that you are most
notice,
supportto
"
dear to me,
both
and
disposition
of the
account
on
your
kindness,and
greatsweetness of
also
because
same
consular
an
stillcontinued
; and
there seemed
the
the
littleprospect
pleased
playedwith regardto
precedingyear and first half of
were
I learn
comitia in the
was
present,
of
game
are
your
Hie
Appius
erat idem.
followingyear. There
P. Cornelius Scipio(who,
field,
took the
Metellus^Tius,
Nihil
sane
jacturse."Ad
name
of
B.C.
CANDIDATES
53-52.
FOR
THE
CONSULSHIP.
,
Q. Cecilius Metellus
that Milo
should
readyand
We
have
pay, and
Clodius
with
succeed.
such
was
bold determined
man,
"
"
to
blows,and the
riots. In
Milo
and
streets of Kome
one
Hypsseus were
of
were
the
scene
graceful
of dis-
these,where
the followers of
fightingin
the
Yia
Sacra,
CLODIUS
had
Calvinus,the consul,who
put a stopto
to
the
year ended
The
againwithout
his
interposed
the
climax,and
the tribune
This
of
capital
government,when
and
turn to affairs,
years
declared
threat
brought
the
kill Clodius
in the
or
premeditation,
it is impossible
to
conflict,
the
made
Milo's
and
if he
him,
met
this
decide
at
his
of
which
which
in
the
accidental
an
for
positively;
slew him
followers
and
done with
was
trial,Clodius
probablestoryis that
more
and it is as follows
On
to
without
literally
was
we
advocate
aggressor,
But
If
vary.
Milo's
as
Bursa
confusion
excitement
wilful
accounts
the
Whether
at last fulfilled.
was
world
Plancus
event
an
would
he
Manutius
Four
of
An
veto.
up
wounded.
in the midst
consuls.
JET. 54-55.
hastened
was
affray,
declared,hut
been
MILO.
AND
the
Cicero
was
the
self-defence.
Asconius
gives,
the twentieth
"
of
January Milo
was
travelling
along
the
The
man
of the
Romans
whose
Bona
might
most
Dea
to this coincidence.
look
notorious
should
be
upon
act
was
it
as
the
killed at her
judgment from
profanationof
chapel.
And
heaven
the
that
mysteries
Cicero alludes
THE
APPIAN
WAY.
REGINA
VIARUM.
Vol.
ii.
p.
8.
had
parties
almost
the
when
collision,
doubt,not
blows, got
when
he
to lose
into
scuffle with
turned
SLAIN.
CLODIUS
B.C. 53-52.
round
and
riding up
demanded
in
of the disturbance,Birria
threateningtone the cause
This brought on
stabbed him through the shoulder.
a
carried to a
generalfight; and the wounded Clodius was
borne
then
on
mounted
the
The
where
off and
the
of
atrocity
corpse
a
was
funeral
laid
the Bostra.
on
The
which
carried to the
pilewas
Milo
had
tribunes
multitude
committed.
10
CLODIFS
benches,and
the
rest
set
of the
on
house
The
fire.
The
MILO.
flames
which
building,
basilica.
adjoining
an
AND
was
mob
54-55.
MT.
and
rose
down,
burnt
then
soon
rushed
as
caught
well
as
to attack the
of
A
the Senate.
frightened
proceedings
the Palatine Hill in the
convoked on
meeting was hastily
eveningafter Clodius's body had been burnt, and ^Emilius
bunes
with the triLepidus was
appointedinterrex,to whom
and Pompey the care
committed.
of public
order was
all
also authorized to collect troops from
Pompey was
and Hypsseuswere
anxious to avail
partsof Italy. Scipio
themselves
of the sudden
of Milo, and to
unpopularity
force
on
turbulent
contraryto
all usage
But
it was
them,
and
them
comitia
Another
away.
held.
At
interrex
succeeded,but
still
last
were
were
buried,and
of Clodius
should
rebuilt.
be
It
was
collected and
indeed time
12
AND
CLODIUS
being limited
cutor
to two
MILO.
hours
JE-r. 54-55.
the defendant
and
or
his
to three.
counsel
The
ineffectually
opposedby the
tribune Coelius,who
a
objectedthat it was
privilegium
directed against
Milo,and he attacked the measure
specially
that Pompey declared that if he were
with such vehemence
driven to it he would defend the Republicby force of arms.
In the mean
time two
nephews of Clodius appliedto
Pornpeyto have the whole body of Milo's slaves,and also
those
had
"
separateestablishments
and
no
mode
men.
by
for at Eome
husband
of these domestics
"
and
wife
examined,
doubt
the usual
put to the torture,as this was
of taking the evidence of that unfortunate class of
And the rightof examiningthem was
also claimed
three
Coelius
the
was
on
others,the
two
slaves of Clodius
accompanied him
and
Valerii and
summoned
of the
Herennius
for the
same
Balbus.
purpose
had
was
and
a
on
to make
that
to
conspiracy
his fatal
it appear
that
Clodius
Hypsaeusand Scipiohad
take away
was
been
the aggressor,
to
parties
A formidable
of counsel
"
"
B.C.
TRIAL
53-52.
13
MILO.
OF
of money
it,and
affected to believe
there is
to trial; and
But
at such
he
shrinkingfrom
to
deplorehis
to admire
the
firm,and
of moral
want
He
Often
now.
knew
as
moment
a
we
courage,
He
that
advocate
in considerable
for
never
the task.
his conduct
defence.
excitement
number
bringCicero
no
periodof
stood
increased the
threatened to
also
guards. Plancus
was
the
amongst
of his
himself
of Milo
danger.
thoughtof
might have
not
impossible
declined
easily
at heart no
Pompey was
friend of Milo, and that the populace
hated him for killing
their favorite leader. He would have ingratiated
himself
14
MILO.
AND
CLODIUS
'JET. 54-55.
him
induce
could
consideration
desert
to
now
his friend.
client
force
murder
other indictments
were
"
and
bribery,
peril.Not onlywas
violence (de vi\ but
and illegal
for
one
againsthim
preferred
of
gettingup or beinga member
indeed in imminent
was
prosecutedfor
two
the whole
eloquence.
His
he
deed with
The special
commissioners
(desodalitiis).
the cases
law to try severally
under Pompey's new
chosen
and
Domitius
Ahenobarbus
and briberywere
of murder
to have been elected by the
Torquatus. Domitius seems
the recommendation
of Pompey himself.6 Milo
on
people,
unlawful clubs
summoned
was
to
day, in April. He
and
and
made
an
Cassinius
mentioned,was
evidence
It is thus
before
Domitius.
I reconcile
....
Pompey,
ex
says, Quod
consularibus
vero
he
as
I have
killed,
gave strong
was
When
accused.
one
Marcellus,
knight who,
for the
of Milo's slaves ;
examination
Scola,the Koman
the
incriminating
of the counsel
same
Torquatusfriends who
trial for bribery
postponeduntil the
of. This was
granted,and
disposed
the
on
before Domitius,
appeared personally
representhim
to
sent
both
before them
appear
te
te creavit
with
Cicero.
Cicero
L. Domiti
huic
potissimum.
Asconius
pro Milone,
calls Domitius,
c. 8),speaking
questioniprgeesse voluit
OF
TRIAL
that filledand
the mob
15
MILO.
surrounded
such
an
he was
uproar, that
beside Domitius.
who
swore
saying that
had
he
that
an
she
was
made,
would
court of
directed
by
that Clodius
now
course
had
Milo
to
Fulvia
them,
dischargea
Such
slain.
was
an
vow
mony
testi-
English
Clodius,who, by their
of
produceda
visible effecton
Manutius
Plancus,a
mounted
the Kostra
callingupon
people,
the
tears
bystanders.The
of Milo and
bitter enemy
and
them
made
lamentations,
and
violent
to attend
next
tribune
Cicero,then
speech to the
day in crowds,
and
to
come
justice.The
were
in-law
of
female
unknown
not
the
juryhad
not
were
and
not
The
to occupy
defendant
were
new
law
more
than
16
CLODIUS
each
The
so
class),
reason
there
can
to
AND
MILO.
vEx. 54-55.
to leave
evidence
and in addition
body-guard.All
the
"
"
client.
He
heard
glittering
spears
order
7
"
These
serarii.
the
of the
strangeand
51
would
murmurs
consist
of the
crowd, and
soldiers,
placed there
unwonted
sightin
of 18 senators, 17
saw
to
criminal
knights,and
the
secure
court.
16 tnbuni
B.C.
TRIAL
53-52.
17
MILO.
OF
and made
a
self-possession,
very ineffective
the truth to say that
speech. It would be perhapsnearer
he completely
broke down.
The speechwe possess, which
He
is
lost his
of the
one
that which
not
course
he read
well-known
that
It is fortunate
for
that
delivered at my
was
have
been
me
of
wards
after-
anecdote,Milo,
said,in
conviction,
irony,
"
was
written,
ever
spoke. He composed it
he
and, accordingto
when
bitter
speech
I should
case
not
these Marseilles
thingsas
eatingsuch capital
mullets."
had
Brutus
himself
which he showed
Cicero,who
to
line he
The
of it.
composeda speechfor
took
was
for
Clodius to
him.
killing
have been
argument
as
the sole
on
premeditation
the
was
whose
part
of
showed
case
the
that
he
it must
He
had
there
to avenge
the
more
was
contended
Milo, and
intended
It
was
tolerate such
could
justice
that
of denying altogether
course
Cicero
to
to be condemned
and
ground of defence,
Clodius
of
court
approve
benefit
public
death,Milo oughtnot
No
not
perilous
one, and
to adopt it.
declining
"
sentence
defence,
good judgment in
that as it would
this
shortly
showed
did
however
the
an
have
dent
pruany
that
of
probabilities
to
murder
Milo,
supposeddeath
of
their master.
dence,
provedin evithat Clodius had declared in his public
that
speeches
Milo must be killed,
and that he could not be deprived
of
if he lived,
but he could be deprived
of life.
the consulship
Nay, he had told Favonius that within three days,or four
at most, Milo would perish,
which Favonius immediately
to Cato,who
the jurybefore
was
now
on
sitting
reported
he said,
them.
knew that Milo was
Clodius,
obligedto go
He
VOL.
and
asserted,
II.
I suppose
18
CLODIUS
to Lanuvium
M1LO.
AND
tlie twentieth
on
of
JET. 54-55.
January to appointa
"
"
"
reached that
partof
countryhouse
the
farm,the
or
hold
largeenough to
from
had
vaults of which
cellars and
thousand
Clodius
where
Appian Way
were
attack
sudden
men,
was
made
he
upon
his orders
Such
a
some
murdered, and
was
was
them
or
to
knowledge,killed
even
complete defence
; and
that
Milo than
Clodius
Milo
of the two
Clodius
he calls
they
had
"
both
the
was
to Cato and
what
far
in the death
characters
that
likely
had
he tried to
heard
"
of the
which
of the
other ?
He
of Clodius.
Besides,the
rendered it much
men
first aggressor.
from
He
of
ferent
dif-
more
then
had
Alluding to
he showed
slaves,
how
it
death
if proved,it
strengthenit by
of cui lono
more
would be dead.
in which
of course,
pealed
ap-
who were
both on the juryby
Pepillius,
and asserted that
accident,"
providential
that Clodius
alive,
mode
they,without
Clodius.
Cicero's statement,and
was
probabilities,
applyingthe test
most
two would
by the
profit
showed
his death
avenge
was
the
worthless it
taken.
evidence
was
days
of
was
Milo
Clodius's
the
by describing
20
AND
CLODIUS
there
built
then
that
present,
he
demanded
would
home
his
me," from
He
have
have seized
would
so
pelled
ex-
and walled
"
prevent all
in gaining
to
as
his
safe from
been
rapacity.
possessionstheir
their
on
who
"
succeeded
nothing would
power,
he
money
corpse
countryseat
the
Appius, "a
to
give him
not
him
carry
his brother
firmlyreconciled
did
if he
-Ex. 54-55.
who
for himself"
house
MILO.
homes
"
"
their money.
"
"
wives
and
he exclaimed
do I say ?
;
your
your
money,
been
If
therefore
to
his
unbridled
would
have
lust.
children
a
prey
Come
hither,
Titus Annius, holding up his bloody sword, cried out,
Your
"
...
'
citizens, and
hear
saved
"
that
deed ?
praisethe
"
the
since
?
who
is there
of
man
fear
any
who
one
any
say
had
be
not
and
this weapon
which
law
or
no
fury,
"With
his
and
country would
the
would
not
and
approve
Annius
most
the
greatestjoy
Eoman
how
of all
filled
state and
the
Now
people Italy the world ?
attend to me.
This is an
Imagine to
inquest on the death of Clodius.
and
with
the
mind's
for
our
we
see
can
yourselves
thoughts are free,
our
bodily senses"
imagine to yourselves,then, I
eye as well as with
induce
that Clodius
condition
on
say, that I could
you to acquit Milo
life
do
show
terror
to
were
by your looks?
brought
again Why
you
with
the
and
there
would
memory
It is
modesty
For
Clodius.
lives from
your
Could
the commonwealth.'
receive the avowal
slain
restrain.
justicecould
of
and liberty
justice,
men
I have
me.
I have
"
"
"
"
would
How
idea of him
The
speechended by
to drive
away
from
Eome
other
country would
words
were,
"
will
But
not
open
that
now
is dead
he
passionate
appealto
a
citizen like
its
the
mere
jurynot
Milo,whom
to receive.
arms
the
every
The
last
"
I must
allow
stop.
himself
For
to
I cannot
be
speak
defended.
for tears
I pray
and
"
and
by
tears
he
beseech
you,
in
sentiments.
most
most
Your
approved by
distinguished
B.C.
is
above
The
21
MILO.
OF
CONVICTION
53-52.
meagre
it
as
was
the
law, were,
new
but thirty-eight
clared
deacquittal,
to believe that
him guilty
; and it is hardlypossible
It was
who
composed of men
majoritywere wrong.
to have any bias againstthe accused ; and
not likely
these,thirteen
the
were
doubt
no
the
affray
might
the
Of
in number.
said,fifty-one
I have
as
evidence
have
commenced,
questionunder
attack
It would
the followers of
by
where
he
had
laid after he
was
of his
acquitted
; but if
orders,was
dragged
Milo's
the first
it
was
done in
was
been
have
nice
it
whether
or
guiltyof murder or manslaughter,
If the deed
of justifiable
homicide.
case
to protecthis life or the lives
defence,
ought to
Clodius,by
by
whether Milo
Clodius,
was
he
be
the
made
were
killed
had been
Clodius
Milo.
of
deliberate command
the
that, however
satisfied them
was
selfattendants,
true
that
the tavern
from
received his
wound,
and
death.
avenginghis
were
The
sentence
He
quittedKome.
the -""^nainder
absence
and
he
life in
mere
it
was
so
poverty and
His
burdened
trifle. And
Milo
immediately
where he passed
Marseilles,
chargesagainsthim
againconvicted.
was
retired to
of his
the other
auction,but
sold for
banishment, and
was
his
put up
debts
enormous
ended
In
proceededwith,
propertywas
by
thus
were
exile.
the
to
that it
publiccareer
22
AND
CLODIUS
of
who
man
Caesar
and
bid fair to be
who, if
he had
But
gainedthe
it is vain to
M.
had
was
next
He
was
acquittedby
for
defended
Sextius
by
and
trial,
majorityof
breach
Cicero
of the
:
he
was
peace
a
arson
in
settingfire
than
He
one.
in
affray,
by Cicero
and
(de vi),and
second time
in
Clodius,the ringleader
tried for
defended
was
fortunate
more
happenedwhich
had headed
his
put upon
Coelius.
was
event
particular
happen.
who
Saufeius,
have
would
how history
speculate
to be rewritten if a
fact did not
Pompey and of
might
consulship,
rival of
have given a
possibly
Kome.
7ET. 54-55.
MILO.
the late
dicted
again inwas
again
acquitted.But
tumult,who
to the Curia
was
when
Hostilia,
the
East,and
he
determined
was
to
save
his father-in-law.
favor to
imploredthe jury to acquithim as a personal
himself.
Hypsseusthoughtthat he might obtain the same
and threw himself at Pompey'sfeet as he came
indulgence,
out of the bath,to implorehis help; but the great man
spurned him from him, and told him he was onlyspoiling
the justice
his own
Such was
dinner by detaininghim.8
and humanity of the man
Cicero had always so
to whom
strangely
clung. He next raised his father-in-law Scipio
of the
and during the last five months
to the consulship,
if
colleagues
together. In order to lessen,
year theywere
the indecent eagerness with which the consulship
possible,
was
soughtby men whose chief objectwas to enrich thern-
He
Val.
Max.
ix. 5.
B.C.
PROSECUTION
53-52.
selves
23
PLANCUS.
OF
the
provincial
governmentsthat followed as a
of course, a law had been passedthe year before
matter
which enacted that no
should obtain the
consul or praetor
until five years had elapsed
after
government of a province
the expiration
of his year of office. This law Pompey enforced,
by
but
command
the
at
took
time
same
to
care
have
his
own
the
At
end
seeing both
of the year
the
Cicero
punished. As
accused
they were
and
down
and
of Milo..and
Plancus
victed
himself,con-
soon^as
of
the mob
the satisfaction of
tribunes,Pompeius Bufus
enemies
Bursa, the implacable
office
had
when
incendiarism,
it burnt
took
Cicero under-
the
"
mentioned,was
means
whereby powerfulmen
obtained
the
become
the
of
acquittal
24
CLODIUS
MILO.
JET.
54-55.
it in
passed which prohibited
future ; but notwithstanding
this,he sent to the court a
written declaration in Plancus's favor,againstwhich Cato,
the jury,protested,
who was
on
exclaimingthat the author
their
had
AND
he
friends,
law
law
before
good :
no
the verdict
he
delivered.
was
But
unanimouslydeclared guilty,and
was
tenced
sen-
to banishment.
his
disguise
exultation
This
.
out
me
as
of my
some
them
me.
In
Some
who
objectof
enemies
same
had
made
at the death
Cicero
one
be
therefore
of my
joiced
re-
enemy.
had
persuaded
alwaysreadyto serve
warmly congratulate
gained."
is matter
going to
me
that he would
been
"
and
invective,
letter there
propertywas
said, Believe
mere
his
You may
againstme.
A greattriumph has
the
he
In
at this event.
of
be sold of
of his
kind.
lighter
deceased
heirs,and
Marius
person
had
says, in
B.C.
53-52.
had
not
yet
as
there
an
was
no
lots
drew
obligation,
for
ex-consuls
most
and
we
shall
favor
greatest
as
if
soon
as
office
he
could.
So
he
looked
coveted,
see
him
they
possible.
constantly
could
do
such
of
he
which
far
to
he
get
was
Bibulus
and
would
it
as
friends,
him
its
have
desiring
his
urging
that
so
Cilicia
from
upon
him,
and
got
posed
im-
was
persons
He
and
one
was
this
privilege,
them.
of
one
as
number
appointments,
The
declined
the
and
granted
not
was
their
government
But
escape.
dependencies.
gladly
such
any
Cicero
and
limited,
held
25
PROCONSUL.
APPOINTED
CICERO
what
burden
as
the
superseded
26
PROCONSULATE.
THE
CHAPTER
THE
JEr. 56-57.
XVII.
PROCONSULATE.
-57.
B.C. 51-50.
character
regardCicero in a new
of governor of a province and in
almost unqualified
praise.It would
have
to
now
"
this he deserves
"
our
that
be littleat the
presentday to
his integrity
; but at Kome
unimpeached
the
case
was
very
and propraetors
set out for their
different. The proconsuls
down
like rapacious
vultures,
swooping
respective
provinces
A province
the El Dorado by which
was
upon their prey.
ruined fortunes
The
of Verres
case
of what
and
restored,
to live in luxurious
returned
ex-governor
home.
to be
were
was
onlyan
occurred.
constantly
He
from
which
the
at
magnificence
ample
exexaggerated
sinned in degree,
ment
hardlyin kind,more than many others. No impeachwas
so
frequentat Borne as an impeachmentde
the plunder
to make the ex-proconsul
disgorge
repetundis,
him for the malversation of the
of his province,
and punish
but
as
opponent;
mere
but the
care.
No
spread
convictions show how wide-
the
was
one
was.
corruption
source
of
1
enormous
"
De
evil;and it
was
the
more
28
PROCONSULATE.
THE
his
he wrote
until lie quitted
Italy,
and
journey,
set out
on
almost
dailyto
56-57.
MT.
his friend.
Gaul,and
from
gone
Arcanum,
to
the office
country seats,where, having accepted
lieutenant to his brother,he was
onlywaiting to join
of his
one
of
the road.
on
old
The
shows
which
As
he
that she
travelled
could make
to embark
south
him
at Arpinum,
to meet
Quintus came
province,
they proceededtogetherto Arcanum, where Pomponia
for his
and
was.
Quintus
Unfortunately
before
to
order
of the house
as
sent
dinner,which
one
her
on
mistress
offence to the
gave
with
interfering
of his servants
arrangements. When
-the kindest
(soCicero
tone
"
"
"
"
last before
his
departurefor
Quintus was
His
of
and
Atticus,
hint,saying that
son
this
certainly
and
advised him
might
time
were
faithful Dionysius,
who
villahe had
under
acted
as
visit from
all
give his
to
him
that
not to blame.
government, and
Cuman
he
Cicero mentioned
Asia.
the
immediate
their
to his seat
care
of the
preceptor. At
Hortensius,whose
his
country
seat
TO
VISIT
B.C. 51-50.
commands,
which
asked if Cicero
off. He
distance
Bauli,some
at
was
29
POMPEY.
the
newly-appointed
consul
profavor he begged of
answered
that the only special
of his governhim was
to do his best to preventthe period
ment
from being prolonged.He called it a
tremendous
bore" (ingens
and told Atticus his only consolation
molestia),
had
any
to
"
that
was
felt
already
; but
to Trebatius
after the
to bid him
littleEome
last
the
capital But
practise.So
to
health,which had
it is
proofhow
it is
one
thing to
Cicero
he says
excellent
sensitive Jie
to
was
come
which
he
was
conversations
that theywere
expressly
house
of
in the
to
say
to
He
embark.
did
he
like to trust
him
not
many
good-bye.
his
Tarentum, recruiting
suffered from the fatigues
of the consulship
spentthree days with him on his way to
speaksof
his beloved
persons came
farewell that he called his Curnan villa quitea
but who
did
neighbourhood,
at his villa near
Pompey was
not
He
year.
from
happy away
that,notwithstanding
this,he
slight,
an
acquaintancenamed Eufius,who
"indeed
the advice he
might have remembered
and to Quintus,
when theyin Gaul pined
another
; and
; and
than
more
he
societyof
preach,and
not
Borne
gave
it would
to
such
as
letter
"
"
frame
of
mind,
"
in
and
thoroughlypreparedto
ward
off the danger that is feared." And
writing to
Coelius a few weeks later,
he used nearly the same
guage,
lanrecommending him to attach himself closely
to
Pompey,whose estimate of persons was now very much the
an
same
his
as
There
can
own.
be littledoubt
to Caesar and
remember
that
more
his
than
that these
had
expressions
ference
re-
apprehended
designs.We must
two years had elapsed
since those
30
PROCONSULATE.
THE
letters
written in which
were
MT.
Cicero
expressedhimself in
absent proconsulof Gaul,
have
to
seems
althoughthe
still
been
uncertain; but
make
the
of
pilots
An
a-head.
felt both
time
exact
and
the
sky
56-57.
by
had
the
himself
seen
coming storm
and
Pompey,
the commonwealth
to
reason
were
overcast to
sufficiently
keep a good look-out
which must have
lately
in Cicero's mind.
When
unpleasant
impression
he had prosecuted,
he took
was
Plancus,whom
convicted,
refugewith Caesar at Kavenna, and was by him received
it is a
with open arms
and loaded with presents. And
noticeable fact that Cicero was
extremelyanxious
justnow
caused
an
to pay
off
debt which
he owed
to Cassar.
He
had
some
from
him
borrowed
considerable sum
a
previously
and
equalto about 7000Z.)at interest,
(800,000 sesterces,
he wrote in the most pressingmanner
to Atticus
to pay
this for him, out of funds which apparently
he had left in
the hands of his friend,
which
he had given him
or
on
a
credit. It is very probablethat,lookingat the signs of
the times,and the chances that he might have to come
into collision with Caesar,
he did not wish to remain under
He had found Pompey
to him.
obligation
any pecuniary
bent upon going to his Spanishprovince,
of which he had
the government personally,
but Cicero
not yet assumed
stronglydissuaded him, and pressedupon him the expediency
of not leavingItaly. He wrote from Brundusium,
which he reached
the twenty-second
of May, to Appius
on
he was
about to succeed,and earnestly
Claudius,whom
begged him on no account to disband any of his soldieis,
who were
alreadytoo few,and to make arrangements for
leavingthe provinceto him in the best state of equipment
excellent
and defence possible. The two were
now
on
time
B.C.
31
MILO.
OF
COMPLAINTS
51-50.
cated
Appius had dedifriendship,
the Collegeof
work he had written on
to him
a
Augurs,the first volume of which had justappeared.
for nearly a fortnight
Cicero stayed at Brundusium
While
of his lieutenants.
waiting for Pomptinus, one
which has exposedhim to
there he wrote Atticus a letter,
if not dishonesty
of acting with duplicity
the suspicion
terms
and, as
The
Marseilles.
Milo,who
friend
his
proofof
material
then
was
of the
part
in exile
letter is the
:
following
I hear
"
him
from
injury
an
Terentia, and
purchase of
I know
him
might
an
might
with
secured,
him
so
acted
mine
too,
to be
the wreck, if
look
Fausta's
wish, do
anything
allow
not
the
thus
he
not
an
you
strengthof
at
I often
hear
to his
friend
for
to
has
all.
the
take
you
hostile purchaser
considerable
But
her
dowry
something
I want
to
you
exaggerated reports.
it,and
about
remain
I told
so
man
might have
easilysave
most
saved
Philotimus
consent
It was
engaged
if the thing is unimportant
On
was
of
and
ill-disposed
an
Besides, I could
from
Milo
"
and
partner in
slaves, of whom
of his
wife
of Duronius, whom
kind
the
this
was
be
to
done
I have
Cicero's
of
advice
the
on
control,lest
own
deprive Milo
he wished.
as
object,and
my
(a
freedman
intimate
under
come
number
allowing
his property.
His
Philotimus
much-trusted
to be
for.
in
complains that
Milo
friend
that my
Home
in
him
possessionof
in
will
and
person,
to
moment
If
it is also
the
he
But
me.
to be done."
accused
and
in an underhand
with Milo's effects,
manner
dealing
buying them from some
impropermotive. But I confess
I can
is simple
see
nothing of the kind. His explanation
and Manutius
and I agree with Middleton
and satisfactory,
safer authority)
that it is rather a proofof
(a much
of
his zeal
and
Middleton
2
Abeken
goes
in
case
which
as
interests
to say that
on
(Ciceroin
of Cicero
him
for the
care
seinen
Middleton
is
so
"
of his friend.2
Philotimus
Briefen,p. 221)
; but I cannot
says,
"
was
am
But
suspected
not
bringmyself to
so
amoured
en-
condemn
32
of
THE
playingthe
his
.Melmoth
knave
which
use,
own
PROCONSULATE.
and
that
asserts
56-57.
the effects to
secreting
part of
Cicero
gave
Mi.
great uneasiness."
Philotimus
And
the
bought
property
to
at an
undervalue,and adds that it is not easy entirely
in his justification
vindicate Cicero ; for thoughhe pleaded
intent of servingMilo, yet it appears very evidently
an
"
from
this
upon
that
subject
he shared
with Philotimus
written
occurs,
let
Greek, for
the
sake,as he
to
to have confused
fall,
the
am
afraid you
do
not
the
relative to
accounts
of
tyrannicide
understand
self,
says him-
(youknow whom I
vertently
he inadexpressions
My wife's freedman
from some
me
lately,
"
of secrecy.
mean) seemed
in
Crotona.3
When
me.
you
have
looked carefully
into this,make the rest secure."
yourself
As Cicero feared Atticus might not be able to read his
enigma,it can hardlybe expectedthat we should be able
much
is plain,
it. But
that Philotimus apto explain
so
peared
made
to have
Cicero
heard
now
accounts
of the
sale,which
There
is another
up
wrong
freedman
with
Philotimus
have
taken
most
honorable
connections
painsto
"
and
By
that
this
Milo
that he
to
shall
in
satisfy
in his absence
course
Milo
is meant.
your
I
effects,
Milo's
and
and
throughhis fidelity
expressionof
in
occurs
regardsthe duty of
reference
ensure
manner
subjectwhich
the
also his
zeal your
B.C.
33
ATHENS.
AT
ARKIVAL
51-50.
compromised."The upshotthen
Cicero's agent,and on his behalf,
is this : Philotimus,
as
and his accounts
of Milo's property,
became partpurchaser
cannot
tell. But
not we
or
got wrong ; whether wilfully
self
there is really
not a pretencefor sayingthat Cicero him-
shall
reputation
not be
in the matter.
to blame
was
where
Corfu),
Atticus's
dern
Corcyra(themoentertained by one of
hospitably
he crossed
Brundusium
From
he
was
freedmen,who
to
over
settled in the
was
and he
island,
oppositecoast. He here
determined to continue his journey as far as Athens by
land,havinghad a disagreeable
voyage from Brundusium,
and not likingto double the promontoryof Leucate. With
ludicrous to find a greatofficer
modern habits it seems
our
of state on his way to his government afraid of a coasting
sailed to Actiuin
then
the
to Athens
Actium
from
voyage
on
of the
Mediterranean
.
reached Athens
He
on
of June, and
twenty-fifth
his delightat
expressing
full of noble
famous
city,
the
immediatelywrote to Atticus
findinghimself again in that
and works of art.
monuments
from Kome.
Before
But
he
was
for
eager
he
leavingthe metropolis
had
news
made
that
he
an
had
Eufus.
absurd
been
rumor
assassinated
Coelius
was
had
anxious
and
that
journeyby Pompeius
to know
Pompey,
sentiments, for,"he
"
his
on
Forum
what
what
were
had
passed
Pompey's
II.
34
THE
Coelius tried to
amuse
Cicero
him
half angry
was
that I asked
think
PROCONSULATE.
with
but
ordinarygossip,
this,and
at
you
JET. 56-57.
send
to
back,
wrote
me
"
you
of what
account
an
Do
what
gladiatormatches have been made
recognizances
have been enlarged what theft Crestus has committed4
would
and such things as no
venture
to tell me
one
"
"
"
about
if I
Eome
at
Coelius's
opinionas
that
to be
Pompey he was likely
one.
Writing to Atticus he
in which
inexpensive
way
Julian law he
entitled
was
He
preferredhaving
of the future,
probabilities
the
to
admitted
although he
there."
were
after
much
as
his
with
conference
as
enlightened
any
as
had
travelled.
proconsulto
By
the
be entertained
at
Chresti
pilatiomeant
compilationem, Ad Div.
mistake
of translating
this
a
compilation." True
"
"
amounts
to
theft.
rendering it
Zusammen
remembered
Wieland
II. 8.
"
Chrestus's
makes
newsletter
of news."
Compilasse putes.
me
as
if
They might
ne
the
"
traordinary
excom-
gestopfd, budget
"
Middleton
Crispiniscrinia lippi
have
36
PROCONSULATE.
THE
JEr. 56-57.
lieutenant
he found
in
a
lively
too
and
sailor,
fact,a wretched
from
the
would
have
a
He
being drowned.
was,
agreed
entirely
ship as
wrote
prison
to Atticus
over
of
the chance
He
comfortable.
in his definition of
sea-boat to be
Ephesus,which
July,or,
he
as
he reached
chose to date
sixtieth
day after
in which
Clodius
killed.
of
twenty-second
and
it,on
the battle of
the
on
The
was
ceived
reproconsul
on
landingwith much empressement by deputations
of persons was
come
of all kinds,and a crowd
waiting to welhim, expectantno doubt of patronageand pay. He
confessed that his philosophy
to be put to trial
was
likely
by the prospectbefore him ; but he wrote to Atticus that
the lessons he had learnt from him,
he hoped to remember
and to be able to give generalsatisfaction. One fertile
of discord and discontent was
source
happilyremoved, as
had
of the province
the contracts for farming the revenues
been
concluded
was,
as
at
was
he described
on
Tralles,
new
his way
"
it,
to
One
of his next
letters
hurryand dust,"written
Laodicea,the first town in his
full of
certain
what
or
districts,
mean
at Borne.
The
well
time,as
with him,
correspondence
be
now
there
Coelius in the
but
would
and
as
told him
letters of Atticus
are
Atticus,kept up
what
passing
all lost,
unfortunately
some
was
partsof
them
B.C.
LETTER
51-50.
37
CCELIUS.
OF
candidate
are
told him
He
as
he heard
ever
send him
intended
for the
number
to exhibit.
consul,had
and acquitted,
trary
con(mostprobablyfor bribery)
to the disgust
and very much
to generalexpectation,
defended by his uncle Hortensius,
of the public.He was
of his success
who paidthe penalty
by being loudlyIn'ssed
by the peoplenext day when he appearedin the theatre.
the first time that such a thinghad happenedto
This was
been
tried
him
in
the whole
he
Ccelius,
Ccelius
enough of
to
him
But
friendship.
to
his
own
as
he
hard
upon
but
now,
said
lifetime.
dedicate
some
of their
posterity
might be somethingsuited
learned yet popularkind.
monument
of
career,
Cicero should
begged it
tastes,and
is rather
Wieland
it for
that
anxious
was
work
new
had
of his
course
to
Coelius for
this,and
asks,
man
light-headed
expect that the
with all its
of so largea provinceas Cilicia,
governor
barefaced a
could have leisure to gratify
so
dependencies,
The
fact is that Cicero thoughtvery littleof
?
request
"How
"
his
PROCONSULATE.
THE
the
rock
which
on
at
last the
was
told Atticus
He
and
of his government,
his
to have
full of the
exert
he
was,
most
the
longedfor
horse." 6
longed
pro-
themselves
and that
friends,
extended,he
government was
not
are
that he
the wrong
of July,
thirty-first
that
he
on
JET. 56-57,
"
to
city,
the saddle
If the term
said,undone
of
(si
had
at
expectedAppius Claudius
all events in the neighbourhood,
instead of this
he
reasons
serious
Koman
been
Clitellse bovi
After
letter to
more
to vacate
set
and rapacious
ruler.
oppressive
its claws deep into the vitals of
impositse.
sunt
the arrival of
thirtydays
most
eaglehad
or
allusion in his
no
Appius had
The
made
governor the
the province; but he
authority.
}
new
retiringproconsulwas
was
not
allowed
to exercise any
diction
juris-
which
province,
the
his conduct
and
like that
more
He
of
that it
than
which
misery to
had
or
suite.
He
would
provenderfor
as
followers
not
take
his
horses,and
the
in
even
houses
his
the
more
them
any
his
such
legalperquisites,
instead of
his
quartering
them
inhabitants,made
of the
man.
of himself and
expense
the wretched
been
monstrous,
was
beast
wild
savage
on
saw
So bad
nearlyruined.
was
39
'
POPULARITY.
CICERO'S
$.C. 51-50.
The consequence
live in tents.
generally
was, as might be
unbounded
that he enjoyed an
and
expected,
popularity,
had
crowds nocked to see the prodigy as bitter experience
them
made
regard it of a Eoman
proconsultravelling
through the country,and not onlynot plunderingit as he
but actually
We
not levying
contribution.
a single
passed,
might wish indeed that in his letters he had said less about
"
"
his
merits
own
in this
Cicero if he had
been
respect. But
silent
been
forgivethe egotism of
can
equityof
the
such
on
have
theme, and
we
sake
of the
alarming news
that
for the
man
not
the governor.
the end
At
the
he would
of
August
had
Parthians
he heard
the
and
divided
the
march
eastern
mountain-chain
Cilicia from
attack in that
to
as
crossed
the
Syria,was
offered
called
traversed
Amanus,
by only
quarter,Cicero thought it
through Cappadocia,which
and
he pitchedhis
frontier,
more
had
camp
an
at
prudent
exposed
Cybistra,
40
PEOCONSULATE.
THE
little to
staying
the
there
king
He
wrote
an
account
worth
of
a
north
he
sent
M.
the
show
with
Ariobarzanes,
favored
allyof
authorities at home
king, and
styleof
the
Rome.
giving
address
is
F. CICERO
Pnocos.
Marc
"
health
of the
Praetors,Tribunes
S.PD.
Coss.
PR^TT.
PL. SENAT.
fullyexpandedmeans,
Marc, Proconsul,sends
of
While
range.
sovereignEepublic:
TBIBB.
Which
much
visit of the
of the
TULLIUS
interview
an
and a
Cappadocia,
publicletter to the
to the
Taurus
the
of
had
copying,to
were
M.
the
JET. 56-57.
Tully Cicero,the
and
suls,
the Con-
greetingto
Senate
People,and
son
;""
and
it
Valeo
The
"
"If
well, it
are
you
contain
state in which
he
found
the
defile
Tarsus
occupy
invade
would
tribes who
also
to the
provinceowing
from
the
well."
am
allusion to the
mis-
Parthians
eternal enemies
a
waged
war
conquer
them, and
of Eome.
They
something like
in the Caucasus
It must
fastnesses had
in their mountain
attempts to
short
passed
with his little army
but Cicero marched
through a
into Cilicia,
and
of the Taurus
passed through
to the foot of the Amanus
range, intending to
should attempt to
the enemy
the passes in case
his province
in that quarter. He thought that this
the independent
be a good opportunity
to extirpate
away,
scale
well;
syllableof
government of Appius.
The
apprehended danger
all
is
be borne
had
hitherto defied
kept up
that which
called
he
whom
has
on
so
the
smaller
long
been
againstEussia.
in mind
of the
that,with the exception
in the Marsian
war
B.C.
41
SUCCESS.
MILITARY
51-50.
Cicero
upwards of thirty
years before,
had
and
service,
in
life. He
was
Nor
than
the field,
battle knew
spinster,
"
with
militarymanoeuvre
success.
to have
squadron in
the division of
conducted
and
spirit
set
never
More
he
action in his
an
one
That
but
probablynever
most
was
military
no
seen
other
objectsin view,and
he pretended
withdrew
to the
but
all taken
were
regionwas
and many
laid waste
In
consequence
"victory")Cicero
over
army
halted
; and
must
of them
time
some
captives.
bravely,
the whole
burnt,and
hailed
was
by
(he
as
indeed
have
calls it
happened at Issus,which
memorable
Darius
for
he did not
the
scene
of Alexander's
the
name
of the
reminded
forcibly
victory
spotwhere
him
his
of Alexander's
in the East.
It was
called Arae Alexexpedition
andri.
He stayedhere four days,and then determined to
who called
try and subjugatea hardy race of highlanders
themselves Free Cilicians,8
and had never
yieldedallegiance
to the native princes
in the days when
even
Cilicia was
dependent
inTheir citadel was
fied,
Pindenissus,
stronglyfortiand on
difficult of access.
a
loftyhill,which was
Cicero regularly
invested the place,
it with a
surrounding
trench and rampart and redoubts,
and then assaulted it
8
Eleuthero-cilices.
42
PROCONSULATE.
THE
enginesof war in
forty-seven
days,9and
for
out
partof
it
to the
up
to
seem
burnt
was
MT.
at that
use
did
in ruins.
and
period. It held
not yielduntil a great
The bootywas
given
troops,exceptthe horses,and
have
been
sold
slaves.
as
Tibarani
tribe of the
56-57.
inhabitants
the
bouring
neigh-
hostagesin token of
countrybeing now
quietCicero
sent
allowed his
command
What
under
troopsto retire into winter quarters,
of Quintus,and went himself to Laodicea.
he had
well,and
it
he
done
was
Atticus,he told
not very
was
proud of
him
his
much,
but he had
honors.
military
the
done
Writing
he had
occupiedthe same
ment
encamphe added,with
at Issus as Alexander
a
general,"
mock gravity,not a littlesuperior
to you or me."
In giving an
who
account
sedile
to Coelius,
now
was
of his campaign,Cicero told him that his reputation
elect,
in good stead,for even
in the furthest
had served him
of Cilicia peopleasked, Is this the man
who
corner
the Senate
And
Whom
?
this
saved the city?
with the army.
But he pined more
gave him authority
than ever
Curio on
for Borne ; and writingto congratulate
being elected a tribune,he urged him, with almost passionate
entreaty,not to allow his absence to be prolonged
in reality
in high spirits,
and
beyond a year. But he was
It was
sible
imposvery well satisfiedwith himself justthen.
to
"
"
"
"
"
"
not to be
for him
conscious
his
the province
rule had conferred upon
just and equitable
;
that he
and he confessed to Atticus,
with much
naiivetd,
9
that Cicero
different accounts
of the
length of
the siege. In a letter to Atticus he says, septimo et quadragesimo die, as
to
I have
stated it in the text ; but writing only a few days afterwards
This
is
die.
Cato
he calls it fifty-seven
days, septimo quinquagesimo
consider the use
of the discrepancies
made
of some
instructive when
we
in
was
It is curious
Scripture.
a
fiction ?
Are
we
gives two
therefore
to suppose
that the
siege of
Pindenissus
44
THE
pursued that
that I
I
of ambition.
of
choice
conduct
that
thought
never
PROCONSULATE.
And
from
which
real
in itself and
glory
principleI
well-equipped province and
itself
abandoned
the
be
glory might
by
this
on
56-57.
.Ex.
was
gained, but
object
proper
veiy
triumph."
He
went
on
his
me,
call in
Philosophy
dearer
to
that the
from
bestowed
truth
on
our
we
alone
of business, and
is the
And
I had
her shrine
At
familiarised
was
said,have
almost
her
with
; and
surely cannot
Cato's
secluded
:"
blessings
has
stiffand
Cicero
reward,and
world
daily life.
sophy
Philo-
when
appeal?
been
us
been
theorists,
He
of
both
in my behalf, and
refuse.'' 2
she
realities of
to this
answer
and
actual
have
we
while
introduced
the
solicits you
now
suppliantCato
what
of the noblest
one
adorations
it is that
therefore
is,she is
some
proofof
in diffidence of my own
solicitations,
been
which
has
ever
nothing
man.
earliest
and
She
my
as
concluded
advocate, than
life. The
in my
gods have
me
thought by
we,
as
banishment,and
his
by
He
country's
approbation.
Let
"
him
done
he
because
was
thanksgiving
did
must
formal
ought to
have
content
with
"
I have
Melmoth's
in this instance
translation
correct.
availed
of the
myself,with only
passage,
for I think
it is
slightchange, of
ciently
spiritedand suffi-
B.C.
OF
DIVORCE
51-50.
45
TULLIA.
his praise
to the laurel
laudato,and that lie preferred
land
gar-
clared
triumphalcar ; and in a letter to Atticus he dethat althoughCato had not voted for the decree,
yet
worth all the triumphs in the
the language he used was
world ; but he soon
changed his tone when he found that
self,
Cato had granted to Bihulus what he had refused to himin honor of the proand had voted for a thanksgiving
consul
in that province.He then
of Syriafor successes
and
wrote
in
to Atticus
very different
said,with
strain,and
inconsistency,Cato's behaviour
strange and startling
"
has
me
been
meanly
which I did
testimonial,
he called him
and
had
some
on
was
gave
I asked for."
refused what
occur
now
And
Crassipes,
allusions to which
the contradictions
time
me
integrity,
justice,
for
her father
her,obscure
want, of my
most
into which
Tullia
; but
honor
clemency,and
not
He
malevolent.
wards
to-
match
for
then in his
and
We
therefore surprised
with Atticus.
are
correspondence
terms
to his quondam sonto find him writingin friendly
of Bithynia,
and asking him
in-law,who was then quaestor
favor to be civil and attentive to some
as
a special
persons
in whom
of the many
he took an interest. It is one
proofs
less sensitive on such
meet with how much
we
constantly
pointsthe ancients were than ourselves.
He quitted
Tarsus
the fifth of January,
B.C.
on
50, and
crossed the Taurus
a progress
through the
range to make
other parts of his province. He says it would be impossible
to describe
of
and
this
never
the wonder
and
Cilicia,
and
admiration
of Tarsus,at
especially
before.
had been
made
of the inhabitants
For six
upon
the
need
the mildness
doubt that
not
ruler
theyhad
months
not a single
requisition
unless indeed we
provincials,
a
as
46
THE
few
excepta
PROCONSULATE.
governor
them
exacted
with
large sums
The
he
as
and
Formerlywealthytowns
towns.
the
allowed
necessaries
trifling
JET. 56-57.
to
quartertroops upon
of
Cyprus had
not
island
paid as
much
two hundred Attic talents,
as
a littleless than
fifty
time to purchase
the exemption.
thousand pounds,at one
taken from them.
The provincials
Now
not a farthing
was
statues
would have gladlyshown their gratitude
by erecting
and templesin honor of their governor, but he positively
felt owing to a
forbade it.3 There was
severe
a
scarcity
failure of the harvest,
and the dealers in grain had been
he passed
keepingit back to get famine prices
; but as
alongon his way to Laodicea he persuadedthem to open
of the people.
their stores,and thus alleviate the sufferings
him
All this made
popular; and it is pleasant
extremely
he mentions
it to Atticus,
to find him, when
tellinghim
that he was
only followinghis counsel and advice. It
speakswell for the heart of both.
Cicero addressed
Now
that military
were
operations
suspended,
duringwinter.
himself
himself
to
course
of
the door
which
occupation
to hold
was
On
for not
See
Ad
another
occasion
exertinghimself
Att. XIV.
at
8 ;
to
Cicero
get a
Plut.
the custom
provincial
currency.
to
The
for
to
bringjustice
of his extensive
Laodicea,for the
the
same
course
was
angry
with
to
first three
try causes
of the
Some
24.
and
there.
coins
head
freedman
his
erected
of him
statue
Cic.
Taurus,
by
were
the
But
no
Pelops
Byzantines.
discovered
at
(Gesch.Boms,
out
would
districts north
pursue
not
it was
chalked
four months
or
He
of the
province.This
of
an
of the letters
B.C.
THE
51-50.
miser
kept a
ever
than
Cicero did
from
Eome.
of
day
To
He
days
unless
depart,
show
which
he
the thirtieth of
on
the kind
the Senate
of
spend away
must
with which
cases
to deal,I
judicial
capacity
of his treasure
account
arrived in his
had
47
SALAMIS.
OF
accurate
more
of the
July,and
resolved to
CASE
will mention
he
had
which
one
his
in
strongly
in which
one
Cicero
to have
seems
made
compromise
between
equity and
the
detriment
former.
If his
had
been
to
friendship,
decisions
provincial
had
to us, the
down
come
"
of the
reported,"
I
to which
case
that "ofScaptius
Inhav.
as
~bitantsof Salamis.
It is curious and
instructive in several
respects. Some
before,the
of Salamis
had
borrowed
time
a
with
of money
sum
interest at
town
on
bond
which
forty-eight
per
in
Cyprus
secured
payment,
re-
Being
to try
cent.
sent to Kome
was
pressedfor payment, a deputation
and borrow the amount, givingan assignment
of the bond
as
security.The money-lendersof the capital,
however,
declined to advance
allow them
friends of
requiredsum,
put such
to
beingonlytwelve
two
the
in
bond
per cent.4
Brutus,came
At
last Scaptius
and
By
principal.
4
This
Gabinia
mode
of
execute
instead
is the
reason
vetabat.
But
one
was
given by
would
Matinius,
Brutus,who
of
not
suit,the legalinterest
that forty-eight
money, provided
per cent, were
them by a decree of the Senate ; but in this
merelyas agents
did
Cicero
have
secured
they
were
acted
closed
undis-
passed:
to
did
lex
obvious
the Koinan
over
usurers.
the
48
one
THE
that the
secured
to suffer
were
it contained.
But
of the
governor
of interest as
the lenders
PROCONSULATE.
The
the
loss
money
was
province
by
no
lex Gabinia
vEx. 56-57.
was
could
no
to enforce payment
account
other that
of the
tion
stipula-
advanced.
accordingly
not abrogatea positive
than
more
cree
dea third
therefore,
Upon reflection,
should have no
that the bond in question
was
passed,
that in effect the former decrees were
so
specialprivilege,
Time
went to Cyprus,
set aside.
passedon, and Scaptius
where Appius Claudius,who was
Brutus's father-in-law,
him
and
made
of Cilicia,
of his prefects.
one
governor
with this authority,
he harassed the inhabitants of
Armed
Salamis for payment of the bond; and on
occasion
one
shut up the citycouncillors in their town-hall,
which he
and keptthem
there imprisoned
surrounded with cavalry,
until five of them
actuallydied of starvation. This
was
going on when Cicero arrived in Asia Minor, and
that met him on landing
of the deputations
at Ephesus
one
from Salamis to implorehis protection.
He immediately
was
orderinghim to send
despatchedletters to Scaptius,
out of the island. Brutus had already
his cavalry
written
could be recovered.
to him
friends
about
was
while he
office of
who
was
laid down
was
gave
no
"
to his
came
partyinterested. Scaptius
camp, and begged him to renew
the real
in
which
prefect,
Cicero had
one
the Salaminians
Scaptiusand Matinius,"but
he himself
him
engaged
he
had
held
under
Appius ;
to
his
but
wise
in
B.C. 51-50.
THE
CASE
OF
49
SALAMIS.
juries
theyhad received from Scaptius
; but Cicero said he
had nothing
to do with that,and told them theymust
pay
with
the money.
made
adroit
no
demur,and,
They
flattery,
said that the money
theyhad for the purpose was in fact
his own,
for they had been accustomed
to give the
consul
prothan they owed on the bond, and as
a
largersum
he had refused to take a farthing
from them,it layat his
credit,and they were
ready to pay to his order. "All
have only now
to settle the
we
right,"said Scaptius
;
amount."
But in the edict or proclamation
which Cicero
had publishedin the usual manner
when he assumed
his
which he would
on
government,announcingthe principles
administer law,he had declared that he would allow only
twelve per cent.,
with compound interest,
loans. Scapon
tius,
however,claimed forty-eight
per cent.,and produced
"
Cicero,
givingan
account
for
horrified,
was
rate would
has
to enforce
of
in
payment
been
alreadyquoted,relieved
him
others.
He
who
Scaptius,
that it was
it
then
took
him
so, and
that
it,said privately
than
But
the subsequent
were
the
for it in effect repealed
this to
decrees
which
Senate
the
town
in
them,
culty,
of all diffi-
pointedout
aside,and admitting
word to allege
against
owed
him less
reality
two
was
supposedthe amount
hundred talents,
them
and he begged Cicero to make
pay
him that sum.
C
icero.
He
then
Very well,"replied
called in the deputies
from Salamis,and asked them
how
hundred
and six
much
their debt was.
They said one
it was
talents. Scaptius
account
protested
more, but an
found theywere
the spbt,
and it was
taken on
was
right.
offered to pay the money, but Scaptius
They immediately
again took Cicero aside,and entreated him to let the
that it
thought
"
"
VOL.
n.
50
THE
stand
matter
PROCONSULATE.
and
over,
force him
not
The
cunning
scoundrel wished
new
governor
coming,who
to wait
might
56-57.
JET.
be
chance
persuadedto
of
enforce
payment of
requestwas
poor
money
the
thus
us, and
hoc Bruto
dedi.).
tion
allow his admira-
from
suppose
so
dedi ?
hoc Bruto
The
truth
is,that,under
enforcingthe
in
the debtors
them
bond
to pay
; but
when
ceased to run,
as
it
have
where
money
their creditor
been
Atticus,totum
all the circumstances
"
no
interest would
Cicero,however,rather pridedhimself
5
There
are
few
old
Roman
the
Scaptiuscase.
given is
law
I have
Briefen,p.
214.
things
of contracts
Middleton
correct.
difficult to
more
and
it is
by
clearlydid
Abeken
"
injustice
not to allow
injustice
and to prevent
willing,
was
they were
the
depositing
from
told
admits
on
have
cipal.
prin-
the way
not.
the
the
easy to understand
I think that the narrative
means
Cicero
difficulty,
in seinen
62
PKOCONSULATE,
THE
that he
But
populargovernor admits
law upon
imposing the Koman
was
most
of
Instead
doubt.
56-57.
Mf.
of
no
the
in their own
to try their causes
he allowed them
people,
local customs, and
with
courts accordingto their own
that the pronative jurymen. A good effect of this was
vincials
flattered themselves with the idea of independence.
bility
himself personally
He also made
popularby his affa-
and
courtesy.
Koman
was
governor
great
lictors,
very
With
his
provincials.
them.
and his pomp, he dazzled and frightened
his fasces,
It was
not easy to approachhim, exceptthroughsecretaries
and
at formal interviews; and
a
complaintmust
many
personage
have
remained
from
the
ear.
But
wanted
unheard, and
many
unredressed,
wrong
of conveyinga knowledge
difficulty
Cicero
to
see
he had
him
If
accessible to all.
was
not
of it to his
himself
to address
petitioner
to
groom
of the chambers
him.
givesan
and
amusing
of
account
this easy to
grandee
Boman
Yedius
named
who
to
came
see
him, and
who
travelled
en
pay
an
at
ape
and
the
house
and
Curio
word
I
on
am
of
asses.
He
Yindullus,where
while
went
put up
he
to pay
him, besides,
tribune
the Koniau
vix.
Laodicea
at
left his
his
equipage
respectsto
had
he
with
had
toll.8 He
wild
some
baggage
maintain
But
considerable
to
the
repair and
used
sense
them.
of the
B.C.
TULLIA'S
51-50.
who
53
SUITORS.
was
distance
some
off.
"
"
"
We
find in his
to domestic
at this perioda
correspondence
The
matters.
two
few
Ciceros
young
sions
alluwere
he
pursuingtheir studies with their tutor Dionysius,whom
calls thoroughlytrustworthy,
but the boys thought him
the characters of the
very passionate.In distinguishing
cousins,he says that his nephew requiredthe rein and his
the spur.
son
Young Quintus had now reached the proper
dress of manhood
or
age for assumingthe togapura,
; and
in the month
of Aprilhis uncle invested him with it with
the usual formalities. Tullia was
free to marry
again,and
the advantagesof several matches had been considered by her
father.
Different suitors sought her hand, and, amongst
Tiberius Nero, who
either went
wrote to Cicero
others,
or
in Cilicia to obtain
his consent.
daughterto
time
one
sound
them
afterwards
her
sent
on
appears
the
subject
;
but
engagement
himself
for
to have
to his wife
messengers
another
father had
He
some
in the
for
been
and
mean
and
herself,
time
plated
contem-
54
It
strange
seems
his eye
in
chiefly
of the worst
one
that
him
it had
that
that
mentioned
and
no
said
he
few ; and
the
I will
as
an
only creatures
amicable
his want
in not
to
erect
visit him.
of offence.
temple
Kome,
Cicero to remember
if I do not have
that he had
given
were
only
complained
whole province
his
wards
Dolabella after-
or
Some
monument
reference to
Cicero
of attention
province.This
retorted upon
grounds
flat at
very
which
between
correspondence
going
letter he
same
violence.
mentioned
been
on
the
in
with
predicament
explain.
Appius,complainingof
him
told
letter has
The
very
January,and
shame
awkward
now
was
and
treachery
did marry
in rather
knew
Cicero
but there
get the panthers,
added
wittily
they were
that
in
told him
answer,
him
to
was
nobleman,
and
it will be
"
Cicero,in his
some."
He
man.
age ; hut
stirring.He begged
and
panthers,
the
bad
was
news
him
Coelius wrote
and
probable,
married
in that
men
between
divorce
of him
at the
daughterwas
Dolabella,a profligate
young
Cornelius
Lucius
for his
husband
Cicero had
person whom
the
that
us
thought
first
he
time
to
as
2Ex. 56-57.
PROCONSULATE.
THE
But
of
in his
in not
led to
ing
meet-
not very
Appius
guiltyof discourtesy
there
creatures
to
wrote
in which
them,
been
Appius,
were
serious
more
Appius wished
honor
at
to
in
town
deputationhad
mission to
been
Borne, and
got up to go on
sing the praisesof
Also
complimentary
the ex-governor
B.C.
WITH
CORRESPONDENCE
51-50.
55
APPIUS.
but
this too, as
to Rome
he arrived
when
hun.
there he found
the
Dolabella,
be his future
malversation
to
very
Appius to
hostile he could
impeachment awaiting
Cicero expectedto
whom
It
government.
of
was
his
on
course
side,for
the
assist
materially
most
accused him
and
forward
have Cicero
; but
successor
an
man
came
son-in-law,
in his
his
dissatisfied with
much
of
thing
every-
if he
were
in
prosecution
He
courtesyand kindness.
full of
no
allusion to the
namely,Dolabella's
seems,
however, to have
of his sudden
cause
accusation
; and
change of Jpne,
Cicero,in his
answer,
home to
to the effect of his return
civility
of the capital.With a mixture
the more
society
polished
he readily
of good nature
and hypocrisy
graspedthe hand
attributed
his
entreat
Appius,
out of
regardto
of the
their old
to get a public
he promised,
to exert himself,
as
friendship,
honor as soon
as
thanksgivingdecreed in his (Cicero's)
that he should stoop
possible."We may well be surprised
1
This, however,
merely
even
on
wished
that
was
distinctlydenied
point." See
Ad
Dio.
of the
III. 10.
hy Cicero, who
embassy ; and at
said
that
last gave
he
way
56
to ask
to
favor of
of whose
man
JET.
56-57.
lie had
misgovernment
such
owe
services.
own
To
a
PROCONSULATE.
THE
I will
governor,
sent
Appius
"
because
in March
his
on
me
rescinded
I had
few passages
quote a
to Atticus
he wrote
reallythoughtof Appius'sconduct
he
what
show
letter which
"
journey
two
three
or
ordinances.
of his
some
from
if
as
his
from
it,and
handed
it
to
over
in
me
letters
grumbling
Just
doctor,
to be angry with
patient called in other advice, were
attendant
medical
for making a change in the treatment
; so
bled
took
who
the
all
on
a
it,
reducing system,
province
put
when
as
the
new
Appius,
he
could
like to
not
see
give
me
thanks
"
it
For
me.
his retinue
his
and
management
With
his lieutenants
"
this
astonishment
when
he
anxious
as
discipline
read
we
"
the whole
of my
"
to Tullia
was
the
had
it is with
us,
he wrote
his
to
all
become
not to express
any
known
; and
sanction
or
could
not
have
written
approvalof it
compromised
in
gant
extrava-
paragon
more
He
expressedhis surpriseat
temerityof the young man, without naming him, whom
had himself twice defended on
and
serious charges,
terms.
now
came
forward
as
the
accuser
of
gagement
en-
Ccelius had
pending,lest he might be
Appius. But the languagehe uses is that of
praise. If he had reallythoughtAppius a
he
was
suspicionof
Dolabella's
as
prosecution,
of excellence
Appius
He
accuser.
to
beingpartyor privyto
with
'
province."
that Dolabella
doubt
cautioned him
his licentiousness
aye ! his robberies
is not a family which
is under
such
expressionof opinionbefore
heard
no
"
however, there
Now,
insults ?
Appius.
plimentary
com-
the
he
who
Dolabeila
TRIAL
B.C. 51-50.
have
to
seems
that he
such
gave
than
proofof
assertion
his
form
this.
to
hostility
Cicero
with
the
groundsto
show
that
who
man
ex-proconsul.In
of their
similarity
now
childish,
readyto break
more
the
on
be backed
and
silly
ne*w one
would
or
was
have been
would
old connexion
off an
was
Appius complainedof
by Cicero, and
and
57
APPIUS.
OF
ciliation,
recon-
he
; and
their ancestors
elected who
no
The
was
indictment
another
could
one
of the
be
ever
body.
but
acquitted;
was
tried he became
Cicero wrote
to
and
the firstprosecution,
him
congratulate
addressed
ship.
censor-
the result of
on
his letter
"
To
Appius
Pulcher
"
"
"
"
was
not
How
he exclaimed, for
unfortunate,"
present!
"
What
roars
of
laughterI
me
would
that I
have
58
PEOCONSULATE.
THE
excited !
"
He
mous
owing to the unanifeelingin his favor,Appius might be said to have
defended by the Eepublicherself,
whose duty it was,
of
when the good and brave abounded, to protectmen
been
even
that
stamp,
ought
to
rejoiced
but
who
bereavement
He
said he would
when
take
prove
namely those
"
which
such
was
indeed
and
fiction,
letters to
than
disgracefully
more
the whole
in that
left,
her
tectors.
pro-
with
witnesses
of the
passage as
his threat in execution he would have
unless
injustice,
as
few
opprobrium
the Asiatic towns
who
"
them
these
very misdeeds
his
so
to brand
stronglycomplained it is difficult to
had
were
the trial.
what
himself,in
Cicero
care
witnesses from
remember
we
there
to cherish
appearedagainstAppius at
Now
that
"now,when
in her
the mercenary
had
hear
J"T. 56-57.
case
to
came
of
ex-governor
Atticus,had
understand
this.
he
how
If he had
guiltyof
been
so
put
gross
rule
story of Appius'smisno
one
had libelledhim
Cicero himself.2
the
for briberyfailed as
as
signally
prosecution
other, and Appius was
unanimously acquitted. Cicero
him, and entered upon the
again wrote to congratulate
of his own
connexion
delicate question
with Dolabella,
the
He
accuser.
begged Appius to put himself in his place,
The
and
if he then
not
ask him
found
to
is better here to
is curious and
"I
wish
excuse
what
it easy to know
his
to say he would
But
presentembarrassment.
quote Cicero's
own
words.
His
it
language
characteristic :
"
indeed," he
said, "that
what
has
been
done
turn
without
out,
my
knowledge
you
But
I also
most
kindly desire,prosperouslyboth for me and my Tullia.
hope, that it may have happened at that particulartime' (when Dolabella
Cicero
tatem
Ad
nostri
Div.
sition,
testimony,or, as we should say, depoet temeriin favour of Appius. Post hoc negotium autem
Dolabellse, deprecatorem me
pro illius periculoprsebeo.
seems
to Rome
as
II. 13.
to have
sent
his
"
00
THE
1 felt that I
laid aside
began
PKO
be
to
mutual
.our
CONSUL
liked
grudge
ATE.
by
him
as
each
at
56-57.
^T.
soon
as
we
ever
he
friend,
respect. He is a pleasant
and our literary
tastes and pursuits
correspond." But to
he unbosomed
his thoughtswithout
serve,
reAtticus,to whom
consul he showed
was
me
himself much
expressed
doing,"he says, all I can
he
him
coldlyabout
more
"
for
"
am
urgent with
; and
Pompey
We
him."
about
me
him,
of
He had a prescient
feeling
ready to die for him.
his election.
the coming storm, and had alreadymade
in
Writing to his friend Thermus, who was then propraetor
and
is
Asia
before the
employment,
for those
as
whose
this I wish
profitsof
conversation
He
city,my Mend,
thought from my
I had
It is
can
acted
that
on
anxious,as
a
terrible
earliest manhood,
them
provincialgovernment
with you."
to find
make
live in her
and
as
no
famous
opinion.
of
the
he
ever
"
and
And
I do not
consider
comparablewith
petty
I well
as
all the
singlewalk
and
had
successor
immorality
Kome,
said,
at Kome.
to
than
more
Coelius in June
are
be turbulent
to
likely
to get back
impatient
Writing to
abilities
sort of times
they seem
me
very
what
time
now
was
was
news.
to the
Cling
knew
He
which, as
desirous of
"
To
Kepublic?
ones."
from
knows
"
he
of the
times, that
when
crowded."
B.C.
51-50.
the
care
he
was
consent,and
as
Quintus,hut
preferred
brother would
of
Parthian
troublesome
end
We
on
sure
there seemed
to he
like to ask
not
to take
which,however, he
think indeed
rather
doubt
have
that
prospect
to
his
acceptso
ill provided
feared
his
mies
ene-
resignedhis post at
really
twelvemonth,if he appointeda second self
of the
may
him
Besides,he
not
the
command.
which
performedexploits
had
no
would
means
of defence.
for
hy
He
the province
as
was
post,especially
means
might
the
he did
war,
a
with
he left it.
when
province
of the
Gl
POSTPONED.
THANKSGIVING
slender
show
would
not
to
there
eagerness.
triumph rested
he
to
seems
broken
triumph,
undue
no
had
says that he
worthyof
were
grounds,hut
that if civilwar
He
little
out he would
ambition,which
gainedthis great objectof Eoman
the only honor in his brilliant career
that he
yet enjoyed.
character
Young Hortensius,whose profligate
uneasiness to his father,
to Laodicea,and
came
have
was
had
gave
deed
innot
great
conducted
there
the greatadvocate
this very moment
Cicero heard the news
just as he was on the
At
dying.
pointof embarking to
was
return
; I
very intimate
In
the
time
mean
"
"
for
distracted,
and
I
am
I had
alluded to it in
sure
you
grieve
resolved to live
with him."
terms
honor of Cicero's
he had
am
home,
the
successes
or
thanksgivingin
su/pplicatio,
againstthe enemy, upon which
set his
been
actually
Curio and
to a quarrelbetween
him from bringingmeasures
the consuls.
before the
They prevented
and
people,
62
THE
PROCONSULATE.
56-57.
MT.
"
"
Cicero
his
he
Tarsus
force
there,to
Syria,had
of
thirteenth
the
on
was
be
to
of
assist Bibulus,who,
readyto
pressed. He
afraid he
might be
we
may
military
proconsul
as
Parthians,and
attacks of the
repelthe
hard
collected
June, and
was
what
preparing
was
of the
accounts
two
spent during his year of office,
posit
to deof which
he was
by the Julian law required
copies
towns
in two separate
of his province,
renderinga
It was the special
third to the Senate at Kome.
duty of the
received and
moneys
to
quaestor
that these
see
were
correct,for he
the provincial
was
chancellor of the
Cselius
Caldus,his
Owing
the administration
to attend
in which
Cicero had
to the business.
he had
carried
surplusbeyond the
voted by the Senate for his expenses.5He invested
sum
2,200,000 sesterces (about19,5007.),
partof this surplus,
in cistopJiori,
Asiatic gold coin,and afterwards lent the
an
whole sum
to have repaid
to Pompey, who
seems
never
on
Dramann
taken
says
booty
Ad
Ait. V. 20, Ad
those
passages.
(Gesch.Roms.
in the Amanus
the
Div.
II.
Cicero
17.
vi.
144)
campaign,
But
that
and
lie received
he
I infer the
Ait. V.
says, Ad
concessimus.
prsedam
20, Militibus
share
of
authority
contrary from
equis
quoque,
quotes as
direct
his
his
And
Ad
Mancipia venibant.
exceptis,reliquam
Div.
II. 17, De prseda mea,
prseterqueestores urbanos, id est, populum
tacturus
est quisquam.
Omnis
teruncium
Bomanum,
nee
nee
attigit
enim
ita
ut
autem
mihi
a
tractatur,
prseda,
prsefectis;
pecunia
qux
This shows that Cicero did not pocket
attributa est,a quzestorecuratur.
.
any
portionof
the
spoil.
B.C.
is
There
him.
he
the money
doubt
some
in
deposited
63
REVENUE.
SURPLUS
51-50.
to what
as
the
the amount
was
Treasuryto
of
in
absurdly
wrong
sayingthat it was above eighthundred thousand pounds !
almost
maniacal
De Quincey calls this an
extravagant,
and
assertion,"
regards it as fatal evidence againsthis
trustworthiness as a biographer. The man," he says,
State,but
is
none
"
"
could
"who
believe
had
sterling
arisen
that
in the
sum
course
far from
not
million
of twelve months
from
with paving-stones,
as
a little bagatelle
chiefly
of office,
a pot de vin, mere
customary fees payableto
who held the most
of one
the discretional appropriation
is not entitled to an
relation with the province,
fleeting
opinionupon any questionof doubtful tenor." The truth
but I believe
is that the copiesdiffer as to the figures,
Whatever
the
none
support the mistake of Middleton.
amount
probablyaccording
was, his suite regardedit,most
and grumbled at Cicero
their perquisite,
to precedent,
as
after deducting a sum
for paying it into the Treasury,
of his quaestor
Cselius.5
sufficientfor a year'sexpenditure
hesitation he appointedthis Caelius deputyAfter some
of the provinceuntil a
sent
proconsulwas
governor
from
Kome.
out
Mentioningthis to Atticus,he said
of approvingmy
jokingly,You are under the necessity
for it cannot be changed." But in the next
determination,
satisfiedwith
that he was
letter he showed
by no means
his choice,althoughhe could not helpit. He said, I have
the province
handed over
to Caelius
mere
a
youth/ you
will say, and perhapssilly,
wanting in steadiness and self-
provincesown
"
"
'
"
'
control."
Ad
Alt. VII.
1.
'
It is curious
to
better
short
time
quaestor
"
contrast
before,when
mihi
this with
he
said
what
Cicero wrote
that he could
quaestoroptatiorte
not
obtingere
nemo
'
It is to
self
to Caelius himhave
desired
potuit.
"
Ad
64
THE
Cicero's
credit
broke
out
find,
seemed
or
the
able
to
His
third
before
But
glance
his
the
at
and
arrived
midst
of
Incidi
Kome
at
the
in
he
how
flammam
civil
of
it
let
in
he
of
discordise.
Ad
"
but
was
port
cast
the
Italy.
rapid
interval
when
expressed
it,
XVI.
11.
Div.
the
on
for
us
and
July,
discord.8
civilis
he
and
that
about
came
as
peril
embarking
happened
him
intended.
Sida,
voyage,
himself,
found
of
his
had
that
frontier,
at
mission,
com-
to
in
province
him
his
by
thirty-first
point
on
explain
flames
ipsam
the
him
events
absence,
find
we
on
the
could
committed
originally
on
brother
he
limited
the
he
ended
follow
we
the
war
his
person
authority
leave
day
August
time
from
the
office
of
the
than
Pamphylia,
of
coast
on
of
the
56-57.
Parthian
leave
to
competent
retired
away
year
the
on
rather
enemy
get
either
most
stretch
if
determined,
beyond
thus
the
happily
the
as
Senate
had
JET.
imminent,
himself
stay
or
and
by
he
that
command,
the
in
PROCONSULATE.
of
he
in
the
EVENTS
J3.C. 50-49.
AT
65
ROME.
XYIII.
CHAPTER
CIVIL
WAR.
JEt. 57-58.
death in childbed of
B.C. 50-49.
who
Julia,
Caesar'sdaughter
was
and
whom
the two
as
father
was
if his
may
so
Niebuhr
great that he
daughterhad
be allowed to doubt.
"
says,
would
remained
Two
years
familyof
Caesar'saffection
have
brooked
thing
any-
this
we
afterwards
the Metelli
Pompey
by marrying
was
great. When
dictator was
talked of to
put a stopto
the ordinary
VOL.
ii.
66
CIVIL
that in the
care
Wellington'svictories
of
more
presentto
I do
not
planto
think
be
the
When
he
which
Britain
evidence
indeed
determined
he, and
Kepublic,
he wintered
could
by
law
at
any
plan at all,
any
that if there
not
interests.
or
constitution,
was
to his
He
had
and
capital,
there devoted
was
was
Pompey, should
the
Eavenna,
approach Borne
nearest
while
vested
in-
his
condemnation
asylum there,and
by Caesar. The
money
an
him
and
England
were
command, his head-quarters
military
themselves
who represented
resort of the disaffected,
as
Munatius
Plancus
victims of aristocratic oppression.
with
the
party
have
of the
man.
pointat
the
the
this,that he
master
we
subvert
farther than
to be
active
and
numerous
in
countrymen
not
was
minds
the
also constant
keptup
of- his
the minds
forgotten.The
in the Peninsula
the fame
presentto
JET. 57-58.
mean
fame
than
WAE.
their
was
for seditious
ostentatiously
suppliedwith
discontented
and
protector,
found
violence,
looked
at Borne
the
to
his
populaceremembered
and his shows.
Whi{e the Senate was powerless,
largesses
could do nothingbut mutuallyparaand the magistrates
lyze
the world with the gloryof
each other,he was
filling
and securingthe enthusiastic devotion of his
his exploits,
legions."Cicero himself had spoken and voted for the prolongation
for another period
of five years,
of his command
and it was
duringthis time that the state of Borne became
kind was
of some
almost jHeyitffle.
such that a dictatorship
tribunes were
When
preventingthe comitia for electing
consuls from being held,and consuls were
bunes
preventingtribefore the people when the
from bringingmeasures
rendered impotentby vetos,
resolutions of the Senate were
carried on by the provisional
and the executive was
dient
expeof an
strong
interregnum it was plainthat some
as
"
"
68
CIVIL
no
was
Senate's
difference
whether
decree,or
got
making
from
what, if
"
decree
any
he wishes
to
Caesar
some
"
"
if my
or
forgot,
an
exact
he
was
part of
did
not
choose to
Senate
another,
time
same
wishes to strike
such
imply that
: but
impossible
was
allow,that
he himself
had
he
set
in point,
for duringhis third consulship
precedent
stillproconsul
of Spain,and as such had the command
of
not
the
to
the
obey
Pompey replied,
son
meant
Caesar
on
the
at
To which
"
to
But,'1 asked
consul,and
command
?
military
You
might as well say, what
with a stick ?
me
By this he
demand
"
that there
prevent the
to
at all.
retain his
refused
one
be
57-58.
JET.
their veto,said
interposed
then
tribunes
of the
WAR.
considerable
Caesar
And
army.
determined
was
to
laid
same,
or
if he
elected
were
consul he
to have
seems
been
peril
willingto yieldthe point; but he was not willingto imhimself by goingto Eome
for the consulship
to canvass
and run
the risk of impeachment,
as
a private
individual,
his enemies
with which
arrival.
He
command
which
had
Caius
Caesar
Curio,the
tribune
securinghim
buhr
calls
sure
to attack him
presentresolved
that the master
were
Paullus.
be
matters
consuls
of
deprivehim
So
would
"
man
on
Claudius
bought
whom
the
of
any
Paullus
by
Cicero had
side of the
an
so
and
legions
attemptto
The
L.
two
bribe.
enormous
flattered in
of the
most
new
^Emilius
Senate,and whom
but
greattalent,
his
to retain his
of the
of the year.
Marcellus
on
hopes
Nie-
decided
and immorality,"
overwhelmed
with debts
was
profligacy
which amounted
to nearlyhalf a million sterling.These
debts Caesar paid off,
and Curio became
his devoted partisan.
The Senate decreed that two legionsshould be sent to
the
for the
East
should
taken
be
the army
from
Parthian
the
from
of
legionto Caesar,which
standard,and
war,
looked
was
that
and
of Caesar
army
Pompey
Pompey.
69
CURIO.
OF
PROPOSAL
B.C. 50-49.
had
and
the
other
lent
previously
time
foughtfor some
by him
upon
of these
one
as
under
partof
his
his
own
troops.
to draw
Curio
the sword.
now
laydown
Caesar should
their
armies,
citizens.
private
the fairest proposalthat
"This," says Niebuhr, "was
that
could have been made ; but Pompey's party replied
his imperium had yet to last for a longer periodthan
and
that
of
Pompey,
in the
in Kome
appear
Caesar.
It
who
then
was
was
of
character
misfortune
Kome
for
severelyill (atNaples),did
that
not
When
his friends
as
The
lie
answered,
general sympathy
wits
"
nsked
I have
what
deceived
he would
only to stamp
on
Pompey
do if Csesar
the
as
to
marched
ground, and
his
real
position.
against him, ho
70
CIVIL
of the
Senate, and
WAE.
acknowledgethat authority."
But
by thus actingMarcellus
to
Senate.
It
their last
was
threw
chance,and
it away.
If
in their weakness
to doubt
they had
to
that civilwar
would
spreadthat
have
Caesar
liberately
detemptible
con-
the
compelled
executed,and whatever
issue there
the ultimate
been
be
follyhe
become
not
have
of the
fate
in his
theywould
might have
sealed the
been
seems
no
reason
A false
averted.
and
But
Sida
let
us
his
news
and
left at the
beginningof August on
board
Rhodes, which
portof
a
vessel
he wished to show
reached
dialoguede
we
voyage.
first stoppedat
son
Cicero,whom
to
the
embarking at
He
was
Claris
that
Hortensius
Oratoribus,he
was
mentions
to
there the
dead.
In
his
the circumstance,
but
rival,
From
an
peoplethoughtan adversary
a
partner and associate in a gloriousprofession.
he went
Rhodes
to Ephesus,and thence
not
as
most
he
found
Atticus,and
letters
many
awaitinghim
other friends.
He
from
his
wife, and
wrote
immediately
B.C.
him
meet
Atticus
"
had
and
sweetest
far
as
to
come
sufferingunder
while
written
affectionate. He
as
71
TRIUMPH.
Terentia,and his
to
CLAIM
TO
EESOLVES
50-49.
of
attack
an
might
felt
be
discussion when
under
he
and
difficulty,
deliver his opinion
in
a
which
his army,
forced to disband
and
he arrived in
imagined himself
Borne, he
called upon
to
the Senate.
Let
Speak, Marc Tully.' Wait, I pray, until I consult Atticus.'
no
us have
shuffling speak.' If I declare againstCsesar, what becomes
in
for at his request I aided him
of those pledges I have
given him?
At his request do I
gettingpermissionto be a candidate though absent.
Aye ! and at the request of our friend Pompey, too, in that divine
say ?
"
'
'
"
him
third
'
the
men
"
He
thought therefore
would
thus
escape
triumph,as
he
be
good expedient
in that
the dilemma
in which
he
case
of
he
would
to the
take
reason
prettygood
here
care
must
Borne,and
They will,however,
opinion."As
remain
law
accordingto
of
that it would
find
But
happen,
to elicit my
72
CIVIL
triumph,it
to have
seems
conceal
to
excuse
and
of which
De
Quincey,
the
circumstances
nothing
with
grandeur,for
the
amused
But
homo
novus
sought it,
with
hand
one
have
the
idle
under
windy
so
it should
it
monument
to
an
Many writers,"says
claim
the
on
eloquent a
he
themselves
a
57-58.
than
more
which
"
standingupon
awful.
how
he
of civil
was
established his
own
few
he
other hand
been
eagerness
have
"
so
remembered
amongst
Mr.
Cicero in
vanityof
WAR.
in the Senate."
his
way
leave
his
favourite
Achaia,
he
as
Athens
from
On
freedman
exceed
father
beloved
Tiro
of their
that
without
what
value
you
think
that
each
of his
It is uncertain
which
as
it is
the act of
is
verses
at what
to
impossible
Quintus wrote
of
and
him
sessed
pos-
In
one
of his
he
can
write
to him
"
says,
quotes
I don't
attach to the
know
freedom,
No
tone.
of his freedman.
oath."
voyage.
intelligent
man,
very
of
extant,and nothing
attainments.
literary
tells him
the
been
of considerable
letters Cicero
Patrae,a port
to have
seems
are
than
son
at
obligedto
was
proceedon
Cicero
from
more
displayed
ever
Tiro
ill to
too
was
Italyhe
to
to his brother
manumission, the
but I
poet'sopinions,
like a deposition
upon
period he received his
news
him
congratulating
of which
he
on
said had
the names
of
leap for joy. Tiro assumed
Marcus
Tullius,accordingto the usual custom in such
a collection of Cicero's letters after
cases, and he published
made
him
the death
Life in several
benefactor.
He
of which
also wrote
is
his
quotedby
MEETING
B.C. 50-49.
Asconius,and lie
to the world
gave
73
POMPEY.
WITH
edition of his
an
the second of
on
November, but
was
reached
he
day to
Brundusium.
moment
as
(Otranto),and
Hydruntum
throughwhich
the
at the
He
his wife
proceedednext
same
the town
in the Forum.
met
Brundusium
From
he reached
on
the
to Herculaneum,
proceeded
he
tenth of
which
went
to
eyj3_n
be
as
an
the
revolution.
he
But
greatcontempt for
professed
speechwhich
elected tribune,had just made,
and threats of an
appealto arms.
a
asked,"" What
were
master
like his
Two
mob
do you
of the
when
Kepublic,
Pompey
treatises have
of this Tiro.
to
been
written
be
an
in his hand
had
full of abuse
Turning
to
Pompey,
Cicero,he
do if he
himself would
a
weak
such
say
understand
He
Marc
Caesar
think
quaestordares
indeed did
full of confidence in
and was
opponent in the field,
him.
force he could bring against
the copy of
and
things?
needyfellow
"
So
of his
the real position
by
scholars
modern
became
him
the
on
subjectof
of both
the
an
little
rival,
subject
infamous
to notice.
"
74
CIVIL
WAR.
YET.
crush him, he
that,thinkinghe could easily
the idea of peace.
From
He
was
of
like
not
undeceived.
terribly
soon
Cicero travelled to
Fornuae
did
57-58.
Terracina,where
to reach
December, intending
he
Home
his
shock
of
would
war
have
remodel
much
the
have
the
rightsof
government
to doubt
reason
might have
was
then
avoided,and
been
must
the constitution
been
he
was
conqueror,
preserved.
victorious,
and
might
as
that
receive, him
as
her
master
instead
successful
that
in_either
sealed.
upon
have
would
event
Whether
which
it was
stoppedshort
the
of the
doom
worth
opinions
may
of
revolution" saconstitution
is another
preserving
"was
tion,
ques-
rightin considering
it the most politic
to yieldto Caesar on the pointof
course
the consulship.
For, clothed with that venerable authority,
and actingnot as
but as first minister of the
conqueror
thoughtso,
he
Bepublic,
would
was
hardlyhave ventured,perhapsnot
even
76
CIVIL
At
tliiscritical juncture
we
JET. 57-58.
WAK.
find that he
to Caesar,from
pecuniaryobligations
the
which
debt
he
anxious
was
to
was
still under
it appears
which
he
off when
pay
that
left
would
he
held in
in the
whisperingin
his ear,
take
care
to pay
In another
he went
out of the
after reviewing,
in
letter,
he said,
presentdifficulty,
to do?'
which, when
men,
rush
or
on
the
The
"
of
spirit
more
ox
who
to destruction."
character
of
merciful than
on
is
than
and
politics,
going out.
'
do you
cattle,
at all events
moderate
ness,
bitter-
led to the
different kinds of
as
The
reputedsuch, even
are
In
Caesar,and
the
they
took
mis-
completely
he said, All know perfectly
is beaten,he, that is Caesar,
event
"
leaders of the
Cinna,nor
Sylla.
would
if
however, he
respect,
one
prediction
; for
well that if the good cause
will,in puttingto death the
more
had
ask me,
What,' you
same
falsified his
be
Pray
"
driven
As the
herds.
house,
debt."
your
propose
dischargethe
the obligation
;
Senate, and
as
that
of his
againstCaesar
under
do to remain
not
told Atticus
Coelius to
from
enough
borrow
He
great contempt.
am
make
upshot is
not
aristocracy,
in plundering
the wealthy
tribe
givingyou a long diait longeronly my lamp
this :
'
Speak,Marc Tully,'
B.C.
CESAR'S
50-49.
with Cnaeus
I agree
'
'
it
"
"
Phalaris
In another
in
he said
passage
Pisistratus.
or
Caesar would
uncertain whether
was
that
Pompey
Pomponius.'
Titus
jest,with
77
OFFER.
of
before
wrote
consuls of the
The
the
who
to
was
whether
before the
a
the
hands
who
from
was
be read
Caesar,and
of the consuls.
After
Marcellus,a
but
brother
one
bunes
debate,the tri-
warm
that the
these : he
proposed.They were briefly
his military
command, if Pompey would
ominous
compliedwith
country.
of
added, the
another
were
previously,
first business they had
the importantquestion
which
Curio had just
which he had placedin
The
Senate
letter should
broughkto Borne
Claudius
L. Cornelius Lentulus.
bring
49,
B.C.
year,
familyof Marcelli,Caius
of Marcus
and
new
An
threat
he would
animated
consul advocated
that
not
be
offered to
do the
if this condition
wanting to
discussion followed.
bold measures,
great soldier
lay down
same
; but
were
himself and
Lentulus
not
his
the
case
the
State
be ordered to disband
his army
78
CIVIL
certain
by a
be declared
had
the
ought
to
that
see
to
come
the
he
from
being
carried
to
passedequivalent
martial
The
law.
result
in the
we
should
call a
and
consuls,praetors,
There
was
resolution
and
again out"
questionwas
side the
the
advised
until
motion
prevent Scipio's
to
veto
and
decision
no
levy en masse
tribunes,Marc Antony and
by
army
he should
prepared beforehand
be
to
Senate
to
comply that
of the
enemy
sense
JET. 57-58.
if he refused to
day,and
an
WAR.
was
of
proclamation
of the
tribunes
Eepublicsuffered no harm.
The
tribunes,Antony and Cassius,immediatelyquitted
Eome
and fled to Caesar.
This happened on the sixth of
January.
Cicero calls Caesar's letter
threateningand bitter."
people were
to
that
see
the
"
himself,in
He
his Bellum
gentledemand."
and
was
illegal
had
the
order
when
the
as
very
no
under
the
which
on
In
Senate.
he would
alone
doing
he
so
was
as
parte
usurpationas Napoleon Bonasolved
he returned from
Egypt, and forciblydisin the Orangery of
Council of Five Hundred
guiltyof
much
be
can
"
it
unconstitutional.
rightto
no
obey
There
his army
and
describes
Civile,
act
an
of
St. Cloud.
Such
gates of
outside
He
was
Eome
state of affairswhen
not
the fourth of
on
the walls
would
moment
the
was
with
every
enter the
his heart
was
Cicero
January.
of honor
mark
reached
He
and
was
triumph;
Lentulus
met
respect.
set upon
the
awful
the consul
put
it off
B.C.
pleathat
the
on
THE
50-49.
he had
79
RUBICON.
he would
bringforward
despatchedthe urgent
the
when
question
business he had
on
hand.
called upon
to
protecttheir
spirited
speech,and
signs
generalagainstthe dea
of his enemies.
shout
Between
there
ing
They answered with a loud acclaimthat theywere
ready to follow him.3
Eavenna
and Bimini, the ancient Ariminum,
several small
are
which
has been
claimed
or
rivers,
rather
the famous
as
streams, each of
Kubicon.
This
was
at that extremity,
the proboundary that separated,
vince
Gaul from Italy; and no
of Cisalpine
commander
it in arms
without being guiltyof treason to
might cross
the Eepublic. The story,as told by Suetonius,is that
Caesar sent on the thirteenth legion,
all the force
which was
he had at Eavenna, without declaring
the object
of their
the
march
; and
attended
his purpose,
himself
the plan of a
publicentertainment,inspected
school of gladiators
which he had intended to build,and in
the eveningappearedas usual at a crowded banquet. But
after sunset he quietly
drawn
went
by
away in a carriage
mules,and attended by a small escort,choosingthe most
a
road
private
about
with
were
he could find. He
in the
darkness
guide,and at
standingon the
a
According
to
foot,until
on
last
came
left or
up
daybreak he
with
northern
(Cxsar, 30),
Suetonius
at
bank
Caesar
his
Playing
for
who
soldiers,
quoted
"
be
met
of the Eubicon.
:
Euripides(Phcenissx,
53-i-S)
If I must
wandered
unjust,'tisbest to be so
empire : just in all things else.
the
lines
of
80
WAR.
CIVIL
Mr.
Here
"
said,
We
can
even
yet draw
57-58.
at
the
turned
back,but
to
if
be decided
by
An
A portentreassured him.
the sword."
apparitionof
suddenly seen
giganticsize and superhuman beauty was
seated not far distant from
him, and playing on a flute,
of aerial melody. Some
from which issued streams
herds
shepcross
we
there,and
were
the
"
"
war
when
curious
Csesar
declared
to fall a prey
abandoned
were
that,
anecdote
had
is told
crossed
sooner
than
the
not
the
by
to Caesar.
Suetonius
river.
He
satisfythe
Lentulus
relative to what
harangued
claims
his
of those
the
happened
troops,and
stood by
knight he
who
Roman
as
a
gold ring which
his left hand.
wore
on
Suiting the action to the word, he drew the ring
off his finger,
who
and the rude soldiery,
the gesture,but imperfectly
saw
heard what he said,were
firmlyconvinced that he had promised to give
each of them the rank and estate of a Roman
knight.
him, he would
part
with
B.C.
AT
CONSTERNATION
50-49.
81
ROME.
of the
attemptto carry off some
money,
alarmed by a reportthat the cavalry
of Caesar was
but was
at the gates,and hastily
decamped without securingthe
prize.Bitter was the complaintat Koine that the city
should be left without magistrates
or
Senate,and history
records
a flight.
disgraceful
Ponipeytalked
more
no
Xerxes
who, when
exampleof Themistocles,
this with
contrasted
marching
city,and
was
quit the
at Salamis.
Cicero
But
conduct
the
populationof Attica
walls,and, victoriously
defendingthem, saved
and he quoted the precedent
set by their own
within the
the State ;
held
ancestors,who
brought
the
of the rest of
of Caesar
Was
his brain.
across
the
who
ponnesianWar,
masters
inhabitants
afterwards
invader
the
crushed
the
made
Athens,
upon
of the
who
and
frontier,
the
towns
of
Bather
times than
Italy?
meditate
even
Eoman
general
himself master
made
he die
would
such
or
crime.
of
thousand
Caesar
had, he
no
cried,
showed
himself
onlychance lay in
venture
away
attended
which
made
where he had
in
him
an
had
II.
decision.
now,
when
his
Borne.
He
slipped
to escape, as he says,
daybreak,
since his return he
as
comment, especially
publicby lictors with laurelled fasces,
first to Formiae,
He went
conspicuous.
of January,
the twenty-third
on
interview,
boasted that
5
YOL.
as
before
and
energy
morning
observation and
was
irresolute
of
stayin the neighbourhood
to
one
and
weak
so
See Ad
"
he
man
would
Alt. VII.
overwhelmed
be
with
and.
dictator,
11, 13.
G
debt,
prove
82
CIVIL
confusion.
and
in
Borne,and
his advice
left
daughter were
theyoughtto
comforted
the
come
behind, and
had
need
he
and
divided,
Caesar
unless indeed
advised
go
or
them
They
He
saw
to the
who
to be
to them
guidedin
stay accordingas
other
of
politics
from
and
crisis,
put to
sea
his
he described
a
storm
possible.
was
ladies of their
to
rank
own
at his Formian
in
he hinted
joinedhim
afterwards
soon
with
suspicion
some
was
"
He
to
whether
him
anxious
was
or
one
acted.
he
their account
on
in the Wars
case
asked
state of perplexity
pitiable
he ought to do.
His wife and
a
away
Dolabella
in-law
in
what
to
as
JET. 57-58.
Sylla.
another
WAR.
exposed
party.
utterly
unequalPompey
that of
their position
as
own
without
rudder.
was
men
Their whole
who
invalid.
an
was
hope, he said,rested upon a man
done at haphazard,
and contrary to his
Everything was
Shall I," he asked, hesitate and go
own
judgment.
which has success
with it ? al^eofjuai
to the other side,
over
Tpwa"?." The defection of Labienus,one of Caesar's ablest
and his junction
of his general,
from the cause
lieutenants,
like
with Pompey, put him for the time in spirits.It was
But his
Moreau
joiningthe camp of the Allies in 1813.
shows that he despaired
at this period
whole correspondence
his own
of success
side,owing to the inconceivable folly
on
and irresolution of Pompey, and the distracted counsels of
the leaders of the party.
account, Pompey wished to
According to Caesar's own
with him, and employedfor that puropen a negotiation
"
"
84
WAR.
CIVIL
JEi. 57-58.
ators
Capua,where there were some fears lest a number of gladibelongingto Caesar might disturb order ; but Pompey
in pairs amongst the householders,
billetted them
judiciously
and theywere
kept quiet.
At Capua a council of war
was
held, at which Cicero
and the consuls were
present. All, with one exception,
terms, which
in fact
Caesar
his own,
were
should
accept their
withdrawinghis garrisons.Even
clause about
the rest ;
with
that
anxious
Favonius, were
servitude to
and, to
himself
He
war.
Cicero's
use
Cato
agreed
he preferred
expression,
was
strong advocate
for
that he preferred
an
conciliation,
declaring
unjustpeace
the most
own
Civil
But
he
deaf to
His
justwar.
who
men
and
he took
were
as
long
care
not
as
blinded
there
to do
in
our
Peace ! Peace !
continually
crying
was
spoke to
avertingwar
that of Falkland
"
War,
reason
voice,like
to
by passionand
was
any
chance of
act which
any
"
might
more.
this
Cicero,who
was
villa,
that he was
merelystayingat his countryseat,and
replied
indeed in any public
not engaged in levyingsoldiers,
or
business at all. In mentioningthis to Atticus he added,
breaks out I will not be wanting to my duty
But if war
"
or
my
honor,when
I have
violent storm
expressedhimself
of rain.
in terms
He
returned
there wrote
of the warmest
to
to
and
Capua in
Atticus,and
at
indignation
hostile operations
while
continuing
were
negotiations
pending. He called him an abandoned
time he bitterly
robber; but at the same
complainedof
the conduct
Unice
of Caesar in
cavente
Cicerone
concordise
publics.
"
B.C.
inertness
the
and
of
who
Pompey,
seemed
quite prostrated,
drift
all to
allowing them
was
85
TUTOR.
THE
DIONYSIUS
50-49.
into
without
war
or
them,
Greek.8
instead
but
Cicero,it
said
But,
He
compass.
He
of that
useless
was
from
come
to him
at
was
get others
desire
dismissed
him
to
see
him
his
declared
and
scamp,
good instructor,althoughhe
In fact he
capital
memory.
him, and said
him
sent
8
In
one
some
money
could
also intimated
family,who
of his
as
his
thereupon
a
tutor,but
ingratitude.It
is
his
his
to overpower
feelings
into inconsistency.He
had
Dionysiusin high terms, and
how
He
account
he allowed
from
in Cicero's
on
Borne.
him
sorry, he says, to lose
"
in
that
their debts.
to pay
continue
to
not
to borrow
where
excuses
not
he
when
remained
expect much
to
wished
to have
seems
he
that when
flat and
respectthese
he
old Komans
he
that
no
that he
means
asked
him
to
Cicero
not
much
possesseda
excessively
angry
was
had
chatterer
by
was
admitted
refusal.9
rude
called him
now
with
come
to him
then
undertook
to
pride
he
themselves
In
perpetuallygetting into debt.
Cicero
letter in which
the same
complains of Dionysius he mentions
that Quintus was
annoyed at being asked by Atticus to dischargea debt
for
he owed
him,
impossible to borrow or raise the
just then it was
by
upon
money,
9
who
He
way
and
must
They
of contrast.
he had
not
none
with
be confounded
afterwards
two
or
a year
fled from Italy into Greece.
were
him.
with
pilferedsome
books
from
his
Dionysius,
and
library,
86
CIVIL
Ms
of
JET. 57-58.
and
the
education
WAR.
son
knew
told him
and
answer,
that
this
was
that
Caesar
take to
he
would
and
shipboard;
back
went
letters from
to
prospectsof
He
said,
his
I fear
"
his
so
Apulia,and
it happened. In
villa,and
gave rather
party.
But
he
Caesar
predicted
Pompey would
the
time
mean
there
received
of
cheeringaccount
not to be deceived.
was
He
He
in
Formian
which
Kome
the
be
soon
sarcastic
done,for
distracted.
was
the Picenum.
than
easilysaid
Cicero
back
wrote
first into
go
more
alreadythere.
was
to
Lentulus
"
althoughLepidus,
with him, took a less
Torquatus,and
The
idea that Pompey was
gloomy view.
flying,and
Caesar in pursuit,
intolerable to him.
was
Why don't
bodies
we," he cried,in the agony of despair, placeour
;
"
"
and
before him
save
his life?
But
what
we
can
do ?
We
he clung
crushed, captured." Even now
vanquished,
to Pompey:with a fidelity
which
is onlyexplicable
the
on
theorythat he thoroughlybelieved his cause
was
just; and
he still loved the man,
the painfulconviction
notwithstanding
are
that
a
leader.
was
At
forced
this very
upon
time
him
that he
he
declared
was
imbecile
that he
as
would
B.C.
(LESAR
50-49.
for him
87
CORFINIUM:.
INVESTS
repeatedthis in another
in which, notwithstanding,
he said that no baser act
letter,
done by a statesman
than that by Pompey in
was
ever
abandoning Borne. He was, however, not sorry to hear
that Caesar,so far from being displeased,
at
was
gratified
his conduct,
he said, which I gladly
an
impression,"
allow him
to entertain,providedthat I keep my
honor
die
willingly
he
and
"
"
"
untarnished
heretofore."
as
It does not
the
events
of the
He
marched
upon
farther than
to describe
were
war
the town
and invested
deserted
neighbourhood
in the
and
as
of his army.
it.
The
soldiers
to his standard
Domitius
sent
pressing
received from
could
on
his
trust
not
the
largerthan
his
own
two
legionsdetached
VIII.
2.
quo
and
in fairness
only regularforces
the
Pro
of
chances
that
own
emori
cum
from
pie possum,
which
must
we
Pompey
Caesar's army,
turn lubenter.
"
had
remember
and well
Ad
the
were
might
16.
88
CIVIL
It
he distrust them.
"WAR.
like
was
JET.
employingthe
57-58.
of
veterans
of his
he made
use
generous
success.
and magistrates
of
knights,
and
of
greatnumber
the Italian
towns,
taken
factions.
by
Pompey
which
he
close upon
hurried
now
could
him.
him
telling
to
Atticus,and informed
that he would
the
wrote
of his
Luceria,a
lightning
Pompey had
in Apulia,
town
safe.
more
that he
care
the
by
success.
this
Before
him
go there if it
prodigyof vigilance
adversaries
to
come
Caesar followed
great cause
one
he could be nowhere
answer
spirited
or
to
and
easilyescape,
most
and
written
to
had
about
Cicero wrote
back
sent
his
the
but
safety,
in the interest of
Pompey
wished
not to abandon
the seaboard
of Campania,
secure
"
B.C.
50-49.
His
mind
CICERO'S
in
89
INDECISION.
of
At one
perplexity.
he was
resolved to sacrificeeverything
for Pompey,
he thoughtit base to desert in his adversity
other
\ at anhe wavered,and contemplated
the idea of going back
moment
whom
was
to Rome.
But
painfulstate
Even
now
he had not
and he was
givenup his hopesof a triumph,
he
whom
however he calls,
as
by his lictors,
still
attended
well
not
cherished
If if were
and
not
in the
of the
copy
them, and
dismiss
to
the
at
as
was
silly
duty of a biographerto
which
unveil the
weakness
emergency
racter
decision.
was
nature
saw
he^wouldhave
more
been
than
clearly
to pursue.
courses
citywith
and he could
such
his
a
long-
moment.
state the
truth,
givea faithful
be far more
not to
agreeable
Cicero displayed
in this great
in his chaone
thinglacking
been
to
of iron in his
more
"
endeavour
If there had
"*
the
abandon
it
he draws
portrait
it would
original,
^^TBBHBHHHf**"'
thus
describes the
not
only,as
of his time.
he was,
At this crisisno
the first
only two
were
must
be
complied
with
"
and he
"
was
j{//*
90
CIVIL
We
which
his
a
the
or
patriotism
less
events
He
Caesar
consistent
more
set out to
to go
at Caieta
or
joinPompey
the east,in
what
case
object
an
cannot
impugn
If he had
bolder,or
been
at
all
man.
to do.
at
He
on
Luceria,but hearingthat
turned
neighbourhood,
where he stayedsome
villa,
to his Formian
where
been
in the
was
side of his
struggledfor
but we
preserving,
purityof his motives.
he would have
conscientious,
a
it to be the
he
that
57-58.
chose
deliberately
worth
not
was
he believed
think
may
Mi.
losingside,because
country.
WAR.
he wished
had
back
ready for
him
at Brundusium
at either
to embark
retired
time, uncertain
vessel
another
and
port.
on
In the
with Atticus,
keptup an active correspondence
but it would
onlyweary the reader to pursue it in detail.
of
It reflected all the hopes and fears and passingrumors
the moment, and it will be sufficient to notice a few points
of interest. By far the most
importantservice conferred
by these letters on historyis the insightwe gain into the
designsof Pompey, and the estimate we are therebyable
to patriotism.Cicero distinctly
to form of his pretensions
charges him with a longing desire to imitate the tyranny
his lips,
of Sylla. The words, he says, were
on
constantly
He says moreover
Sylla could do it ; why cannot I ?
and Italyto the torments
that his planwas
to expose Eome
of famine ; and declares that he himself
was
presentat a
discussion where it was
proposedto starve the country into
from abroad.
He
submission by cuttingoff all the supplies
time he
mean
"
"
enumerates
fifteen
naval
stations
"
Alexandria, Colchis,
where
the
shipswere
portsof
the
of
closing
and preventing
provinces,
corn-producing
02
CIVIL
of liis country.3 He
ness
had
statesman, but
astoundingtruth
no
general. He
had
not
in
all the
of
qualities
military
capacity. The
even
forced
was
and
Mithridates,
him
upon
the fame
upon
soldier had
as
a
reputation
was
flyingfrom
that
of these achievements
become
Caesar like
fate,made
to its
Pompey was
had been victorious formerlyin Spain,he
of pirates,
Mediterranean
he had conquered
swept the
Borne
found
deficient
merely
not
was
WAR.
colossal. But
hare.
frightened
relieve
attempt to
no
He
his
now
he
had
left
Corfinium,
and
abandoned
"
remind
You
"
with
vanquished
to
to be
me
from,
or
and
is
now
than
that
with
who
victorious
Pompey
with this,who
not
whither
approval,that
Pompey
rather ; but
would
with
me,
as
the
with
he
then
other
has
cause,
or
was,
has
betrayed our
abandoning Italy."4
"
said I would
once
rather
Well, I
side.
as
whom
seemed
he
he
abandoned
be
is
flying
his
try,
coun-
questiontherefore irresistibly
why did he
occurs,
whose success
stillclingto a man
he saw
would be fraught
with such unspeakable
calamityto his country?5 It is
when
useless to speculate
have that which
reasons
on
we
and thought sufficient.
I think,"he
he himself assigns,
The
"
"
said,
has deserved
he
that
civitas ut
sed
esset
.
uterque regnare
Ad
Conjungoque
Sed
audeam."
Alt. VIII.
Ad
"
est
that I dare
not
in another passage
id actum, beata
: non
ffKoirbs est
Alt. VIII.
me
ille,ut
nos
me
cum
parato.
"
Ad
ilium
Alt. IX.
7;
homine
beati
sirnus
Italiam
quam
11.
magis
Ait. VIII.
de
see
me
ad
vastandam
16.
crimen
puto, ut axapiffrias
also IX.
2.
et honesta
7.
ita meruisse
Ad
neutri
vult.
ad viaceiidum
ingratitude."And
of
ab utroque
qusesita
Dominatio
well of
so
subire
non
B.C.
"
GRATITUDE
50-49.
his
I call to mind
TO
93
POMPEY.
I call
kindnesses,
to mind
also his
position.
deserve the priceof
I think his services to me
This was
all. Cicero felt himself so bound
by
my life."
the ties of gratitude
to Pompey that he was
ready to follow
for he was
him to the death ; and he meant this literally,
in the vulgar sense
coward
of the term.
He quoted
no
that fine line of Euripides,1
...
"
And
the
Tis
8'
No
slave is he whom
he
But
under to
was
rov
"v
HtypovTis
Qaviiv
Death
doth
When
Pompey.
It is
he
character that
he
of the
one
was
no
sensible of
more
was
most
and
forgotthe injury,
He
wrong.8
that this
the obligations
enormouslyexaggerated
banishment.
affright.
not
of his lifeshowed
closingscene
idle boast.
he
5ov\os
eo-rt
traits in his
kindness than
remembered
only the
reparation
; otherwise he might have resented the coldness
versity,
with' which Pompey had treated him in his hour of adand his abandonment
for whom
he
by the man
was
now
ready to sacrifice everything.Atticus reminded
him
of
this,and he admitted
he
"
in his power
to do so,
it himself.
me
gave
no
"
injury.It
the
individual
that
which
he had
the side of
7
"Ad
Plus
apud
Alt. IX.
me
9.
it
he
he
might
not
not
now
he showed
But
not."
The
me
purposely
appear
the cause,
point of
was
but
view
to
the
from
the
assistance when
is,"
at first
Pompey
Beneficia
was
attracted him.
hardlydeluded
He
it
although afterwards
True
"
vita
puto.
"
Ad
valere beneficii
Alt. IX.
dignitatem.
Ego
vero
5.
gratiam,quam
injurisedolorem, volo.
94
WAR.
CIVIL
JET. 57-58.
if he
not
in
"
"
"
itself.
what
But
in the
mean
time
the
was
of
feeling
while
Italyon the questionat issue,
was
contendinglegions
heavyon the soil ?
of
of Cicero,that
authority
the
We
tramp of
know, on
ference.
apathy and indifof the townspeople
He conversed with numbers
and found that theycared for nothing but
and peasantry,
the safetyof their property;hut as regardedthe rival
the contrast in their actions had produced a complete
leaders,
revulsion in the minds of the people. They had -formerly
had confidence in Pompey ; they now
feared him :
liked him.
they had formerly feared Caesar; they now
he says, was
And this,
brought about by the blunders and
faults of his own
party. They reverenced Caesar as a god :
which made
and that too, he adds,without the hypocrisy
for Pompey'srecovery when he was
ill;
them offer up vows
and if it was
said, Aye ! they are afraid,"his answer
Yes ! afraid of Pompey." They feared his passionate
was,
won
by the politic
resentment, and were
(Cicerocalls it
clemencyof Caesar.
insidious)
At this juncturehis state of mind
was
exactlythat of
described by the poet,
the man
the
it
the population
was
"
"
"
"
Whose
Whether
Pompey
and
was
bauldest
thought was
stay."
but
hankeringswither
to riii or
at the
followed by Caesar,
who
rapidly
end
of
February,
invested the place
B.C.
MENTAL
50-49.
land
closely
by
so
the form
Pompey
himself for
saw
day
has
never
he
he has
his
flight. Now
Day and
away."
rather
upbraided
upbraided
He
has
terror-stricken.
pleased
never
after blunder.
sea-bird
that very
since,and he
me
gazing
studies
the
on
As
flight.
revolt
from
the
I cannot
now
time
mean
*
but
anything
dirty,stupid, and ugly
his neglectturned
me
away
in
justifiedme
becoming
"
On
In the
meditated
arises
destruction.
rushing on
are
us,
love.
in
the
For
companion
resist the
avail
I
ocean,
so
of
longing
nothing.
me
wish
to
flee
objectof
and
even
with which
is,the desperate
fidelity
it
as
clung to Pompey
We
have
all this
Who
what
seen
his
was
statement
own
him, and
his head.
The
himself,and
which
clearly
discovered the
the
changed
with
respect.
of the
case.
his heart
too much
was
for
his
in
To
inconsistency.
not scruple
to confess
his views.
Battling
doubt, he
rightcourse
our
Cicero
unable
was
to take.
But
to
see
what
do
he
was
say that he
torn
war
conflict was
constantlyadmits
he
at
we
he
coherence.
to in-
beginning,and I am constantly
like
a
Pompey
private in
books, literature,and
now
night, like
If the
can
the
followed
everything,or
of January
my
"
not
never
"
who
flightand
nothing which
of
me
of his
done
breath
same
fool from
blunder
to commit
women
"
about.
was
to
wrote
affairs
baseness
he is in
he
ceased
never
love
almost
desert him.
I have
nineteenth
the
on
what
saw
because
failingas
him
the
and
one
appearingto
tormented
the ranks,
assumed
and
languageof passionate
reproach,
in
I have
time
mean
that
on
amounted
insanity.His inconsistency
of
In
"
as
side.
95
CONFLICT.
"
had
96
CIVIL
satisfiedhimself
lay waste
which Pompey
object
the
leave
duty to
have
would
he
Malta
to
retiring
but
"
endeavoured
and
at
conduct,and
to
Balbus
and
urging him
thank
he
he
much
so
to remain
or
neutral.
at
no
to
at
gratified
to bear
to
meet
influence.
wrote
to him
that Caesar
againstPompey,
imaginedhe was, under
all events
arms
that he
part in
wrote
told him
They
would
the war,
Caesar declared
his enemies.
be
Kome, both
at
were
obligation;and
satisfiedif he took
with
terms
Dissembling
neutrality.
was
Oppius,who
was,
him
hoped soon
best
on
avail himself
wished
forward
come
country the
he professed
to
feelings,
hastylines to
at Borne,where
him
his clear
was
his real
Cicero's
it
"
The
And
in view
to
few
had
then
course
dignified
observe a strict neutrality
while the
did seriously
contemplatethe idea of
to
and
"
57-58.
triumphedover patriotism,
fair Italywith fire and sword
to his fate.
been
raged
war
him
MT.
had
that vengeance
that to
and
was
WAR.
be
and
abundantly
did not
himself anxious
side
to be
reconciled with
and
use
I can,
to
victory
;
unable
win
back
the hearts of
to escape
odium
have
and
keep
of Sylla,
whom
singleexception
These
Caesar
were
showed
noble
was
long,with
success
the
to imitate."
the
subsequentconduct
sincere. The gallingpart
the determination
by
enjoya lasting
I do not intend
words,and
that he
all,and
it showed
not
brook.
Cicero
himself,
of
of
that he would
In his
said that he
reply
hoped
LETTER
B.C. 50-49.
Caesar's
if
which
he
so
employhim
readyto undertake
was
thought no
always been
in the
he
97
C^SAR.
he wished to
meaning was
and
TO
one
better
was
the
maker,
peace-
for
office,
he
as
qualified,
as
had taken
no
had
part
importantadmission that he
considered the war
because it was
an
againstCaesar unjust,
conferred upon him
attempt to deprivehim of a command
by the Eoman
people.We must not, however, suppose
that this was
his real opinion.Over and over
in his
again,
confidential correspondence
with Atticus,he had said the
direct contrary
himself
to ingratiate
; but his objectwas
much
and he little thought that
with Caesar,
as
as
possible
his letters,
of friendship,
would be
written in all the privacy
and the inmost workingsof his soul laid bare to
published,
of the world.
His urgentrequestwas
the pryingcuriosity
; and
war
take
Pompey,and
towards him
some
years
the
into
account
to acquithimself
him, without offence,
demanded.
He had, he said,
for
gratitude
allow
as
of them
friendship
both,and
stillthe sama
kindlyfeeling.
he
the time and distract his thoughts,
past courted
the
while away
amused himself with the discussion of certain
as
theses,
or
he calls
political
blems,
pro-
as
them, such, for instance,
"
by
Ought we to stayin our native countrywhen oppressed
to get rid of a
a
despot? May we resort to any means
againstit regardhis
tyranny? Should the conspirator
be
of which may
forth ;
And
?
a dozen
so
own
safety
stated by him in Greek in one of his letters to Atticus.
seen
"
It
was
sad
reverse
of fortune
for him
to be
reduced to
at his
of writingthemes like a schoolboy
occupation
forth the thunders of his
instead of pouring
country-house,
the Senate.
Atticus
in the Forum
or
at Borne
eloquence
and the advice
advised him not to leave Italy,
had steadily
friend had always great influence with
of this sagacious
the
VOL.
n.
98
CIVIL
WAR.
JET.
57-58.
the
In
him.
feared
had
submission
at
was
althoughhe
short letter in
to
him
of his
Borne,and
at
have
We
Atticus,the styleof
is clear that
him, and
than he
of
form
He
which
him
more
will be
Cicero met.
in
letter to
soldier offended
yieldingand
courteous
reluctant
Their
At
to
case
! then
my
come
in if you
come
censure
stay away.
is different from
mine.
to treat of peace.
discretion,do you
in the
words.
go to Borne.
not
regarded as
twenty-
usually
abrupt. It
the formidable
less
the
Csesar. Well
Cicero.
than
more
much
Cicero.
is
bearingof
he found
Caesar. This
be
the
interview
of this dreaded
account
On
there he and
Formise,and
reached
an
Caesar
war
at the conduct
eighthhe
Corfinium.
him
againsthim. In almost
former letter he begged Cicero to
expressedthe satisfaction he felt
in
engage
from
one
repentof
not
heard
abroad
to
answer
did
he
said that
gone
left the
soon
was
praisedhis clemencyat
he had
in which
therefore
waitingin trembling
On the twenty-seventh
to receive her master.
Sinuessa (Eoccadi Mandragone), and the day
march
placeto
he
transport. He
upon Kome, which
of
means
no
The
dishonor.
was
mean
on
myself,and
others
will
100
CIVIL
-ET. 57-58.
WAR.
dulgence,
spoiledby his father's inwhich undid all the good effect of Cicero's stricter
and
His character wanted
straightforwardness
discipline.
in managing him ;
and there was
greatdifficulty
sincerity,
in the quarrels
but he had behaved kindlyand affectionately
of his parents,
and it was
throughhis interference chiefly
had not taken place; and
them
that a divorce between
offence to his
perhaps the act which now
gave so much
He wrote to Caesar
from a good motive.
uncle proceeded
spur;
and
told him
Italy;
had
he
Cicero
he
but
the
and
had
with
his father
it
but really
treachery,
for them
pretextor other,gone
some
interview
and
to leave
having,on
an
been
the
on
regardedthis
have
may
the
both,as
Caesar
been
only means
as
to
subject.
same
an
done
of base
act
out
the young
Rome,
tion
of affecman
had
wickedness,and
conduct
he
not from
to
propensity
From
in
was
Cicero
information.
was
said that
avarice
was
of his
at the bottom
but
education,
his
own
for his
that this
natural
evil.
his villa at
Arpinum
he went
to
staya
few
days
his
own
He
continued his
same
but it is the
with Atticus,
correspondence
old story. Curio had been appointed
by Caesar propraetor
of Sicily,
and on his way thither paidCicero a flying
visit,
attended,to his surprise,
by six lictors with laurelled
was
B.C.
them
by
his
authority
; for
own
was
on
wrote
the
Cicero
an
was
the
with
angry
who
coming. Coelius,
follow Caesar
into
Spain,
him
affectionate letter,entreating
pressingterms
most
he
now
of what was
significant
off to
the pointof setting
to
101
CGEL1US.
OF
ADVICE
50-49.
to
consult his
in
safetyby
own
ing
at all events take no rash step in followor
joiningCaesar,
Pompey's ruined fortunes until they returned from
Spain. He warned him that by-and-byCaesar would not
show the same
to his enemies as he had shown
gentleness
ening.
threathitherto ; for he was
angry, and his languagewas
He advised him, if he would not jointhem now, to
go and
stay in
he assured
and
him
that if he did
that he excused
his not
with
were
Cicero.
as
that invested
that
and
power,
if
not
be
told him
others
indulgence
same
whose
men
sons
and
Brundusium,
about
havingany scruples
repeatedto Atticus
for sole
both the leaders were
fighting
Pompey conqueredhe would use his
over,
that
but
They,however,were
Caesar's army
takingtheir
him, and
to
receive the
not
was
war
Caesar would
coming to Rome,
complainedthat theydid
him
so
offended.
from
until the
quiettown
some
He
Malta, or
some
in
to
answer
other
a
of his
As
bore.
go
across
similar
letter from
corner
of
place. He
him,
Italywere
and the
lictors,
name
wrote
that he would
of
Imperatorwhich
designsimputed to him
himself
sea, he expressed
of
the
with
not, he
He
which
was
he would
said,alarmed
war.
gladlyhide
to the
that
protested
emphatically
to Coelius
take
by
he
beingabout
no
the
to
caution,but
part in
dark
civil
hints
injuryto himself,for
possible
102
WAR.
CIVIL
he
his
bear
must
part in
the
YET.
57-58.
generalcalamity. If
the
common
As time went
Italyand
leave
hope of
he became
follow
accommodation
an
he
As
long
said he had
have
resolved to
more
as
there
been
was
unwilling
offended with
been
him
if reconciled with
even
that he
were
him
in
disabused
minds
men's
and
more
Pompey.
to do
he
on
"
"
reign
would
must
was
Cicero
"
this,"he added,
and
worst
enemy
to see,
althoughit is time
to that
eternal
for
life of the
me
"
hope I
to turn
now
and
hereafter,
life of the
my
true
own
shall live
thoughts
present."
his way to Spain,
who was
wrote to him not
on
Caesar,
and to observe a strict
to commit himself on the losingside,
the contendingparties.Antony,who
between
neutrality
had been appointed
of the tribunes,
one
was
now
propraetor
of Italyin his absence,and was
making a sort of progress
ballet-dancer
a
through the country with his mistress,
carried in a litter by his side,while his
named
Cytheris,
He wrote to him that he could not
him.
wife accompanied
about to cross the sea, against
that he was
credit the rumor
the wishes of his familyand friends.
I assure
you,"he
said, that no one is dearer to me than you, Caesar alone ex"
"
See Ad
Att. X.
12.
B.C.
and
cepted;
FKOM
LETTERS
50-49.
his dearest
am
friends."
unmindful
103
ANTONY.
this he
To
repliedthat
amongst
he
of his
to go about
in
embarking:
he
brought an
answer
made
had,however,not
from
Antony
his mind.
up
in
of wine.
no
one
Those
go.
took
and
get
leave
him
to
Capua
message
sent him
He
had
the
time
of whom
none
it
diploma,as
would
have
escape
the
was
were
him
cipher.
WMS
The
on
with him.
to
the
cross
Minor.
or
sea,
as
he
boat ; and
shipwhen
Besides,the
sea
he
was
orders,to intercept
fugitives,
allowed
to sail without
called ;
and
should
Cato
out of
on
Cicero
board
passportor
thought that
merchantman
some
the cruisers.
His
Spain,but it was
held Sicily,
but Curio was
on
and he left it at
the island,
wrapped to make
correspondenthad
it
a
stick
It
intelligible.
similar stick.
or
was
he
to
strong desire
fail in
the lettrr
called
not
Caesar's
of
vigilance
againsthope.
would
the
in the Ehodian
Asia
to hide himself
Caesar
that
to drive
was
send
to
guarded,by
closely
went
must
doubt
to
of
from Athens
did not
his mind
up
month
went
leave,he
angry
but
althoughit was
see
was
duty to
those who
quitemade
now
he
without
he feared Cicero
because
to
the influence
allow him
not
and
stayed,
visit from
expecteda
his
was
he could
Caesar,who
from
Cicero
passed on
then
neutral
were
that it
If therefore he wished
side.
grant it.
he
who
This
written under
Cicero calls it a laconic despatch,1
that
not
was
hoping
his way
the end
roller round
used
as
which
sort of
104
WAR.
CIVIL
57-58.
JET.
he
had
suffered from
preventedhim
from
amanuensis.
an
which
ague,
was
friends
two
passed
also
Atticus
of rather
was
lying ill
letters
of fever
and
an
and
constantlycorresponded,
which
in
often
affection of the eyes which
writing,and obligedhim to employ
an
not
were
hardly a
day
between
interchanged
them.
On
at his
the nineteenth of
to
villa,
Pornpeian
child which
soon
that
day he
his
seven
there is
embarked
at
daughterTullia
months'
died.
afterwards
May
blank
son,
From
in his
Caieta,with
gave
very
birth,
weakly
this date
until
correspondence.
his
brother,his
B.C.
105
POMPEY.
JOIN
TO
EMBARKS
50-49.
his
'
"
'
not
wait
'
upon
decide wrong
and
"
affectionate. He
if he
qualitythan
did
of his
and
recommended
own
they showed
the
to
stay
soldiers,
their establishment
remove
hoped himself
He
Arpinum.
near
of that
more
from
farthest away
to
tude
to forti-
advised them
He
sex.
to
letter is kind
them
exhort
would
that
were
them
he
says
know
not
any
His
than
felt it better
have
he must
would,'
of
to be
Eepublic.
himself master
of
"
paid accordingto
office of
had
He
and
dictator,
ordered
had
means
his army
of
these he crossed
his army
Palaeste
valuation
hastened
to
to assemble.
"
laid down
he
Brundusium,
This
was
where
the
ho
in December.
and with
legions,
the rest of
coast,leaving
opposite
over
to the
to follow afterwards.
He landed
at
placecalled
with
final
take
106
advantageof Caesar's
Italy. So far as we
CIVIL
WAR.
absence
in
JET.
57-58.
have
have
heen
no
welcomed
Csesar
seen,
is
had
reason
to
that he would
suppose
with whom, as we
by the people,
alreadybecome unpopular.Is it
swords
possiblethat he could have been afraid to measure
We
with Antony,who
?
are
governedItalyas propraetor
in the dark as to what passedin the councils of
so
entirely
that we
driven to conjecture
to
are
Pompey at this period,
suggest motives for the faint-hearted policyhe pursued.
He may have rested his hopeson his legions
in Spain,
and
waited to
see
imagine no
better
have crossed
there ; but
contest
we
can
to
He
over
from
perhapsfelt
that
their
cause
could be of
like
man
and eloquence
would givehim
ability
but who
restored,
desperate,
was
Cicero,
influence when
in
struggle
of which the sole arbiter was
the sword.
Accordingto the
same
authorityhe was
slightedby Pompey, and little
attention was
paidto his suggestions.That this is true"
know
that while they were
believe. We
we
can
readily
both in ItalyCicero complained
not admitted
that he was
to Pompey 's confidence,
done conand that everything
was
trary
to his wishes and
advice. He revenged himself by
indulginghis sarcastic humour at the expense of his associates,
peace
was
which
no
must
use
have made
him
108
DOMESTIC
TROUBLES.
TEOUBLES
DEATH
OF
TULLIA
Mi.
THE
renewal
down
SECOND
"
of his
MARRIAGE.
it
as
correspondence,
beginswith
B.C.
Epirusin February,
TERENTIA-
B.C. 48-45.
59-62.
of Cicero's
to us,
FROM
DIVORCE
"
59-62.
XIX.
CHAPTER
DOMESTIC
MT.
48.
It relates
caused
affairs,
in
to
entirely
from
the
barrassment
em-
by the
greatmeasure
come
Atticus,dated
letter to
has
wrote
praetor,
to him
dissatisfactionwith
the
used
languagewhich
been
was
settled
"
understand
are
you
forces
about
are.
You
are
at
is
Ours
Indeed
he
if there had
Borne,and which
at all events
all
been
asleep.You
how
accustomed
weak
do not
we
I don't know
to
seem
to
What
are.
waiting for
you
best chance ?
are
great
treason
nor
points,
yonder? Are
our
of
tone
thingsthere.
have
weak
our
which
battle,
would
in
Borne
of
state
government
treachery.
from
pitched
what
your
and
fightstubbornly,
"
B.C.
LOAN
48-45.
self and
Tullia
the
on
retire to
Athens, or
join him
if
his wife at
driven out of
worth
mentioningwere it not
long took place between
obscure ; and
time
We
not
him
nor
her.
This
for the
he would
been
on
would
the best
the
trace
slightest
the
faintest hint
of
that
that up
been
so
to
is
this
terms.
possible
tween
any quarrelbe-
Cicero had
temper, which,
to
before
of which
cause
notice
be
not
divorce which
them, the
importantto
complain of her
of Plutarch,has
authority
cause
advised
and attempted
to
Epirus,
quiettown, where
towards
to have
find
them,
tone
it is
they appear
do
He
in his usual
so
embraced.
abandon
other
some
and
very
had
he
cause
to
elsewhere,
war
109
POMPEY.
out the
imminent,and he pointed
then
was
of the
hopelessness
him, if Pompey was
carry
TO
on
the
assumed
generally
any
sole
to
be bad.
in a flourishing
Although his affairs were by no means
able at this time to lend a
it appears that he was
position,
he candidly
as
fesses
conlargesum of money to Pompey, chiefly,
to Atticus,because he thought that if his side was
successful such
an
act would
redound
to
his credit.
One
is how,
thingsto understand clearly
puzzling
both he and
in the midst of apparentdistress and difficulty,
They had no
Quintus were
always able to find money.
scruplein borrowing,but we do not know what security
ceived,
they had to offer. A short time before this Cicero had refrom the agents of Atticus in Epirus,a sum
of
and a supplyof clothes ; and he wrote and told him
money
of the most
to borrow
money
in his
name
from
his friends.
He
said
handwritingas a
that for safety's
sake
or
was
written in
July,
110
DEFEAT
FINAL
success
had
POMPEY.
OF
It
victorious.
the last
was
He
his standard.
59-62.
Dyrrachium,in
fought near
been
upon
JET.
gleam
of
had conducted
and more
campaign in Epirus with vigorand ability,
A
the pointof being crushed.
than once
Caesar was
on
in Cicero's correspondence
until November.
break now
occurs
In the mean
time the decisive battle of Pharsalia was
fought,
there by the sword" of
and Pompey fled to Egypt,to perish
the
an
Plutarch tells
assassin.
Pompey's defeat
Cato
and
Pharsalia
at
both
Cicero
were
that
us
when
the newsTof
reached
Dyrrachium,where
fifteencohorts,
besides a
with
commander-in-chief
postfor
which
he
; and
was
him.
Cato
rescued him
so
"
that
his refusal to
on
littlefitted,
young
traitor !
"
and
drew
Pompey
and
their swords
however
and
assume
he returned to
culty
diffi-
"
"
"
B.C.
TO
KETURNS
CICERO
48-45.
Ill
ITALY.
attacked
them
he made
slipinto the crowd that
by the soldiers,
ill both in body and
He was
theymight pass unobserved.
afraid that Caesar might be angry at his
He was
mind.
to
without
his express
he
this
Antony
might
added
sanction,and
of
offered to
he had
Had received.
no
But
informed Antony
friend,
Dolabella to write to him, and tell
Italyas
to
come
he
orders
that
soon
as
except him
he
and
pleased. Upon
Coelius by name
would
his favor
associates.
expose
It seems,
him
to the vengeance
contraryto his
wish.1
With
his usual
of his late
promulgated
he
indecision,
was
and
repentedthe step he had taken in coming to Italy,
until he was
wished he had stayed away
summoned
formally
He did not, however,at all repent that
to return.
he had ceased to have anythingto do with the war.
His
spiritrevolted at the cruelties he had witnessed,and still
at the atrocious planswhich Pompey had formed
in
more
he was
successful. He told Atticus that a proscription
case
had been determined
not onlyagainst
but
on
individuals,
and
classes,
whole
was
name
to
as
be
one
the
confiscated.
Atticus
intended
of the
property of
himself
victims.
having barbarous
1
See Ad
Alt. XI.
was
He
hordes
9.
as
included
by
also could
not
alliesto
fight
112
DEATH
againstthe legionsof
OF
Eome.
the
POMPEY.
J"T.
by possibility
59-62.
in Africa
might be in favor
And
of the side of Pompey.
then,"he cried despairingly
of me.
to Atticus, you see what will become
Aye ! but
will become
What
of them
if they are
you will say,
"
"
'
beaten
'
fate will be
Their
this he meant
By
fall
fightingbravelyto
branded
as
deserter
tormented
an
he
apostate. Such
was
and
position,
he
own
mine."
at all events
last,whereas
would
be
the
happy
unstantly
con-
was
by self-reproach.
he
alludes to it in terms
He
Pompey.
and
of November
end
the
At
the
took of his
he
view
than
honorable
more
heard
of the
of less
death
than
feeling
of
we
should
"
"
that
he well knew
Poor
Tullia had
by
to penury
Atticus
with
to
tears
his
take
she
worthless
burstingfrom
is
partedat
by no means
passages
much
distressed
husband,and
was
himself.
as
reduced
almost
besought
extravagance. Cicero earnestly
of her,and told him
that he wrote
care
as
was
Patrse
on
To
add
to his sorrow,
with
quarrelled
now
bad
him.
cause
They
of which
from several
probable,
that Quintus imagined
correspondence,
clear ; but
in Cicero's
his eyes.
it
seems
POMPEY
THE
GREAT.
Vol.
'
ii.
p.
112.
114
FRIENDSHIP
whom
to
absolute
It
unreserve.
mirror.
and
which
by
the
he
could
thoughtsof
have
never
ot
torms
on
suddon
in
Kvst.
Attious
jvro
sound
and OKV.W
known.
whoro
oaso
longseries of
ahsolnto
Tlu\v
was
a
to
o\o
his
and
that
sure
him
years
thoso
as
Mossing
; bat
wholo
of
Cicero pays
world takou
So
soo.
tar
wo
as
cold and
oan
his
judgmont
out
no^Uvtoilhis advice with-
repenthis mistake.
calm temperamentswith
hut
was
ho
wr.s
just tho
kind
Attious
a
keen
ot\vuu-
the
of such a
path of prudencea man
excitable disposition
We may be very
as Cicero.
not
Attious
oven
sufficientto make
would
him
do
have
had
influence with
anythingwhich
said, I
"
am
to chance,
which
lost
by
I have
have been
my
own
steered
in
I
steadier
in which
fault
to blame
he believed
if he had listened
nay, for
"
oont'ulonoo
ivali.vd tho
municated
com-
iutorvst
ONMI
triond has
It is unfortunate
ovor
luinlly
guklein
sellor to
warm
of
man
the whole
In
afterwards to
seeingreason
;"
tor ovor
privatecorrespondence,
the most secret
anticipated,
imjmlso.tho
rook
in
as
his
suoh
mtMi.
distinguishiHl
two
Every
in his lottors
^ravou
no
suoh
with
thinkingaloud.
become
I know
uro.
-"
of
publication
litoral
historyot
wholo
like
was
all nvordod
hastyohango.aro
"
thoir hoarts
transient
a
ATTICITS.
unhurthoiuvl
havo
thoy
WITH
the
ship
January
owe
myself for
no
fortune
mis-
all the
But he now
broughtupon me,"
declared that in following
he had yielded
nis
Pomp
to the por^xiasion
of his family,
or rather obeyedtheir direosorrows
lions
to take Hint
instituted linn
mention
Hint lir
brother
l"\
to
wrote
giV6S
of too
\v;is
I1; -i
conduct
to
his hrothrr.
liis endeMYour
oprrnlr in
\\;is
He
sent
who
this should
his lirotluT to
he did dis
himself.
against
their
hnd
destination
then
sent
in
done
I Hint
:.d he
3
Ego
he
tin-
cnn
wns
n.
the
would
forwnrd
him
Hint
he reseidcd
ns
l"y
I hnvo
letter-opening
l"y
theycontinued
acton
1I"*oj)("ned
tho
lo decline to forwnrd
mu;hl hnve
'
of
wlmt
see
addresses.
respective
I heir
c;ise
to
toAllicus, lh;il he
I they could
previousinstance
neither
he oiii;ht
to hnve
if he
to
sen
repronehes
to allow Hiicli
lie told
not.
or
her hushnnd's
notictxl
nlrend\
them
exercise
her, nnd
hitler
excusingthe
:'iM-m sent
showed
and
Quintus'sintorost not
and
letters,
nnd
nei^hhoiirhoodof
to spreadfurther.
proceedings
discreditable
eon
Vidimus
to
(1icero determined
others were,
for
it was
l^nuidusiiiin
to him
full of
were
I'ponthis
tho
of
ground that
to
in the
heen
to have
seem
their letters,whir-h
nts
dill'erencein
no
nnd
Vatinius,
Ligurius,
addressed
those
on
nl
came
Tlieyimmediately
the town.
the eon!,
ninke
lo Cicero
hrouvjit
HI
l,i 'iirms,
them
Hie extent
h;id discovered
h.-l'orc he
Hull
\\iis
(lespjitch
might
to ;dlo\v Ins
of
I he dis:id\)iiil;i"c
lo
\\;i\
;iny
tin- insli
to
Ijiiiiin
him
mid
it he deelared
others.
hnviii".
decl;irm",Hut
limn
coni|);inion
rnlhri' Ihc
Ho
(Vsnr.
to
lo
injurehi:;
to
to which
kind
the
oll'did him,
could
which
Nic"v
i'1
of hi;',;iloi'
cover
nnluro
j-vnerous
Imii
In
! e.-irneslh :ih--'olved
(A)umlus troin
own
"ifl
l":il il is due
step.
I Inii!;of
.ni\
SMNIII.",
having
nnmed
nnd lie specinllv
115
OITMM.
i.i-nT.i;
]-,"". !
the
of
(A)uinfus
npprised
ijnisemper fui. Ad
"
n^ninst,
this ; but
letters,
110
DOMESTIC
on
should
account
no
also behaved
speechwhich
he
he
have
Caesar. So afraid
might have
had
and
prepared,
was
that
on
that I had
had
mother
my
nephew
; and
Ephesusa
intended
his
written
to deliver in
these calumnies
and
own
suicide.
the
interview with
an
I write this
to God
would
him
59-62.
to the
Terentia's property,
The
thought that
be left an orphan and in want was
agonizing
the language of passionate
claimed,
despairhe ex-
In
"
His
on
Tullia would
him.
them.
he obtained
of a confiscation of
possibility
and darkly hinted at
to
read
friend of Cicero at
accusation
JET.
great animositytowards
showed
man
young
with
TROUBLES.
These
last words
of the
conduct
"
been
never
from
wrung
borne
him
But
of his brother.
by
on
which
at all events
born,or
afterwards
not
were
birthday a day
my
another
son
"
the recollection
he felt
by
no
means
alienated from
that his
him.
legionshad begun
All
between
the conqueror.
this increased
two
and
fires,
to
his
the
He
waver
even
credited the
in their attachment
for
perplexity,
he
to
placed
might be
was
of either side
success
rumor
fatal to himself.
He
in pecuniarydifficulties.
expected,
He
had sold or mortgaged a farm near
Frusinum
(Frusafraid
a rightof redemption
silone),
retaining
; but he was
was,
as
that he would
might
be
be
unable
to
purchaseit
back
again.
largesum
He
to the
he
presentembarrassment
had lent to Pompey, and he had borrowed
from
money
Atticus's bailiffin Epirus,and from other quarters,
partly
At this time
to supply the necessities of his brother.
another legacy,
inheritance
in the Eoman
or
sense, was
leftto him by a person named Galeo ; but the amount
is not
attributed his
"
"
ANIMOSITY
B.C. 48-45.
stated,only it
property,
or,
it
as
payment
givethe husband
personalproperty.
that Cicero
hint
the
her
; for it must
the absolute
the
mus
his steward
our
be
bered
remem-
and
own,
ownershipof
have
we
of her
that
strongexpression
heard from
he had
credible.
adds,which was scarcely
Quintus wrote to him to vindicate himself,but
in
animositythat
when
he accused
took
advantageof
will towards
him
was
"
Cicero
It is
it
He
his face.
to
his crushed
him.
declared
was
thing,
a
tone
than
worse
says that
fortunes to
Quintus
all his
display
melancholyto
in
Philoti-
"
"
that she
He
own.
acting wickedly
of such
did
the wife's
And
was
management
uses
he
make
simplex? He was
will,and providefor
not
of Galeo's
cretio
the Konaan
that
the whole
been
called,a
was
anxious
the
to have
appears
117
QUINTUS.
OF
illof
bitterness
He
was
and
Italy,
to
that
of
one
carry
the
on
Tullia
The
intendingto
word
constituted
liabilities.
heeredein
to him
came
The
cretio meant
"
heir
form
"
who
was
in
partywere
in
sue
constituent',
earn
wrong
others
for
who
to
hereditatem
in
by
accept the
acceptance was
this
tion
the considera-
the
was
wavered
pardon from
in returning
only
that predicament.
Africa preparedto
at Brundusium
determined
of
done
by
he
Lselius,
exceptionof
there,and
war
had
increased
was
Pornpey'sadherents
in Greece
was
the pang
the
with
that he
The
convinced
now
:
"
Caesar.
June,but
which
the
property
"
remained
Quum
adeo cemoque."
even
person who
with all its
me
Moaviua
118
DOMESTIC
added
divorce
59-62.
the
sinkingspirit.It rather
heloved daughter in such
his
see
her
hetween
openlytalked of,and
which
JET.
console his
to
sorrow
distress.
TROUBLES.
and
husband
her
only questionseemed
was
to be from
second
A
proposalshould first come.
her dowry had been
paid,and, as usual,
side the
instalment
of
Clodius, into
of the
tribune
caused
had
He
disgraceful.
conduct
His
spent by Dolabella.
in every
himself
like
adopted,
be
to
plebeianfamily,in order to
and then proposeda
people,
Cicero wrote
most
was
way
elected
be
for
measure
Atticus to sell
to
some
to Cicero.
which
amount
that
this
Atticus
all that
was
innumerable
of
causes
the midst
not
was
him
write in such
is that he
Caesar
with
so
much
arrived
to
doubt
and
to
of them
husband
of the
to
both
Koman
in
but it
mind, to
September. The
looked
"
we
.have
forward
moment
the conqueror
that
wife in
of tenderness
apprehensionthe
unfortunate
sider
con-
of her health.
Cicero had
face with
does he
should
we
only indication
which
stillextant,
are
what
concluded
was
to them
habit
The
strain.
by
only one of
againsther. But
none
not
are
common
the
habit,nor
in
the
and
difference;
it
had
had
moment
tone,and
addressed
as
of the
of misfortunes
his
therefore
Atticus,said
subject.They
affectionate
He
complainthe
in his usual
allude to the
left.
was
it to
wrote
defraudinghim
was
mentioned
he
when
and
named,
had
less than
of
of Pharno
account
his
from
WITH
MEETING
B.C. 48-45.
own
meetingwith
the
described
that Caesar
he heard
interview
of the
pen
did
he
Brundusium
few
was
graphictouches.
from
When
need
was
no
the
storyof
as
Caesar,
the
of
soon
Jacob and
meeting between
he
as
him
saw
But
queror
con-
there
down
came
way,
coming
Esau
before
him, saluted
him
with
For
"
good way
to meet
conversed
of
us
alone for
furlongs."
some
At
the
of
end
air of which
he
where
villa,
to his Tusculan
for
witnesses."
many
of alarm.
the
so
him,
fear of
not
in the presence
to
towards
"
has
Tarentum
hastened
wait but
not
Plutarch
but
his way
on
119
(LESAK.
few
Terentia
weeks.
short letter
tellingher
to
he
intended to remain
there,and
was
have
he wrote
the bath-room
her
readyand
he wrote
sent
which
have
thank
him
for
book
he
had
him
appearedat
Cicerd
What
Trebonius,to
to
was
no
now
opportune moment.
sixty-one
years old
happened since he
"
changeshad
walls of Rome
very
He
had
when
grey-headedman.
had last quitted
the
a
not, indeed,been
he
left the
within
cityto
those
assume
the
friends
of his
on
carrying
had
in
struggle
hopeless
Africa and
or
Spain.
were
120
RETURN
He
and made
his
his peace,
books,the
he had
him
TO
in
quietly
he wrote
as
strife with
most
he said
faithless,
with
Caesar.
then
with
returned
city. He
his old
friends,
because
theyhad made
For
by plunging
because
of himself.
into turbulent
the
not
discontinued,
59-62.
Mi.
Varro,with
to
he had
of which
use
ROME.
associates whom
found
he had
had
he
the
that whatever
his conduct
part of
of others,and
persuasion
moderate
than
those
was
of any
he admits
that while
the
the
else
one
had
advice and
been
issue of the
He
was
still
strugglewas
weakness,but now
it
as
This, paradoxical
easilybelieve.
more
Pompey'sside.
confidence.
might
war
Mescinius Kufus,
quaestor,
he
cause
on
was
to believe
him
during the
owing to the
his counsels
that
In another
uncertain
Plancus,who
Africa,he begged
in
army
offence to Caesar
have caused
Munatius
letter to
no
seem,
may
felt
that
more
we
longer haltingbetween
can
two
of
opinions.He was relieved from the miserable necessity
balancingthe claims of prudenceand duty,and
constantly
having submitted himself to Caesar,and takingno further
he had no fears for his personal
part in the conflict,
safety,
and
looked
on
at the
resignation.In
come
out
of
of
approa'ch
dreaded.
was
He
this
evil,for
death
was
would
in future to take
of events
course
spirithe
in the
a
them,
declared
ruin
of
thing rather
devote
no
with
himself
active
and
part
so,
to
in
the
kind
that
of sullen
good
had
Eepubhc, the
to be
desired than
study,and if
he could
politics
he
at
122
SWIMMING
WITH
to praisethe
generosity
THE
author
TIDE.
while
59-62.
JET.
endeavoured
he
to
Caesar
at Borne
was
now
his way
on
Africa,and Cicero
back from
to
he had
him
the
painsto
some
he had
been
collect.5
for
enjoyedand
about
at Eome
he found
the amusement
to Hirtius
in better
was
fully
cheer-
wrote
capital
suppers
in givinglessons
called
he
whom
Dolabella,
and
send
to
which
facetiae,
Cicero
the
times
some-
Caesar relished
But
time,and
some
in declamation
his
of his discretion.
his wit
as
taken
to
joke,and
than
spirits
he
for
gether
could not alto-
He
in power.
were
Dolabella
and
alreadytaken placeor
to
find Cicero
then
was
on
intimate
such
worthless son-in-law.
It is
different the
societyat
modern
state of
times, and
how
imminent, we
Kome
with
from
was
less sensitive it
much
that
was
told Paetus
subjectsaffecting
familyhappiness. He
his
proofshow
of the many
one
nished
asto-
are
terms
of
either
had
Tullia,which
in
of
on
in
of
gout which
he would
come
suppose
confined
and
sup
his cook
Tempori
serviendum
him
to
with
had
est." Ad
him
the
Div.
bed, but
Cicero
nevertheless,
gout also. He
IX. 7.
OF
MODE
B.C. 48-45.
put off an
days until he
begged another
friend to
gout for
three
two
or
his mode
describes
He
himself
and
studies,
follows
as
morning,and
either wrote
when
"
the
over, he betook
alwayswell attended,was
was
to his
appointmentwith the
had paid him
visit.
a
He
which
levee,
123
LIFE.
read
or
for
some
day to bodily
rious
the good dinners givenby his luxunot forgetting
exercise,
to have
He seems
friends.
thoughthe might now
I
for he says :
for the Kepublic,
go out of mourning
for my
heavilyand
have, alreadymourned
country more
longerthan a mother for her onlyson." But this was not
When
his habitual state of mind.
writingin a more
his grief,
which he said
serious strain he did not disguise
admitted of consolation ; and his onlyrefugewas
scarcely
since both the Senate house and
the studyof philosophy,
closed to the efforts of eloquence. He
the Forum
were
in a letter to NigidiusFigulus,
pouredforth his sorrows
clared
and delearned and accomplished
of his most
friends,
one
that he often felt that he had more
to complain
cause
of life than to rejoice
that he stilllived.
In August he left Eome
and spenta few weeks at one
the
rest of the
"
"
or
of autumn
none
Antium
than his seat near
by the sea-side,
pleasanter
and he speaksof it with delight.But he returned to Eome
in September
Horace
scribed
de; the Septembribushoris,which
as
so
unhealthyin the cityin his time,and which
was
are
M.
little better
Marcellus,who since
livingin
submit
had
the
at
at
of Marcellus
battle of Pharsalia
His
victorious matters
Kepubliccould
the mark
the
to
Mitylene,
himself to Caesar.
been
if the
retirement
here
present day. He
urge
him
argument was
would
not
be considered
ought not
had
to return
to
been
and
that if Pompey
be much
stillto
wrote
and
better,
a
exist,
to withdraw
from
man
of
it. If
124
INTERCESSION
it was
to
Borne
whollylost,
stayin
; for
elsewhere this
and
FOR
his
was
the friend of
and
mistake.
stretched
arm
Caesar
was
the whole
over
lord of
now
world
; but
he
and disposed
to protectmen
genius,
And
renown.
59-62.
MT.
was
to the
as
LIGARIUS.
these
was
of eminence
words, for
idle
not
were
all,
although Marcellus had been one of Caesar's most per^severingopponents,and by his hostility
might be thought
have
to
almost
forced
the Civil
on
pardonof
Senate,but
was
so
overcome
Caesar gave
and
rose
his consent
back
he
received the
Cicero
to Eome.
feelings.He
came
War,
delivered
to Marcellus's
It is
return.6
as
and
in Africa
war
had
continued
therefore in
arms
He
an
the
supplicate
said to
he
once
as
that
Wolf
we
There
and
have
is
an
his
hear
more
doubt
heard
Caesar
When
that
Cicero had
friends, Why
"
speech from
Ligariusis a bad
a
Spalding have
it,is spurious.
essay
by Passow
we
Cicero?
and
in his
for
having
campaign.
undertaken
might
man
him
the
not
There
an
as
case
well
is
no
enemy."
genuineness.
He
to
the
famous
hear
Cicero
as
tribunal,was
there
orator,and
amusement
an
was
to
no
opinion of Ligarius'sguilt.
who sat as judge in the
Caesar,
proceeded,
observed to change color,and his emotion
alter the
eloquencewould
But
be
that it would
imply
meant
125
LIGAEIUS.
OF
DEFENCE
B.C. 48-45.
visible to all.
became
"
of
the
Cassar,and he overwhelmed
with shame
accuser
that bountytowards
attemptingto intercept
for
another which
himself.
Never was
largely
upon
more
flattery
dexterously
appliedto conciliate a judge.
How
he appealsto the mercy of the Dictator in
artfully
the following
passage :
had
bestowed
been
so
"
"
addressed
said I have
to your
to
is false.'
Toll
of
court
act ; the
am
at
silent.
once
before the
of peace.
was
animositywhile
wishes,
on
your
was
taken
not
care
with
He
war.
He
causes,
the
paved
did
never
That
justicethis
witnesses
is the
:
'
to your
way
I adopt this
he is
guilty;
language to
did
He
forsworn
"
even
it ;
"
to
judge.
would
do
be
; the
'
He
went
there
as
left in the
it lasted
not
he
are
charge
sittingas a judge to try Ligarius
in whose
found
garrisonshe was
in
that
which
excuse
plead
might
side.' Such
some
are
me,
no
to
on
parent, but
'
again
contemplated the
never
your
Ctesar, and
'
mency,
cle-
humanity,
then
he
was
lieutenant
continuance
he
showed
in his
judge ;
126
ANGRY
but
speaking
am
to
LETTER
parent
'
GALLUS.
TO
I have
sinned
have, then
many
do
you, who
have
I acted
your
If
am
MT.
mercy
no
unadvisedly;
;
I ask
has
one
ask
to
me
59-62.
pardon
obtained
it; but
if very
bestow
favor."
Conscious
as
Cicero
he
misfortune,
in
backwardness
of
received
was
letter from
Fadius
their
cause,
who
G-allus,
and
had
he
when
been
quaestor
in exile,
now
during his consulshipand was
reproaching
for not assisting
him apparently
him, and upbraidinghim
of former services,
he wrote
with forgetfulness
to him
a
sharp and stern reply. It is almost the only letter in the
whole of his voluminous
dictated by angry
correspondence
that the provocation
and we may be sure
was
feeling,
great
he would not have adopteda tone and styleso unusual
or
It is,I confess,
with him.
to find that he could
refreshing
be
so
angry,
for
is almost
one
stately
complimentand
tired of the
encomium
which
characterises his
so
trusted
of Caesar's most
Sicily.Caecina
might
and
Oppius,
Rome, permission
This
is worth
in which
him
who
attracted
especially
was
Balbus
agents at
described
as
from
his
command
noble testimony
who was
of the
one
by Caecina,
Cicero had duringCaesar's absence in
to
borne
was
two
languageof
mild
and
was
in
answer
to
letter
merciful
by nature, and
intellect.
by superior
of
He
one
He
said,mentioned
he
never,
terms, and
honorable
most
of his
by
generosity
his late
Pompey's name
except in the
he had given sufficientproofs
the
manner
He
made
opponents.
127
GENEROSITY.
CESAR'S
48-45.
B.C.
in which
Cassius
he had
of his
one
treated
legates,
Gaul, Sulpiciusgovernor of
Cisalpine
he had the
Greece,7and restored Marcellus,againstwhom
to all his former
honors.
strongestgrounds of displeasure,
To Cicero himself he gave dailyproofsof his friendship.
made
indeed ever
No conqueror
more
a
magnanimous use
of his power ; and if he had not fallen by the hand
of
it is impossible
that Borne would have
to doubt
assassins,
benefited by his rule. He was
been largely
a large-hearted
brilliant soldier,
but the most
and not only the most
man,
of his time.
His conduct to his adverstatesman
saries
sagacious
and contrasts stronglywith the
is above all praise,
of Pompey, who, if victorious,
bitter malevolence
would
Brutus
have
This
of Eome.
not alter
may
influence
materially
to
called him
he
of those
Eoman
of
he
was
were
of the
one
Atticus
Cicero
wit.
at the
supper
and
frail
mentions
experienced
Ctosiir's
to require it ; tor he
Marcellus, and
from
to his
those he addressed
He
house
to the
but
commencement,
to whether
as
turn
pleasantto
opinionas
our
judgment
our
at
regretor rejoice
It is
the
quarrelin
Caesar's
of
of
governor
blood
justice
it must
ought
we
struggle.
Cicero's
friend
lively
letters to
political
the last as
Psetus,
who
genous
a
possessed
sparkleof indigiveshim an amusing account
of Volumnius
Eutrapeluswhen
guests. On
the
Yerrius,and
below
Cytheristhe
couch
with
him
Eutrapelusreclined
courtesan.
Sulpicius amongst
clemency. But
had opposed the
same
the
number
of those
I do not
understand
hostile
attempts
had
not
how
of his
joinedPompey.
who
he
had
came
colleague
128
LITERARY
"
What
'
of all observers
however,
when
he
am
young
not
In sooth
not
I say
into mirth.
I did
such
at
banquet
suspect that
not
if
she
whatever
and
uppermost,
comes
you
made
fun
of
The
was
half
you
what
apologizedfor writing in
surprisedthat
we
ask
must
do?
teacher, should
afflict and
'
Devote
I do ?
there
are
he
was
Historyof
De
(rood and
to his
who
you,
have
But
had
wanted
To
what
to
them.
.
to
merriment
philosopher
strain,and
what
for your
purpose?
else do
you think
for literature ?
But
not
I feel
relaxation.
been
immense,
Amongst
it."
satietyin
some
works.
wanted
addicted
much
by
liberty
myself?
torment
well entitled to
lectual
His intel-
he
and
these
had
his
were
logue,
Eloquence/under the form of a diaOratoribus ; his Inquiryinto the highest
Koman
claris
Evil,'or
'
De
Finibus
or
'Analysesof Oratory,'
his
mourning
philosopherwho
this
loss of
our
to literature.'
this year
activity
of
a greatvariety
written
and
enliven
yourself,'
you say,
Do you imagine I could exist if it were
limits to study,although I will not say
'
And
'
there.
turn
But
be
wanted
there
whether
Are
would
'
When
"
'
do better when
you
man
morning supper?
He
59-62.
even
there
Did
you
know
Cicero
'
with
banquet.
asked
'
MT.
But,
will say,
you
WORKS.
Partitiones
Orator, dedicated
labors
literary
may
Bonorum
be
et Malorum
to Brutus.
In
mentioned
the
his
Cato;
also
addition
great number
recommendation
he wrote
at
and others.
requestof friends to provincial
governors
of these,and althoughof no interest
There are nearlyforty
they are worth reading as specimens of exquisite
now,
ness
Latinity. They show also his good nature, and his readithe
to
The
help those
most
divorce from
who
sought his
importantevent
his wife Terentia.
assistance.
It appears
was
to have
his
taken
130
DIVORCE
FROM
TERENTIA.
her perverseness
vigorof
in
He
health
had
home
easily
the flourishing
and
soured hy
life,
declining
of misfortunes
continual succession
JET. 59-62.
from
abroad,the
of
ease
To
and
there is
should
we
Cicero.
no
in money
Cicero
his
himself
"
nor
be
her
We
ticular,
par-
only placewhere
in
mean
him."
the
letters of
conduct
negligenceor perhapsmisturn to see what
naturally
givesof
Plancius
rather than
matter
ing
deeplyaffect-
so
I would
not," he says,
"
have
safetyand
resolved
domestic
saw
in consideration
to whom
interests
he alludes to
it,but
hints at
explainsit.
found
my
my return from abroad
itself.
For
when
I
the republic
my
"
want
but unfortunately
find in his correwe
spondence
happiness,
information
the subject. In a
no
on
explicit
cause
of those
it
matters.
is
exception
The
account
find
expect to
divorce,if I had
affairs in
that,owing
of my
to have been
ought
free from treacherywithin
my
of
the
new
fidelity
protectedby
on
bad
as
to the
not
on
plight as
wicked
conduct
to be
forgottenbenefits
dear, there was
nothing safe
own
walls, I thought that I ought to
connexions
against the perfidyof the
never
old."
Now
what
was
the wickedness
and
what
the
treachery
?
I think be no
There can
complains
doubt
that the charges had some
reference to Terentia's
conduct
in money
matters ; for he had previously,
as
we
have seen, accused her of abstracting
part of the money
which ought to have been remitted to him, and of falsifying
This is really
all we
the account.
know of the matter,
obscure.
It must
not be lost sight
and the rest is utterly
of that in the passage I have justquotedCicero complains
of which
of
more
of whom
he here
persons
he
his brother
than
one.
It is not
"
her
"
but
"
those
"
he had
alluded
DIVORCE
B.C. 48-45.
131
TEKENTIA.
FROM
kind of injury
for that was the specific
treachery,
him
to
of which 11ley had been guiltyin calumniating
from Plutarch that Terentia steadily
Caesar. "We know
had any good grounds for the
denied that her husband
to domestic
divorce.
will
And
quote one
amiable
an
to
defend
her,
from
Cicero's correspondence
passages
1 think conclusive to show that she
two
or
which
was
undertaken
I have
as
are
One
fondness.
and
woman,
"
his two
Tally to Terentia, and the Father to Tulliola,
souls; and Cicero (theson) to the best of mothers and
his darlingsister." In another he calls her
Light of
darling! from whom all used to
my longed-for
my eyes
seek for help. To think that you should be so harassed
so
steepedin tears and misery,and that this should be
In another he says,
Attend
caused by my fault !
to
"
"
"
"
"
health
your
dearer
to
be
that
no
sell her
readyto
was
ever
nor
"
propertyto
but he dissuaded
difficulties,
is
one
think
I shall not
you
was
assured
you." Again,
than
me
if I have
She
and
"
in his
assist him
leavingtheir
is in her
have
malevolent
the
believe
divorce from
Dio
thrice
Cassius,was
Cicero.
But
as
lost
to
it
;"-:."-
gave
never
as
lady whom
a
seen
was
time in
no
friends appear
another
after her
fifty
years old when
probablyan untrue story.
she
married
reason
an
lie did
Atticus
for.not
not
had
like the
mentioned
proposingto
uglierperson.
His
her
idea.
to
As
to
him,
he
that he
had
132
DEATH
lady named
young
fortune,and
of
OF
TULLIA.
.Ex.
Publilia,who
had
59-62.
considerable
was
and he was
almost a girl,
guardianat the time. She was
the union
of January and May,1
now
sixty-one.It was
and like most such marriagesit turned out unhappily.
At the beginning of the new
year B.C. 45 Caesar was
absent from Italy
engaged in carryingon the waY~m
Spain
againstthe
Cicero
he
birth to
to have
seems
husband's
fair way
been
of recovery,
but
in
she
was
showed
of
divorce
Dolabella.2
thought to
was
she
afterwards
confinement
gave
She
first she
soon
tells us
Tullia,who
from
at that time
at
happened
where
confinement
house,and
effects of her
the
the
after her
son
by
he
during January,where
at Borne
was
detained
was
Pompef.
of
sons
died.
and
be in
sank
This
late
a
under
sad event
of
obscurity
attendingher last illness,and we have no
Cicero himself.
of the particulars
from
The
account
first intimation we
have from him
of the calamity
which
him
overwhelmed
March
from
is in
letter written
So far
Astura.
to
Atticus
gather from
in his correspondence,
he seems
to
expressions
villa after his daughter's
left his Tusculan
death,and
1
The
alluded
to
he could
January
2
if
we
are
XII.
28,
But
and
The
we
"
child
velim
January
to have
died young,
extinct.
having
once
instances
numerous
have
gone
in court
of unfortunate
and
lived, and
to
have
been
called Lentulus,
in
Alt.
in the letter Ad
supposing that the passage
Lentulum
visas,"refers to him.
aliquando
puerum
nothing of his subsequent history. Very probably he
.
know
of the
one
that
me
dental
inci-
he
seems
right
"
between
asked
and
as
can
marriages
to him
we
Cresswell told
before him
case
as
in
and
thus
the
line
of
Cicero
in
that
generation
became
DEATH
B.C. 48-45.
of Atticus
house
the
to
days in
spentthirty
to
country residence
of
subject
erect
in
or
which
birthplace,
where
first
at
he
on
to
was
be
placeit
more
Arpinum, his
near
suggesteditself
the
anxious to
was
it would
little island
at his
his friend
His wish
of Tullia.
in the
that he
us
find him
next
we
shrine which
gardensat Eome,
than
tells
Astura, writingto
near
to the memory
some
His
Atticus,and
monument
He
Kome.
at
which probably
gardens,
belonged
some
villa of
suburban
J33
TULLIA.
OF
spicuous
conown
his mind.
to
The
"
are
"
come."3
He
stunned
terribly
was
his
by
heart,and
the blow.
her
death
In Tullia he had
left
drearyblank
in his existence.
His affection for her shines like a gleam
and he had clung to her as
of lightthrough his letters,
the prop and stay of his decliningyears.
He tried to
himself with studyto distract his thoughts,and
occupy
garneredup
read
books
such
soothe
work
a
on
as
mourner's
heathen
could
philosophy
but
sorrow,
in vain.
Consolation,in hopes
that
own,
admitted
into the
it
only increased
of
no
woods, and
buried
day long,strivingto
with
overcome
There
is
an
In the
the
attempt
to
occupy
himself
with
He
took
floods of tears.
Essay
in
He
supplyto
composed a
he
his pang.
consolation.
in the Me'moires
de 1'Academie
but
literature,
a
melancholy
des
Inscriptions,
There
was
A]"otl"r:,*,:*
amongst the ancients.
of tombs, and a fine
law reguliitiuu;
the expense
of
the
excess
was
kind
of
sumptuary
imposed equal to
134
FOR
GRIEF
DEATH
OF
TULLIA.
59-62.
MT.
to his
pleasurein the idea of dedicatinga monument
daughter,and again and again consulted Atticus on its
and the locality
where it should be placed.4 It is
form
carried into exewhether
the designwas
not known
ever
cution
most
probablynot but if it was, the day may
when
some
fragment of it may be discovered
yet come
relic of the memorial
which a father's love cona precious
secrated
"
"
"
to his child.5
Although
overwhelmed
with
-Gieere
grief,
againstit,and adoptedthe
the
taken by one
to whom
be
in the
of
..quiet
country and
the
could
that revealed
occupiedhimself
He
with
wrote
he heard
incessantly.When
fully
man-
that
course
consolation
unknown.
supplywas
religioncan
wisest
battled
that he
blamed
was
at Kome
himself in
and secluding
givingway too much to sorrow
himself by showing that in the midst
he defended
private,
he had been busily
and added,
of all his suffering
employed,
for
with
who
that he
bitterness,
some
censured him
ever
find when
that he would
deserted
were
him,
wholly gone.
be
It will naturally
and
during
Was
was
his
the
his affliction?
sharer, andjootherjDf
is
absent
4
His
but
certain,
idea also
residence
there
was
to
himself
this
by
was
retreat
had not
gaietywere
all this time
by
That
his
she
Cicero's express
to
enable
or
those
told Atticus
Publilia
He
where
wife ?
than
more
read.
cheerfulness
asked
latelymarried
written
to
likely
theymet
his old
but
had
him
side,
was
desire.
to have
as
fyyfipa/j.a
he
called it.
5
There
is
of
story told by Baptista Pius in a note to one
Cicero's letters,
Ad Ait, XL
excavation
17, that in making an
amongst
the Alban
hills an
embalmed
which
believed
discovered,
was
body was
to be that of Tullia, as it was
found
of the
amongst the sepulchralurns
Tullian
Malta
Illustrata
Abela
In his
mentions
an
inscription
gens.
found at Malta
in the following form
a
wild
'
'
"
TULLIOLA.
M.
TULLII.
F.
B.C.
The
OF
LETTERS
48-45.
union
not
was
AND
happy one ;
disgustedby
and
Plutarch,he
was
the death, of
Tullia,that he very
so
for the
ter^
his aversion
if we
of
feelingat
divorced
afterwards
soon
her money,
marriagewas
have
must
cause,
letter
purportingto
to "be allowed
to
that
however,
and
her
all
to
and
with his
It
duringhis stay at
was
yius
The
he
in which
from
things.
more
that
was
Roman
she
prayed
suspected,
to
when
be
they left
they arrived
if
which
on
alone.
he stood
addressed to him
him
Athens
from
the
vicissitudes
been
so
with
letter of
least mortal
of Rome's
to comfort
familiar
a
friend
the
by
Ser-
mourner
Lucceius
it.
mind,"
by arguments
and decay of all earthly
quoted that the reader is
often
which
consolation,
the
he
historian
also
acknowledged
Lucceius
tried to make him
take a
thanks.
grateful
but Cicero confessed
hopefulview of publicaffairs,
he thought them
desperate.He was pleasedby the
had
Astura
strove
It has
doubtless
wrote
Sulpicius,
"
drawn
wished
the way
the terms
were
him
relations !
new
beautiful letter
with
Such
avoid them.
he
timelynotice
He
her
reallywritten in her
he
events
peremptorily
as
come,
with
received
He
relatives.
had
at
had
he
that
to
writing
to pay
her,in which
from
mother
her
of them
any
says
come
Astura
to
come
accompany
daughter'sname,
forbade
He
visit.
unwelcome
an
should
brother
and
been
have
indeed
mother
believe
may
her want
whatever
her, from
to
135
LUCCEIUS.
SULPICIUS
given to
his
countrynot
own
more
and
services,
than his
said that he
dutyrequired,
136
YOUNG
than
more
certainly
but
him.
from
in
CICERO
degree my
some
nothing but
In
added,
of
his
himself,to
make
will,and
another
and
life,
letter to
in March
Terentia
that
says
her do like
it
he
was
Cicero
ought, like
their little
His
words
will to be perused
I will allow my
me.
being
the books
some
whom
grandson,to
Let
in
"
to
alludes to
"
he
one
are,
ashamed
was
demand
right to
seemed
studied
had
others
59-62.
JEr.
trumpeter." In
own
he said he
Lucceius
ATHEXS.
pardon me,"
will
You
"
AT
pleasesto name
; she will find that
I could not have acted more
towards my grandson
liberally
than I have done."
There can be no doubt that he greatly
distrusted Terentia's good faith in money
matters, and he
and steadiness of
speaks of her as wanting in sincerity
by
any
she
one
purpose.
His
went
had
the
His
Argiletum.
young
men
added
he
of
was
consulted
Atticus
He
the
mentioned
that it
Athens, and
father
to
and
upon
the
proposedto
propertyhe
purpose the rents of some
and in the district of Kome
Aventine
Mount
called
said
to go
the
apart for
on
wished
allow him
he should
sum
set
Marcus
son
was
for the
horses at home.
not
at
of several
all necessary
journeythere
names
were
He
spend more.
to keep a horse at
more
than
enough
7..:
"
-.
140
ABOUT
SCANDAL
1 omitted
to mention
I do
completed. However,
was
and
copyists,
fault of your
any
C^IRELLIA.
to
that
you
I wish
I did
think
not
wish
them
59-62.
that it
to understand
you
not
.Ex.
this.
to be
was
For
published
yet."
Very probablythere
as
there
between
was
was
attributed
malevolence
that
that it
the unbridled
indulgedwhen
this
to it.
We
to
applies
many
Cicero himself.
The
wished
of the
to
must
damage
Eecamier
of the nature
was
they
rious.
spu-
just
correspondence,
and Madame
Chateaubriand
it is ridiculous to suppose
but
can
never
forget
the ancients
opponent,and
an
attacks made
upon
good officesof Cserelliawere
others
by
employed
to induce
family,if not by Publilia herself,
him to take that lady back againafter their divorce,
but he
would not listen to the proposal.
Publilia's
by
In
his
propertygave
for he
could
He
one
felt
more
much
distress at
leave it than
this time
more
he declares that
trouble
having
no
one
than
pleasure,
to whom
in the enjoyment of
gratification
state to which
he
it.
he
B.C.
reduced
was
OF
DISTEUST
48-45.
But
divorces,and
the
had
little satisfaction in
was
conduct
his
Cicero
uneasiness.
his
brother, and
hostile
as
treated
estranged
his
from
againsthim.
assured
nothing
and
that
Caesar,
who
this
he
much
of them
one
villa,he
Tusculan
to
applaud
carried
in
bad
reason
the
end
of
wrote
and
sent
it
describes
which
one
Caesar
with
was,
was
had
little determination
as
joy
discontented
him
that
his
conceal
he
people
when
it
Caesar
of
said,because
his
at
was
the
image
with
in his letters.
Victory
an
he
that
passages
of
statue
if he
had
was
close
Victory had
neighbour.
At
he
the
terness,
bit-
he
very
September,when
processionwith
The
it.
well
his
guard
some
knew
many
expresses
refused
beside
in
his
on
charge
prudentpolicymade
written
utterly
was
formidable
thoroughly
was
harshly
remarks, with
of such
man
sentiments, is plainfrom
real
Caesar
King
That
Cicero
be
as
reports,
was
uncle
to
his
continued
Marcus
his
some
with
terms
of calumnious
ought
be
might
to fear from
Caesar,however
In
father,
that
himself.
kinds
cousin
which
father
Quintus,
young
his
Upon
that
not
nephew,
out, for
turn
his
indifferent
still on
was
spreadingall
ever,
by
first caused
at
instance, that
for
as,
Athens
at
he
his heir,as
as
would
man
young
that
meant
him
lookingupon
the
how
felt uncertain
he
Perhaps
still living.
his
he
loss of his
two
that
son
the
to
his
by
daughter.
141
(LESAK.
or
beginning
letter to Caesar
as
written
equal might
would
more
August
read
skill and
with
which
to
than
is not
extant
in
No
one
himself.
could
do
he
but
tone
pleasure.
adroitness
September
and
flattery,
without
address
of
as
this
142
DEATH
OF
(LESAR.
CHAPTER
DEATH
JEt. 63.
in
campaign
B.C.
There
from
Cneius
his victorious
Sextus,the
and
what
the
generalto
such
the
44.
of
sons
C^SAK.
in October
Spain.
the war,
terminated
Cneius
difficulty.
The
contest.
March
as
the
courage
of
as
terminatio
and de-
displayed
during
the
on
Caesar
but
fell in
63.
XX.
OF
returned to Kome
^Ex.
seventeenth
of
engagement,
but
Sextus
of the
remainder
Fabius
Kabilius
died
on
nominated
was
hours, which
that he
was
last
the
gave
a
Q. Fabius
year
day
in his
rise to
one
consul of such
of the
and
C. Trebonius.
year, and
placefor
the few
Caninius
remaining
of Cicero's jokes,
who
said
that he
vigilance
surprising
JULIUS
Vol.
ii.
p.
142.
144
DEATH
OF
C^SAK.
"
troublesome
took
listened to
an
walk
both
on
on
Mamurra
was
rubbed
epigram
and
countenance,
at the
"
next
banquet, intending to
without
drank
and
ate
capitaldinner,
with
o'clock had
without
with
emetic
an
took
not
bath.
changing
oil,and
well-digestedgood
of his
place reclining
afterwards.1
enjoyed
only that, but
then
He
muscle
his
scruple,and
and
Seasoned
'
have
at two
He
himself.
therefore
It
was
discourse.'
Besides,his retinue
was
'
to
of his
I shall
me.
Tusculanum.
he
As
was
closed up on
else. So I heard
guards
did nowhere
On
the
from
with Antony
consulship,
leave Borne
in
as
few weeks
Nicias."
new
year
his
in
againstthe Parthians,the
enemies
he
of Eome
felt that
on
her
eastern
succession
Caesar assumed
colleague.He
intended
order to carry
and
constant
frontier.
of victories
was
the
on
to
paign
cam-
troublesome
Like
Napoleon,
necessary
to
his
agebat.
146
DEATH
the
fear,but
Let
men
Sleek-headed
He
when
gave
thinks
has
that
and
such
lean and
:
such
are
63.
the spare
who
approachingdanger advised
fat ;
sleepo' nights :
hungry look :
men
are
dangerous.
as
itself in the
showed
nature
one
some
me
too much
his generous
But
lean,"alludingto
about
men,
Cassius
Yon
JET.
and Cassius.
have
me
C^SAE.
the
paleand
Brutus
of
figures
OF
perhaps had
him
his
to he
on
he
answer
idea of
vague
guard.
The
changing from
dominatingover Italyand
was
in
now
which
ambition
Italyand
was
not
the
the
of
position
Imperialcity
the world, to that of a capital
world
had part. But
Caesar's
an
satisfied unless^he_could_gain
the^title
Ea3.
Eome.
been_dqrmant_at^
He wished to be Rex not only in reality
but in name
; and
an
ingeniousmode was hit upon to feel the pulseof the
disposedto bear it.
peopleand see how far they were
There was
called Lupercalia,
which
a wild festival at Eome
celebrated in the month
of February,when young men
was
than half-naked through
of good familyused to run
more
the streets and strike with thongs of leather every one they
While this carnival was
met.
going on, Caesar took his
which
for
seat above
so
centuries
many
the Eostra
robes,amused
in the
Forum,
himself with
and
lookingon
at the
sport.
He
shrewd
drew
back
enough
to
to
prevent it,but
observe
that
the spectators
the
action
was
OF
FORMATION
B.C. 44.
rather
of coy
that
indignantrefusal. The
they saw Caesar put away
the attempt,and againit
than
when
peoplethundered applause
the crown.
Again Antony made
was
saw
The
unsuccessful.
of the
no
mistake
populace.The offer of
He rose hastily
from
the
misconstrue
that he
was
clamor, laid
ready to
He
desired to strike.
became
shouts
147
CONSPIRACY.
THE
as
louder,and
to the real
Caesar
feelings
at least premature.
the
crown
his
to
seat,and pretending
bare
was
his
there
one
little he
showed,however,how
was
had failed,
that the ruse
for when the garland
was
pleased
of his statues and
afterwards placed
upon the head of one
of the tribunes,
removed
he deprived
by order of some
the pretence
that they were
them of their offices,
on
trying
him.
to stir up sedition against
The
next plan resorted to by his friends was
to make
books playa part subservient to their purpose.
the Sibylline
It was
only necessary to bribe the guardians,and they
their oracles speak as they pleased.They
could make
spreada reportthat in their mysticleaves was contained a
prophecythat the Parthians could onlybe conqueredby a
the Romans, it is
as
king. With a peopleso superstitious
to say what effectthis stratagemmight have had,
impossible
if a few bold men
had not been thereby
warned
that the
time was
for them to put in execution a design
which
come
theyhad for some weeks harboured of takingCaesar's life.
Of the particular
details of the great conspiracy
we
know
of
shrouded
in
first who
conceived the
mystery. Cassius
extremelyanxious
whose
man
character
at
to
seems
in
which
been
the
and he was
planof assassination,
Jtottflain .tfiSjlot,
engageTlaroia
whose
to
secret, and
to have
stoodT^perhaps
higher than
Some, and
on
strength
formed
course,
name
relyin
the
would
be
attemptto
that
a
of any
of
tower
carry out
jj
so
J
148
DEATH
C^SAE.
JET. 63.
enterprise.Several,we
desperatean
Cassius ventured
communicate
to
that
condition
OF
Brutus
sounded, and
should
told,to whom
are
his
design made
join them.
at last consented
He
to take
are
persons
been
No
privy to
it
was
tiously
cau-
part in the
wife
Porcia,
him
to
less than
the
fide
con-
sixty
plot,of
whom
the best
Decimus
BruteBy-^rcboniug,"
Oasoa, Tullius Cimber^j^naeus
and
Cassius,
Cicero
was
in the number
not
is certain.
Antony
popularfeelinghad
murderers,accused him of being one
afterwards,when
againstthe
but
conspirators,
well
may
the deed
it to the
would
were
which
wrong,
but
skies,
tide of
Cicero
stronglydenied
he would
because
for
as
because
he
was
shrunk
have
shall hereafter
we
of the
this
And
it.
turned
see
we
from
he extolled
man
who
be
Plutarch
from
the
believe,not
as
are
Servilius.
Domitius,and
That
Brutus
tells
Cicero,
us
"
that
expressly
lest to
his
own
the
concealed
plot was
which
was
disposition,
possible."2
A meeting of
"
on
the Ides
that
king,in
"
of
the Senate
March, and
it
day a proposalwould
conformitywith what
2
summoned
was
Plutarch
was
be
was
believed
currently
made
to
that
declare Caesar
said to be contained
in Brut.
in
for
time
no
was
The_ placewhere
Curia
Pompeii,
formed
the
on
Senate
the
Capitol,not
Campus
the
struck at
be
must
to meet
was
the
was
buildingadjoiningthe porticowhich
splendidtheatre erected by Pompey
of the
west
extremityof
of the
part
the blow
and
delay^.
once.
149
SENATE.
that there
coiis"irators_jaw
The
Sibyllinebooks.
the
THE
OF
MEETING
B.C. 44.
the
the
far from
Martius.
Plutarch
to
seems
"
words
portico.His
southern
are
"
found
con-
The
very
be
It
exhedra
or
largePompey, erected
But
theatre."
stood
there
statue
of
to him
Pompeii distinct
the fatal
and
portico,
the
from
in which
that
adorned
recess,
in this that
was
done.
was
morning
came
at the house
assembled
conspirators
it
the
of
of the
great body
Cassius,and
panied
accom-
the toga
day to assume
to the Forum, from which they afterwards hastened
virilis,
to the Senate-house with daggers concealed beneath their
his son, who
robes.
Brutus
Decimus
on
was
was
that
about
to exhibit
some
games,
he assembled
himself of this pretext,
and, availing
body
of
rescue
and
gladiators,
was
attempted.
Brutus, and
unusual
Marcus
was
of
some
In
the
them
order
other
in
readiness in
case
disarm
suspicion,
who
were
conspirators
to
Brutus
themselves
decided
one
of the
that
causes
judgmentdeclared
to
large
seated
praetors,
Forum, and
had
with
some
that
came
he had
given
appeal
Caesar does
Caesar,
upon which Brutus calmlysaid,
"
not
150
DEATH
hinder
He
to law."
then
left and
At
and
betrayed,
came
person
Caesar
whisperedinto
us, but Brutus
the
his
plan,when
by saying,in
rich of
so
the
the
?
sedileship
the
man
alluded
their minds
have
was
would
How
came
that
rejoiced
"
could
the
not
stand
terrible
we
he had
Another
answer.
waiting
hand
an
fatal to
been
his
anxiety
to be
you
election for
was
was
have
from
you
naturally
supposed
tenance
plot,and his counsurprised. A word
relieved him
full,and
that the
showed
he
other
It
were
imprudent
the
which
sudden, that
in time.
warned
Casca
laughingtone,
"
must
much
escaped him
the
pointof heing
privy to
how
the
on
all."
me
stranger was
might have
was
You
"
"
has told
showed
deciding
according
ear
63.
to the Senate-house.
have been
might
Casca,as he
to
up
MT.
from
went
the secret
that
C^SAR.
nor
me,
OF
an
occurred, which
widely than
more
all
Casca
betrayedhimself by
incident
known
plot was
of which
imagine how
can
not
one
the
Senator named
Lsenas
Popilius
and Cassius,and, saluting
them with
came
up to Brutus
than
usual earnestness,
more
"My
whisperedto them
with you, and I hope you may
wishes are
accomplish
I advise you to make
But
haste,for the
your design.
It was
evident that not a
secret !
no
thing is now
imagined.
conspirators
"
"
moment
was
where
But
wearing
cause
If
on,
to be lost.
in the
and
we
ancient
in the
seemed
may
had
he
of the unusual
several
writers,
sent
by
not
was
Caesar ?
appeared.
The
What
day was
was
the
delay?
believe
night and
time
mean
the
of sinister
omens
morning
Providence
testimonyof
concurrent
before
to
warn
his
many
importhappened
which
assassination,
him
of his
impending
B.C. 44.
SINISTER
doom.
We
need
151
OMENS.
curiously
inquirewhether the
is true, or whether
account
they owed their originto
the superstitious
of the Kornans,excited to the
imagination
utmost as it would be by dwellingupon the circumstances
not
too
after it had
taken
place. It
is a fact
established
declares
Shakespear
Against
But
His wife
heaviness
Mars, which
Pontifex
as
happens of
rule,when
ever
the
merry
"
good event.
her
husband
refuge.
The
Maximus
he
duringthe night,and
that
he says
that
for
arms
are
men
foreruns
fallen,and
fled to her
rattled
to be the
dreamed
Calpurnia
slepthad
and
ill chances
often
reverse
they
wounded
was
dedicated to
armour
kept in
his
dwelling,
accord.
In the morning when
he
opened of its own
attempteda divination,
by feedingpoultryaccordingto
custom, the
The
omens
at last Decimus
and
message
assembled,but stillhe
was
Brutus
; and
sent
impatient
conspirators
the Senate
unfavorable
were
went
off to
to tell him
did not
see
come
him
day.
that
; and
personally
say
such
weaker
that might have frightened
a
paltryomens
and
mind ; and, accompaniedby Brutus,he left his home
the
got into
As
he
by
the
saved,if
been
some
which
one
plot;
but
as
he
he
had
taken
passedalongwas
in the street.
It contained
that
Caesar,
thinkingprobably
revelation of
it was
merely
152
DEATH
OF
CAESAR.
63.
JET.
such as he was
constantlyin the habit of
petition,
and which was
of no pressing
thrust
receiving,
importance,
it unopened into the folds of his robe.
And we are told
that he said gailyto a soothsayer
he met, and who
whom
a
had
the
see
"
him
warned
beware
to
of the Ides
feared has
day
you
Yes," answered
the
other,"it
has
true
we
March,
it has not
but
must
You
still alive."
am
come,
"
that
suppose
spirators,
inklingof the design of the conin the plot,
and hoped
or
perhapswas actually
and so enhance the
get credit for the giftof prophecy,
the
to
and
come,
of
had
man
some
action undertaken
an
in defence
with
impressed
however, thoughtadvisable
It was,
away
the Senate-house
from
done, for,armed
presence
keepAntony
while the deed was
being
with consular authority,
his
might
he
as
in
some
was
have
way
to
embarrassed
the
tion
execu-
of the
safetyof
out to meet
him
on
his way
and
Trebonius
In
that
and
his
second
Antony
he
met
was
by
engage
where
him
in
tion,
conversa-
the Senate
was
Cicero distinctly
Philippic
an
accomplice,and that
preconcerted
arrangement.
154
DEATH
The
wound
the
blow
for
slight,
was
home,
ahout ?
"
body, and
had
loved with
he
what
villain,
you
had
he
submitted
So
are
you
plunged into
now
of
of the
Brutus, whom
he
were
themselves
without
the
foldinghis
struggle to his
of the moment
and Brutus
wounded,
of most
let
grasped,and
were
eager
that
the clothes
to send
nervous
to strike,
he
affection,
uplifted
which
inevitable fate.3
while
too
was
the hand
saw
warm
him
around
Casca,
"
when
Casca's arm,
robe
Casca
JET. 63.
But
his
go
C^SAR.
and
cried out,
weapon,
OF
was
of them
of them
some
cut in the
hand,
besmeared
with
were
blood.
It is certain that
In
crime,
no
of blood.
deed
the
witnessing
he exulted
and
pity for
He
of
the
Cordaydid
that the
when
she
he
interests
he felt no
most
lost in
was
man
believed
the
in which
terms
and
country requiredthe sacrifice,
joy he felt
was
regicide
one
The
of fame.
tyrant.
as
murder.
the
In his eyes
in the act
all
the
present at
was
one
at
Cicero
more
plunged
her
great body
of the
gazed upon
the
when
it was
When
over,
robe in fear
dress of
According
If he did
use
to Dio
the
between
out
of the
building
Cassius
expressionit
declared
his mother
rushed
the
in the secret
not
were
which
slave who
of affection,
for scandal
amour
and
who
They
scene.
Antony heard
consular
the
Senators
with
was
he
may
in attendance
cried out,
have
You
meant
that Brutus
Servilia and
"
was
Caesar.
happened to
or
too, Brutus, my
more
his
than
son
"
mere
son
term
the fruit of
an
"
B.C.
be
PROCEEDINGS
44.
OF
lie hurried
home
hid himself
and
155
ASSASSINS.
THE
in
placeof
Plutarch
concealment.
were
says that at first all places
filledwith cries and shouts,and the wild running to and
fro occasioned by the sudden
and passionthat
surprise
everybodywas in,increased the tumult in the city. The
assassins placeda cap as
the
the symbol of liberty
on
point of a sword, and carryingit aloft marched
up to
the Capitol
of Decimus, upon
followed by the gladiators
tacked.
atwhom
they relied for protectionin case they were
But
fears of the populace
at first they had no
turning against them, and expectedthat there would
be a generalrisingin their favor,when
known
it became
As
that the tyrant,as they called Caesar,was
no
more.
Brutus went
along with his bloody dagger in his hand
he shouted the name
of Cicero,calling
presentative
upon him as the reof the cause
of the Eepublic,
and congratulating
him on the restoration of liberty.4Several of the senators,
amongst whom were Cicero himself,and Lentulus Spinther,
and Pasticus,
followed them
Favonius,Aquinus,Dolabella,
where a crowd of people attracted by
up to the Capitol,
soon
assembled,and Brutus addressed them in a
curiosity
of
speechwhich was loudlyapplauded. The chief cause
the preat this moment
was
anxietyto the conspirators
sence
of a large body of Cassar's veteran troops in the
near,
island of the
Tiber, not
committed, who
was
Lepidus,the
not
Master
that
fear
to
fury
far from
rush
forward
the
spot where
under
were
Horse; and
of
they might
to avenge
in
the
it
was
sudden
the death
the
command
der
mur-
of
impossible
impulseof
of their former
second
In the
"
"
me
to bear
witness
consulshipwas
never
that
out
he
had
of his
become
thoughts
for
rival of my
a
moment.
renown."
That
156
DEATH
No
the
ventured
the
ascended
He
of the
down
Rostra
well
kind
and
appeared,
crowd
into
the
on
the
again
received,and
63.
Forum,
addressed
all seemed
to
of
one
favorablyuntil Cinna, who was
attacked
the memory
to speak. He
prastors,rose
Caesar in languagewhich so exasperated
the mob that
the
be
multitude.
JEr.
of the
acclamations
the
assassins
Brutus
where
(LESAR.
however,
movement,
and, reassured by
the
Capitol,
OF
going
on
afraid of some
body of conspirators,
thoughtit prudentto retire and take
whole
the
quartersin
Cicero
Senate
proper
but
was
Antony,
was
no
had
upon
in the
themselves
to
Capitolfor
the
lying a
up
fled,and
summon
again their
the
on
nowhere
was
should, as
meeting
the
were
of
The
followingday.
Senate
the
corpse
consuls;
be found.
This
and the
legalformalities,
sufficient authority
to act in such an
gency.
emer-
time to stand
had
praetors
the
break,
violent out-
Cassius
and
Brutus
that
officers to convoke
one
of
Capitol.
advised
take
praetors,
the
was
Cicero's idea
together,measures
on
was
might
and
strict
if the Senate
that
be
taken
could
to establish
be
got
strong
prevent the
deplorableconsequences
which were
to ensue
likely
by allowingthe vessel of the
State to drift in so stormy a sea without chart or pilot.
He
always afterwards regrettedthat his advice had not
government
been
which
It
and
followed,
under
it
seems
to have
the circumstances
been
the wisest
could have
course
been
adopted.
machinery of
of the
last
B.C.
PROCEEDINGS
44.
distrust of
might show
over
to their side.
had
been
join in
It
OF
Antony,whom
by Trebonius to
and "very
conspiracy,
sounded
the
it ;
secret
whether
see
well
he would
understood
he said
however
"
not
was
man
157
ANTONY.
nothingof
faithfully."
Perhapsso
have
to
sorry
him,
Caesar
it to
tious
ambi-
removed, well
dissimulation
but
Cicero,who,
whatever
time
some
he
might
deceived
think
everybody
it politic
to say
Antony
found
to
secure
soon
*koi-
recovered
l"'g life
wa"
his
presence
of mind
when
Jig- took
^tep,
he
Was
this purpose
he
concluded
hastily
an
engagement, by which
in marriagejbLepidus's
promisedto_give^his_daughter
Lepidus himself tfrp.high ofiW of
son, and to conikn-^oaPontifex Maximus,_which
death. It
was
^vacanthyJCaesar's
had been propoaedby
the conspirators,
when theytook refuge
in the Capitol,
that Cicero should go to Antony and endeavour
to come
to persuadehim
ajadjjefendthe
JOTwajxL
Bepublic. But Cicero declined the errand,sayingthat he
Be" would
knew Antony too well,andtKaT
promiseeverything
he
while
under
the
influence
of
the
time three of
without any immediate result. In the mean
Caesar's slaves had removed the dead body of their master
158
DEATH
spot where
the
from
OF
it
C^SAK.
lay,and
JET.
63.
residence.
took
next
Antony
He
imj3ortant_jtep.
an
and
of Caesar's papers,
treasure,which had been
whole
the
to
depositedfor
to the
amounted
him
to meet
of
of his
master
safe
sum
six millions
sesterces,about
the Senate
himself
made
seized the
custodyin
seven
hundred
sterling. He
in the
templeof
the
moned
sum-
Tellus
on
soldiers : but
of the actual
ventured
to
conspirators
attend. Cicero was, there and made a long speech,
pleading
for a generalamnesty, and advising
that all the
earnestly
appointmentsmade and directions givenby the^deceased
Dictator
the
none
should
best mode
the
in
custody of
the
Vestal
On
to meet
crowd
that
on
the
have
and
hold
amongst
In the
had
him
mean
he
consular
people
sacred
the
promise made
make
Dolabella,who,
time
left
nominated
Italyto
Parthians, assumed,
the
To
by
distribution of
them.
been
previously
when
was
.he^jnade
lands
will,which
Virgins,should
and
Capitol,
they would
of his
publicfimejcaj.
Senate_agreed.
day Brutus
same
them
contents
should
that he
known, and
preserving
peace.
in-law,proposedthat the
execution,as
office ;
much
and
consul
conduct
to
the
the
two
I have
mentioned,
to succeed
by Caesar,
the war
againstthe
as
disgust of Antony,
consuls
summoned
B.C.
invited to
down
come
but declined to do
sent
son
to
them,
their
from
until both
so
then
ventured
and
that
past buried
in
Lepidusat
his
of the
hostagesfor
as
to descend
reconciliation
was
into the
their
streets,
effected and
the
Brutus
oblivion,
house, and
Senate
held, and
next
was
they
provinces,as
the Capitol,
on
stronghold
Antony and Lepiduseach
kept there
to be
safety. They
in token
159
ORATION.
ANTONY'S
44.
had
been
the allotment
of
already designated,was
was
given to Brutus, and
Macedonia
confirmed.
formally
Syriato Cassius. The will of Caesar was read out publicly
in the Forum, and its liberality
to the populaceproduced
increased to a state of
marked
effect. This feeling
a
was
the funeral procession
uncontrollable excitement when
set
The dead body was
carried on
out along the streets.
a
and when
it reached the Forum
bier covered with a pall,5
the Kostra, and throwing off the cloak
Antony mounted
showed
the blood-smeared
with its
corpse to the people,
gaping wounds all exposedto view. He then addressed
the horror-stricken crowd in that memorable
speechwhich
has been
for us
embalmed
by Shakespearin lines in
which, as in the whole of his drama of Julius Caesar,the
the accuracy
imaginationof the poet has observed faithfully
It had
of the historian.
funeral pile in
a
corpse on
of
the peoplein a transport
been
intended
to burn
the
the
According
carried
6
on
account
of
effigy
wax
the
murdered
the
spot, dedicated
Dictator
was
the bier.
Augustus
memory
to one
afterwards
of Julius
Csesar.
built
See
temple
App.
on
to the
160
DEATH
the murder
where
OF
C^ESAB.
Mi.
committed, and
was
63.
of
on
pieces
This
had
the
was
spot.
of
the turning-point
uncertain
been
which
side the
populacewould
it
take.
Even
the decision
that
For
of
of Brutus
and
however, now
It was,
clear
the current
Senate.
safelythrow
time
some
he
Cassius,until the
off the mask
and
act
affected to desire
and
moderate
conciliatory
measures,
proposingin
by voluntarily
popularity
officeof Dictator should be for
It does not
fall within
time
when
came
he
as
he
pleased.
nothing so much as
and
gained some
the Senate that the
abolished.
ever
the scope
of this
biographyto
world.
Koman
That
be
no
murder,
mistake
I will
to
as
quote
the
to show
few passages from his subsequentletters,
of them he says :
terms in which he spokeof it. In one
a
"
"
Though everything
goes
v
*""
'
'""
'"""""
wrong,
""
"'"""""^
"""
'-'mH'
con-
162
DEATH
"
curious
OF
thing enough
the
patienceto
CJESAR.
that
fact,and yet
JET.
they
at the
should
submit
time
same
63.
with
dread
the
liberty."Not so curious,
however, as the Greek imagined,for men
clingto shadows
and adhere obstinately
long after the substance has departed,
name
as
of effete institutions,
though no
to the forms
instinct with
that
wonder
which
on
that the
so
they had
peoplewould
It is
life.
like Brutus
men
themselves
shown
and
energy
and
longer
impossiblenot to
Cassius
should
have
masse,
and
hail them
as
the
they therefore
for that
purpose.
Cicero
He
was
not
hastened
away
powerless,and
villa to
one
from
for
them,
as
to
praetors,
the
at such
forms, even
when
contraryto law
was
themselves
absent
and
But
of Borne.
saviours
the
from
for the
man
in letters to
an
Kome, where
emergency
like this.
Jrrnn
wfl/nflpTw!
nPcgj^fewjnnnflia
another, at
for
-Naples,pouring
out
his
Atticus,and se^kingdistractionfrom
Mutius, an
observer
which
of
the
plaints
com-
intimate Mend
of
Caesar,who
was
that
passingevents,and saw clearly
had played was
lost.
conspirators
find
visit
shrewd
the game
He
told
CICERO
B.C. 44.
Cicero that
nothing could
163
LANUVIUM.
AT
be
than the
presentstate
of things,
and there was
no
gettingout of the difficulty.
with so powerful
For if Caesar,"
he said, who was gifted
could not extricate the state from its perils,
an
intellect,
All is ruined."
do so ?
who
Upon which Cicero
can
remarks, Perhaps he is right."Mutius told him that
"
worse
"
"
Caesar had
said
what he wishes
and
he mentioned
at his
house,and
of
Brutus, "It is
he wishes
whatever
am
man
how
is my
convenience
he wills
to wait until he
sat down
?
unpopular
great importance
"
strongly
;
Cicero called
that I
of
summoned
was
observed, How
I doubt
"
can
I be
friend,when
I do not doubt
can
such
Caesar
on
fool
he sits
so
as
to
long
that he hates
me
would not be
;" meaning that so much
heartily
ceremony
terms of friendly
used by his visitor if they had been on
intimacytogether. Cicero was pleasedto hear that the
populacehad applaudedin the theatre at the Megalesian
the actor Publius had repeatedsome
Games
when
lines
which were
to Brutus
and
caught at as complimentary
Cassius. After staying
yjn^
only,Q flayflt-1l1'a FT'""ii""
he.,wrote to
he proceededto Lamivium, from which placa.
he had
that
regretting
not
"
164
DEATH
in their
joy at
OF
the death of
OESAR.
^Ex. 63.
and
Caesar,
flocked to him
to tell them
on
in
that
theme.
thrilling
the sixteenth of
Aprilhe
reached
and stayed
Puteoli,
several days at his villa in the neighbourhood. He was
here gratified
letters from his son
satisfactory
by receiving
at Athens, written in a stylewhich showed
learningand
On
Eome,
with
Cluvius
to
see
money.
left him
liberally
vided
profriend named
I do
not
Now
died
he
year
Cicero anxious
another
how
person,
far
who
Heavens
better
were
this state of
hardlypatienceto
had, as
under
we
him,
remember,
may
and
he sometimes
consuls
as
pupils. Their position
and
some
importance,
gave them
to ascertain what
they might
was
Balbus,Lentulus,Hirtius,and
of whom
two
endure
than
that he
declared
his
views, and
grated."
emi-
be
of
lessons in declamation
jestcalls
made
times
Here
It
...
sent him
was
Good
things.
to
likely
them
in
such
thousand
have
mice
inconvenience.
an
seems
and
funeral,
read it.
even
nothingfor
copy
the
"
things,which
that
but
tenants
call it
care
to have
only the
not
"
some
destined
be
to
were
relied
playa
their
political
upon.
far
in the
more
But
spicuous
con-
immediate,
B.C.
44.
MEETING
and
neighbourhood,
WITH
165
OCTAVIAN.
had
the
most
deferential attention
heen
sent
by Caesar,who
Apollonia in Epirus,to
was
out
the
of the
by
finish his
to have
on
accompaniedhim
Parthian campaign.
murder, and
will
his
was
respect. He
his
to
great-uncle,
education
to the
He
and
East
there,and
when
he
set
news
adoptedhim
heir,and
uncle's death.
He
hastened
on
to
Eome,
and
reached the
that he came
only to
April,
declaring
at this juncturein
receive his inheritance.
Antony was
Campania,where he had gone to gain over to his side the
able
there in considerwho were
soldiers,
quartered
legionary
numbers, many of them being settled as colonists on
of Caesar. He
lands bestowed upon them by the liberality
did not return
until the middle of May, when
to Kome
Octavius reproached
him with his delayin punishingthe
the end
cityat
assassins
should
be
was
of
adoption
Caesar,and demanded thatliis own
ratified-with the qsuallegal
forgis.This,perhaps,
ifAntonyhad been disposed
to
not so easy, even
of
comply,for it was
at Rome
of
an.
166
DEATH
by
adoption
inter
place
will.
Hitherto
vivos,
but
the
to
as
the
did
afterwards
point
but
in
the
the
Caesar
Julius
Caius
for
upon
his
year,
of
names
stand
carry
63.
taken
only
to
not
following
the
exchanged
Octavianus
time
no
was
had
act
an
however,
assumed
he
time
mean
it
until
adoption
JET.
such
Octavius,
technicalities.
C^SAR.
OF
well-known
title
"
of
In
Augustus.
He
that
the
made
thereby
to
His
these
between
was
the
was
carried
interval
on
of
elevation
of
of
various
under
Octavian
in
the
for
an
power,
which
sprang
the
and
reconciliation,
it
throne.
gate
profli-
Octavian's
to
after
imperial
an
hoping
his
until,
of
off
debts,
accede
hostility
destruction
the
to
to
already
paid
of
by
replied
had
and
support
phases,
hollow
but
apparent
knows,
everybody
unwillingness
competitors
two
and
him
to
He
Dolabella's
and
Octavian.
as
Antony
purposes,
friendship
foundation
but
State.
the
own
own
the
secure
colleague.
wishes
his
of
load
enormous
his
for
it
of
use
him
bequeathed
him;
to
to
of
speak
property
over
belonged
treasure
free
the
made
be
should
shall
we
that
demanded
also
Caesar
future
Antony,
up
contest
short
ended,
and
as
the
B.C.
44.
CICERO'S
VACILLATION.
CHAPTER
VACILLATION."
XXI.
DEPARTURE
FROM
RETURN
TO
JET. 63.
TN
the
kept up
His
Eome.
the
that it
that
friend wrote
hilly
scenery
B.C. 44.
Cicero
Arpinum
repliedthat
He
of
neuter
in the
scenes
of the
strugglebetween
he told
should
of
be
prospectof the
were
pleasant
so
camp
in
first blow
was
of Sextus
and
alternative,
"
would
felt that he
Spain,
be struck
to what
could
on
Let
and
Pompey
which
not
now
or
of Brutus
Caesar
had shown
as
me
for,
joy
that
;
enemies, a,nd
he
of
uncertainty
consider what
war.
is my
join
must
but either
the
he included himself,
number
result,he said,was
loftiertone,
in
arms
sure
regardedby
he reflected
Sextus,
out.
in
Caesar,
proscribed.The
the
either^
He
adopt.
Atticus,he
death
would
he preferred
usual,terribly
perplexedas
as
remain
in
both
Pompey, was
he
when
the
broke
actually
that the
was
was,
it
course
odious
or
whether
Cicero's idea
at the
him
was
by him.
as
asked
of
onlysurvivingson
and
SUDDEN
ROME.
and
AND
in the country,
quietly
with Atticus at
correspondence
active
an
at Puteoli.
sea
ITALY
mean
and
167
was
an
especially
He
added,
duty,and,
168
WITH
CORRESPONDENCE
he continued
to halt between
painfulirresolution as to
adopt,takingAtticus into
of
should
and
opinions,
two
63.
"T.
littlewith
state
ANTONY.
But
in
was
the
line of conduct
his
counsels,and
he
fiding
con-
It
about this
was
Pomponia,who
each other,put an
and
that Quintus
time,or perhapsearlier,
sick of
long been heartily
to their matrimonial squabbles
by a
in
to have been generally
seems
end
Quintus, who
divorce.
have
must
hard pressedto
was
difficulties,
money
he intended
the Koman
of
means
"
divorce under
find the
law.
of
rumor
another
but
lady,named
Aquillia,
Cicero said that his brother was
to the
utterlyaverse
thoughtof a second marriage,and, in the joy of his newlyacquiredfreedom,declared that nothingwas more delightful
than
to marry
he wrote
to him
from
of Cicero toward
of
tone
Puteoli,if we
had
letter
quent
not fre-
given us
erroneous
entirely
an
opinionsof
wished
been, as
part he
the
to
the
recall
we
took
funeral
of
of
his time.
exile Sextus
in the riotous
his
he
had
from
restored
but
as
the
occurred
Caesar
from
no
one
at
Antony
promise
a
was
whom
implacable
enemy,
had
for the
Clodius.
of
questionthan Cicero,
familywas
Eome
that
proceedings
obtained
Antony
Clodius,who
relative,Publius
should be
interested in the
Clodian
from
events
banished
recollect,
may
pretendedthat
that Sextus
and
men
would have
correspondence,
impressionof many of his
more
the whole
he
wrote
to
170
WITH
CORRESPONDENCE
of confidence,and
betrayal
no
For
"
of
of honor
man
gentlemen, when
and
read
that
"
of
takingan advantage
as
was
ever
of
cause
some
JET.
63.
which
avail himself.
would
ANTONY.
littleconversant
so
quarrel had
letters which
had
arisen,ever
of the usages
ward
brought for-
been
sent him
by a friend ?
public
of absent
To render impossiblethe confidential intercourse
friends, what
communion
How
?
else is it than to deprive life of all fellowshipand
in
letters
said
which
in
if
there
published
jest
they were
things are
many
said
how
which
!
would
things
seem
seriously
silly
yet on no
many
account
ought to be divulged !
in
"
There
and
is
good deal
it would
in mind
be
theyare
that,when
one
the assertion
last two
man
who
to
disposed
do.
is attacked
as
carryingthe
It is worth
to
as
having been
friend,
opinionwhich
or
conduct,it
forbids confidential
to be
bear it
But
be his
to
professed
sentences,
if biographers
would
well,perhaps,
oftener than
infamous
of truth in the
munications
com-
divulged.
as
noticing,
ancient and
an
point of honor,
that in the same
immediatelyafter accusingAntony
speech,
of a breach of good manners
in order to
in readinghis letter,
show that he was
guiltynot onlyof an indecorum but a folly,
Cicero made use of an argument which would certainly
not
have occurred to an orator at the presentday. He said
between
modern
ideas
on
the
"
"
But
ness
would
you that
Is it by the
sent
ever
me
what
which
allusion
you
to the
to urge
in
you have
letter at all ?
By what
handwriting ?
know
how
forgeriesof
How
Caesar's
evidence
in which
to
were
would
deny
you
that I
convict
have
an
thing
expertyou
bitter
a
(This was
good account.
handwriting with which Antony was
to
hand
of a secretary?
charged.)
you
I reallyenvy
in rhetoric, who
got such a large salary to
your master
teach you nothing. For what
is more
stupid,I do not say in an orator,
but an ordinary man,
than to allege that against an
adversary which if
the adversary denies, the assailant cannot
advance
But
a
step further.
I do not deny it."
We
may
could
to turn
reply if
flashed
across
Antony's
PEAISE
B.C. 44.
that
mind
Cicero,a
OF
senator
171
DOLABELLA.
and
would
ex-consul,
get up
in his
to
to
take
generally
lie,and
in
that
the
case
to be furnished with
care
assailant would
evidence
some
to
confute him.
quondam son-in-law
because he had
Dolabella in terms of extravagant
praise,
justput "down with stern vigor a tumult at Eome, and
of the ringleaders
with death. Caesar was
a
punishedsome
He
wrote
at the
the
favorite with
lower
to his
time
same
'
feasts with
Some
he
remembered
classes,who
had
which
more
had
he had
than
entertained
distributed
once
erected
with
pillar
the spot
to his memory,
on
twenty feet high in the Forum
where his body was
it,
burnt,with an inscription
upon
C^SARI PARENTI
PATRI.E,and sacrificeshad been actually
altar. This was
offered there as if it were
an
going rather
to be
too far,and Dolabella,
as
consul,ordered the pillar
A riot ensued, which was
thrown down.
soon
quelled,
and the most
It
was
persons
drew
forth such
him.
It is not
Dolabella,which
may
worth
stone
miums
encoextraordinary
to remonstrate
felt obliged
while to
be described
as
diately
complimentarystyle. And yet immefind hi"
afterwards we
writing to Atticus,and
sayingthat it would be a much greateraction on the part
he owed
of Dolabella if he would only pay the money
yet been
him
meaning Tullia's dowry which had never
Cicero frequently
restored by her worthless husband.
much annoyedat
and was obviously
harpedon this subject,
the money.
of recovering
the delayand poor prospect
in Cicero's most
"
"
172
CICERO
Puteoli,and
left
He
some
AT
reason,
a
took
he
lake,where
left her
and
himself to travel
He
him.
that
the
key
far
as
the
the
expression"so far
that this betrayedsome
pay
visit to his
he
accounts
satisfied with
Athenian
distinguished
although he spoke favorablyof
from
Cicero
Athens, and
as
wished
distrusted
not
was
Pompeii,
near
villa on
care
rather
he
for
son,
to
villa
of health,she
account
on
probably
short periodin the country; and
gave
J"r. 63.
to his
went
act of kindness
an
to reside for
POMPEII.
letter he
named
the
had
of
received
Leonidas, who,
used
man,
young
the whole
of the want
of
deed,he said,was
were
the
has
bitter
me
"
than
more
the deed
of children.
counsels
made
was
shown
foresight
Their
"
at
as
of
the
by
men
ever
vinced
con-
conspirators.
their counsels
"
Old
age," he added,
dissatisfied with everything.
am
let the
"
to it."
He
was
war.
But
my
had
He
life is
seen
over:
enough
young
see
of it in the last
contest,and had
he
recollection of the miseries of a campaignwhen
lively
joinedthe standard of Pompey in Epirus. "Anything,"
he
now
exclaimed,
better to die
2
Cui
quidem
"
thousand
ego totam
camp! It would
at my time
deaths,especially
rather
villam
than
be
tradidi.
cellamqiie
"
Ad
Alt. XIV.
of
9.
BRUTUS'S
44.
B.C.
life." A
June,
and
him
friends advised
he
to
body of troops,and
it
those who
made
upon
of Caesar.
He
THE
had
wished
been
to be
to Atticus
What
"
caused
it has
feared that
had
shown
attack would
an
themselves
'
is there such
his kindness
assign when
dearth
his
to bear
born
are
It
Cicero
say
to do with
What
Alexio,and
thus
chieflyfor
means
'
much
how
Whom
the
reason
doctor?
when
temperate
so
But
sorrow
be for alarm
such
me
"
help thinking
disease
has
denly
sud-
so
physicianof
that
myself by reflecting
happen to mortal man."
a
all accidents
in love with
was
no
to me,
which
can
seems
the sudden
agreeabledisposition.Besides, I cannot
skill.
eminent
now
of them
cause
such
the enemies
hearing of
! It is incredible
by
me,
they
have
there may
not
off
carried
a
man
what
we
a
"
be
"
What
physician^?
and, believe
me,
people
which
that
to have in readiness
was
for
they heard
summoned
present,but his
for
distressed at
was
173
CAPITOL.
stay away,
being made
were
preparations
secret
IN
the Senate
meeting of
first of
the
SPEECH
compliments. The
ladyhad
some
fancied that
passage
he
few
alludes to it is
after
it was
Brutus
Cicero
said he
different
from
amalgamate.
it out
could
that
of
such
speechmust
down
by some
the
either taken
wrote
make
it,and
As
thoughtadvisable.
of the
copy
or
to
marrying her.
of
Brutus
when
ladyherself was
the
or
afterwards
not
correct
from
it.
corrections
him
he
pore,
have been extemone
on
the
His
to compose
stylewas
would
an
spot,
But
memory.
Atticus wished
as
so
not
oration
174
ANTONY'S
himself,and
spoken in
the
tyrantwho
nor
in that way.
He
is
levitywhich
sometimes
whom
publicaffairswere
course
wounded."
"
would
against
but not
then,
the murder
with
when
instance,
"the
as
Sometimes
his
in
man
pressions
ex-
to the ruinous
Thus, alluding
quitesavage.
were
to death
as, for
deal
had
Brutus
time
good
friend Brutus
our
Brutus
the
spoke of
disgusting
;
of his letters he
one
write
justlyput
so
was
which
one
said that
and
say
JET. 63.
refused,as
naturally
He
own.
he would
when
come
he
but
Capitol,
his
publishing
was
pass
the
FORGERIES.
he
taking,
said
"
"
Antony had
much
he
as
liked under
the
carryingout
been
contrived
ingeniousmode
an
of
doing very
the
directions
only
as
has
was
more
less
nor
directions.
which
had
should
have
was
dead.
which
it to papers
Neither
It
is it easy
filled up
to understand
under
his
why edicts,
never
a
Faberius
been
B.C.
CICERO
44.
the Senate
and
they
wishes
LIEUTENANT
to be in the
OF
DOLABELLA.
of
testamentary
papers
nature
175
execution
all the
givingeffectto
Caesar after be
have
would
done
king," he said,
of his
is
"
got back-to
had
been
slain,
we
pay
and
wrote
his Tusculan
to Atticus
alive.
"Though
or
the
wrote
at
present
also to
advised
Antony
to
declaringthat
to keep away
as
He
if he
could
majesty."
He
May,
was
he
was
from
of
solved
re-
Borne.
legation
givenhim, which would enable him to leave Italy
without injuryto his reputation.But his anxietyon this
to whom
afterwards relieved by Polabella,
pointwas soon
the Senate had given the government of Syria witE a
in order that he might conduct the
militar^joomm_and,
campaign againstthe Parthians; and on the second of
of his lieutenants,
June hejnade Cicero one
givinghim a
generalpermissionto employ his time as he pleasedand
He could thus go away from Italy
he liked.
travel^where
culty
without seeming to fly,and might escape from the diffithat ha was
under the pretext
of his position
obeying
the
orders of Dolabella.
visit Athens
and
He
determined,therefore,to
of
the
year,
176
WITH
INTERVIEW
when
under
Eome
new
BRUTUS
and
of
consulship
the
AND
better
CASSIUS.
sera
JET. 63.
would
dawn
for
But
Brutus
and
put off;and, as
Cassius
is well
jointmasters
with
of
him
were
determined
not
be.thus
to
landed in
known, Brutus ultimately
Philippi
foughtand
made Antony and Octavian
the Koman
empire. Cicero
at
at Antium
in
sive
lost the decifor the time
had
June, at which
an
view
inter-
his mother
and
Servilia,his sister Tertulla the wife of Cassius,
own
wife
his
present.
it was
best to
debated what
course
questionwas
adopt. Cicero's advice was that Brutus should undertake
to purchasegrain in Asia for Eome, which
commission
a
the Senate had imposedupon him, or at all events make
of it as a pretextfor leavingItaly. While they were
use
the matter Cassius arrived. He had a similar
discussing
for Sicily,
but declared in a fierce tone that he
commission
would
not go there on
such a contemptibleerrand,but
The
would
cross
over
to Achsea.
The
utter want
of purpose
178
CHANGES
QUINTUS
YOUNG
.Ex. 63.
of
SIDES.
character.
Atticus
satisfactory
at
was
alreadyout of pocket by advancing him money
who begged him to inquire
Athens, which surprised
Cicero,
him
from
of the most
were
of his steward
houses which
son's
his
had
what
we
remember
may
while
use
done with
been
he
abroad, and
had
for
appropriated
thought it
ample
an
allowance.
of what
ranks
The
we
call the
may
that
opposition,
now
joinedfrom
other,and
or
reason
some
greatjoy of
the
his
went
father,and
over
to the other
also of his
side,to
uncle,who
was
very
that he
wrote
might
be
took
of his
that
of
him, but
to
give much
which
he
had
kind
by the party.
of
highestpraises
full of the
one
uncle,as
trusted
emphaticassurances
open to his nephew
to
his
Atticus from
letter to
care
he
at the
credence
on
to
his
guarantee
Cicero therefore
his
sincerity.This
might see what
to write
of
same
nephew,and
he
delivered
he
had
time
privately
him
guard ; cautioning
the
spoken of Quintus
said
complimentaryterms
in the other letter.
not
in
In
showed
that he
point of fact, however, the young man
He adhered
to the
faithfully
might be depended upon.
side he now
adopted,and fella victim to the proscription
before the end of the following
year.
Brutus
wished
Cicero to go to Eome
and be
presentat
B.C. 44.
LITERARY
the games
his
of
name
be very
the sake
the
were
name
Apollo,which
praetor. But
as
it would
been
announced
it was
posthumous
which
match
much
in honour
Quintilis,
of
annoyed at this,thinking
place in July,as
honor
to
say
was
take
therefore wrote
cityfor
nothingof
had
to
ground that
to visit the
time,to
substituted for
Brutus
that
naturally
by him who
such
him
the
on
he
advertised to take
Caesar; and
he declined
at
which
danger to
179
about to be celebrated in
were
unbecomingfor
of amusement
had
LABORS.
the
to
Rome,
if he
directions that
gave
to follow the
was
to pay
of his victim.
memory
and
meant
He
ing
hunt-
Apollinarian
games
He was
placein. ID. QUINT.
not without hopesthat the peoplewould be ingratiated
by
he gave them ; but in bidding
the splendorof the spectacles
outdone by Octavian,
thus for popularfavor he was
who distributed largely
amongst the lower classes,
money
and thus gainedfor himself the voices of the mob.
During all this time, since he had left Rome, Cicero
and we
had been actively
engaged in literary
composition,
and alarm some
of his
to a periodso full of anxiety
owe
His intellectualactivity
most celebrated works.
never
was
in the last two
greaterthan
consolation
was
years of his
and
study of philosophy,
the
he
to Brutus
Cmself
occupied
in
of his Own
De
givingthe
he
devotion
wrote
we
them
his chief
and
life,
and
Divinatione
last touches to
or
cated
dedi; and
history
time
"
ML
.!"..,
,.,
fUf.fHimmmf^
...~^_
180
LABORS.
LITERARY
onlyexists
in
mutilated
form.4
JE-r. 63.
sent the De
He
Gloria
to Atticus
strict
be
to
"
aloud
in the
"
supper-table,
accordingto
few
friends
"
(bonosauditores nactus)
at
which
of the
"
custom
of
presence
He
also
was
one
composed
two
his most
delightful
essays, those on Friendship(De
Amieitid\and Old Age (De Senectute).He_c^mmenced,
besides,his .work
De
We
but admire
and geniuswhich
industry
enabled him, when
his mind was
depressedby sorrow, and
the institutions of his country crumbling to ruin
he saw
and her liberties the prizeof the most
successful adventurer,
to distract his thoughtsfrom the chaos of politics,
It seemed like the
and employ them on such lofty
themes.
sun
burstingthrough the clouds,and while all was dark
and drearyfor him in the stormy world of action7heexpatiated
with more
delightthan ever in the calm regionsof
and philosophy.
contemplation
He was
stillanxious to sail from Italyin company
with
Brutus,havinggivenup the idea of embarking at Brunduof
sium, the usual portfor Greece, as he heard that some
which were
the legions
quarteredin Macedonia, waitingto
march
to the East for the Parthian campaign,and which
Antony had sent for,were expectedthere ; and he did not
4
was
The
cannot
the
the
It
PARTING
44.
B.C.
think
LETTER
181
ATTICUS.
soldiers.
But
wait
would
Brutus
Borne
during
Attius's
the
with Caesar's
at last Cicero
squadron of ships.
that when
the
had
He
Nesis,where
and
dilatory,
was
longer.
no
in the island of
him
TO
play
who
Cassius,
News
of Tereus
had
come
acted
was
spectatorshad
loudlyapplauded
which
some
expressedhatred of tyranny; but
passages
that it gave
Cicero remarked
him
than joy
more
sorrow
that the people employed their hands in clappingat a
theatre,instead of defendingthe Kepuhlic.
All was
and before he
at last ready for his departure,
games,
set out
on
his voyage
him
telling
he
amidst
that!,
partingletter to Atticus,
w_rotea
the
emotions
conflicting
affected by
leavingItaly,he was chiefly
he was
separatingfrom him. | The two
an
so
his
time
are
journey.
Their
and
few
wore
on,
pleasingthan
more
him
attachment
things in
the
Cicero's
the
he describes
as
of
a
"
"
his
love.
suavium
Pilise
XVI.
6.
des.
salutein
"
(quod optimum
Ad
Alt, XVI.
in
Attica,
girlof
"
and
when
stylingher
playfully
the
In
Atticse, quoniam
verbis
father,sometimes
as
took in his
have
disposition the best a child can
merry
he often sent her kisses and affectionate messages
her
don
aban-
correspondence
interest he
warm
done
to increase
seemed
especiallyfond
to
he had
how
repliedthat if he had
perhapshave made him
happiness. He was
daughter of Atticus, whom
wrote
time
some
friend's
he
taken
Cicero
it would
in his presence
friends had
told
that
thought
other at Tusculum
wept
the
he felt at
he
sailed he
pueris est)hilarula
said,
est, meis
11.
meis.
"
Ib.
182
DEPARTURE.
CICERO'S
Pray, J^J|^ssJbr
"
deserves
in
going
said
He
absent
my
compliments
sailor
the
even
short
as
sea
She
Attica.
she
sent
he
that
hardly satisfied
was
idea of
he
in
me
did
right
shrank
was,
to Athens.
passage
"
behind
I leave
I have
seats, where
that I may
peace,
me
that
time
travellingthe
in
spend
kind
and, wretched
away,
the
from
"
He
letter."
your
to
me
63.
MT.
houses
good
find
war
have
might
passed at
But
pleasant scenery.
and
either be of
and
return
I shall
and
my
country
my
tion
consola-
be able to
my, son,
is possiblewith him.
far progress
ascertain how
Besides, you will come
be
so
as
promise, and as I hope ; and if this
everything will go on
you
is this
sailed from
He
three
his
towards
the
he
way
and
landed
had
was
proprietor
He
voyage.
his
shall
sixteenth of
amused
the
at
July with
some
Rhegium (Reggio),oppositeto
friend Trebatius
as
or
the
Pompeii on
vessels
small
coasted
to
use
some
me."
better with
On
I shall
then
himself
board
on
a sort. of compendium
'Topica,'
of
his
Yelia,where
of
town
Messina.
day,
proceeded on his
ship by writing
work
of Aristotle
Ehegium he paid a
flyingvisit to Sica at Yibo, remembering the kindness
him when
in former
he was
he had received from
days
and he was
exile from
Kome;
an
again entertained by
him
so
hospitablythat he almost fancied himself at
of that
Before
name.
he
Here
home.
things told
him
he
wrote
that he
reached
to
Atticus, and
had
amongst
discovered
other
mistake
he
a
prefaceto his essay on Glory,
prefixing
demics.
he had
which
alreadyused as a preface to his AcaHe had, therefore,
composed a new
one, which
he sent him, and begged him to
glue it into the book,
had
made
in
"
*'
Tribus
actuariolis,decem
scalmis.
"
Ad
Att. XVI.
3.
B.C.
44.
and
he
CHAKGE
cut
the
out
other.
OF
PLAN.
With,
183
his
habitual
irresolution
had
"
decided
on
of
course
difficultiesagainstit.
left behind
not
wives
name
"
The
thought
pressed heavilyupon
Atticus in Heaven's
had
action,he conjuredup
all events
to
him,
them
liquidate
the dowries
Publilia's
was
all kinds of
and
he
for him.7
of his two
due;
begged
and
He
successive
he
had
to
crossed from
the
first of
which he reached
Bhegium to Syracuse,
August ; and althoughmost warmly welcomed
the
by
inhabitants
who
had
not
forgottenhis
in Sicily,
and his conduct of the impeachment
qusestorship
of Yerres,he stayed there only one
night. Next day he
embarked
and
drove him
back to
made
sea, but
adverse weather
a promontory near
Leucopetra,
Ehegium.
He againset sail,
but was
again forced back by a southerly
It seemed
wind.
had conspired
to preas if the elements
vent
the prosecution
of his voyage, and he afterwards told
Atticus that he owed heartythanks to the winds for doing
him from the obloquyto which his
so, and thus relieving
He landed,to wait for a favorable
journeyexposed him.
his
friend
Yalerius,and
here
he
received
which entirely
changed his plans,and
intelligence
made
him abandon all idea of quitting
Italy.
Some of the principal
citizens of Khegium, who had just
from
if he
were
7
Nomina
Rome,
anxious
mea,
per
to effect
reconciliation with
decs, expedi,exsolve.
"
Ad
Att. XVI.
Brutus
6.
184
LAST
and
Cassius.
INTERVIEW
The
the consul
the tone
so
to
was
vessel and
on
the
He
retraced
his
seventeenth
of
August.
tone
of which
for it seemed
to blame
to the
abandon
too
Atticus, the
from
to
course
at
he
to
once
of which
his
board
on
reached
he
Yelia,which
Here
people,and
voyage
embarked
of
copy
that he determined
pleasedhim
Eome,
J"x. 63.
Cicero
addressed
happy to
sick.
alreadyheartily
return
he
had
BRUTUS.
showed
Bhegians
speechwhich
of it
WITH
found
letter
slightlyannoyed him;
and to assume
that it
departure,
satisfactory
requiredsome
explanation,
althoughAtticus
himself had
previously
approved of it. But Cicero did
his friend the justice
to believe that he had
some
good
for changing his opinion. Brutus, whose
reason
ships
laya short distance off at the mouth of the river Hales,
hastened to meet
him, and they had their last interviewBrutus
expressed great joy that Cicero had given up
the idea of leaving Italy,and
told him
there was
a
calumnious
himself
his
gone
to Greece
to
amuse
at the
not
reason
Olympian games, which, for some
have been
to us, Cicero declares would
very intelligible
and at the presentcrisis utterly
at any period,
disgraceful
indefensible.
for him
Why would it have been disgraceful
time
at any
to have
been a spectatorof the Olympian
at which Alexander
festival^
that it would
Eoman
statesman
fair. But
to
we
felt by the
have
spoken
been
part
must
remember
had
see
them
Komans
the
as
for
in the merriment
how
for the
constantly
appears
by
sunk
derogatoryto
as
to go and
proud
of
games
Latin
so
dignityof
grave
the
Greek
in the tone
writers;
repute
a
English
of Bartholomew
strongwas
whole
low in
the
enter
It may
?
kings for competitors
take
contempt which
is
famous
once
Senator
have
had
and
contempt
nation
"
in which
it
perhaps they
186
GREAT
CICERO'S
state of sullen
vices ; and
his
POPULARITY.
hostility.Dolabella
conduct
as
JET.
was
in
politician
63.
ruptcy
of a national bankproposedthe nefarious measure
debtors from the obligation
of paying
by relieving
their debts,was
neither forgottennor
forgiven. Antony
but
hated
not
was
merely mistrusted,
by the senators,who
without his nobleness of nature
in him
another Caesar,
saw
and who, in silent amazement, had
or
commanding intellect,
he had passedoff as edicts
witnessed the impudent forgeries
and decrees which they themselves had agreed to ratify.
back with
No wonder, then,that Cicero was
welcomed
enthusiastic greeting.The faintheartedness he betrayed
an
to
when
pouring out his soul to Atticus was not known
had shown
bold front in many
the public. He
a
great
in
the
Senate
and
his
matchless
emergencies,
eloquence
in critical
the Eostra had often decided questions
and on
of difficulty
and danger. No wonder, then, that
moments
both senators and peoplelongedto hear that voice again,
he had
of counsel
that would
flow from
their
lips. And he did not disappoint
persuasive
he so^truly
no
was
period of his career
as
gjMJBBTCTTiLis
life. Overawed
in the
throughoutthe Civil
his course
War
dear, and his duty manifest.
was
; but now
I/He had cast in his lot with the regicides,
and he was
/\ resolved that,come
what might,he would stand the hazard
^1
he discovered that the hope which had
of the die.
When
Iuil"d"~!rlm
back to Eome
was
illusory the hope, I mean,
that Antony was
and
going to act the part of a patriot,
and
oscillated in
manner
pitiable
"
B.C.
BITTER
44.
intestine
the
heal
ATTACKS
ON
wounds
of
187
ANTONY.
the
commonwealth
he
"
the
in
consul
days
^afety^,-It
own
of
led
which
him
the
but
with
be
aoaan
tha
to
which
boldness
Catiline,
thai
attack
the
such
admitted
who,
of
little
defended
Jike^Mm,
it
with
Antony
causejhe
destroyer
not
him
small
believe
if
liberties
he
were
of
of
us
denounced
took
I
mingled
reminds
and
he
and
be,
may
affront
personal
would
which^showed
violence
of
witJf"
him
opposed
with
thought
that
was,
with
the
not
Borne.
no
his
of
sense
motives
unsparing
of
the
lence
viru-
mise
compro-
destroyed,
188
QUAKREL
WITH
ANTONY.
XXII.
CHAPTER
QUAKKEL
WITH
ANTONY"
MOVEMENTS
THE
OF
T 'HEBE
to be
was
and
morrow,
it
B.C. 44.
the Senate
meeting of
that
known
was
OCTAVIAN.
AND
63.
full
PHILIPPIC
SECOND
ANTONY
Mi.
JET. G3.
the
on
intended
Antony
to
propose
Senate
the
motion
did
to
from the
of the
Caesar would
Antony, and
frustrated the
to act with
him
consuls
his
to
that
the
matter
Antony
to
difficultto
rage
he
excuse
form, than
be
from
about
threw
his seat
come
his
because
of it
"
his absence.
explain.It
rose
taken
The
in the
he
a
the business
courtesy,
messenger
was
thought any
effect it
into
his
unwell
was
out of
sent
Antony
he would
ears.
more
"
to
to attend
summons
and
cherished
himself
plea that he
rapidjourney. It was
see
of
hopes he
he
made
have
the
and
deified,
confined
obeyedby
as
not,
and
stayed away,
fatigueof
be
oppose
the Palatine, on
on
could
almost
therefore
house
He
appear.
which
being able
He
not
the
and
came,
inconsistency,
support
wish
breach with
of
did
morning
and
grossesthypocrisy
by
not
the
when
assembled,Cicero
without
a
But
to
producedis
paroxysm
Senate,and
sendjworkmen
of
declared
to
pull
44.
B.C.
THE
When
FIRST
Cicero heard
which
one
of the
had
had threatened
been
the
to
sudden
great,but he
was
with
break
admire
the
and
reconciliation,
there the
day
the
whose
as
The
He
to the
publiccost
of his
provocation
conduct
depended;
an
the
was
not, however,give
and
and
policythe
it is impossible
with
expostulated
first of those
under
at the
anger.
he
affront,
rather
next
went
did
tact with
He
much
so
pulldown
the monument
was
restrained himself.
Antony, upon
to
It
impulseof
to
189
deeplyoffended.
house which Antony
very
PHILIPPIC.
the consul
of
as
enemy.
and
Senate-house,
famous
delivered
fourteen orations
well
so
of the
Philippics.1
and calm
It was
a
masterlyspeech,grave, dignified,
and the occasion.
Antony was not
worthy of the man
guage
present. Conscious of the indecent violence of his landid not wish to face an
he probably
the day before,
known
name
"
in debate
formidable
opponent so
accorded
In
me
"
to himself.
speech,and
of the
allow
be ill
to
as
that
Cicero,who
tically
sarcas-
Antony might
have
not
which yesterday
was
permission
I will quote a few short passages
can
onlyregretthat space will not
quote more.
his opinion
on
generally
declaring
the state of
public
he said :"
affairs,
"
I approve
These
speecheswere
ti"nes Antanianx,
Gell. Nod.
1.
do
that?
called
originally
is much
which
Alt. XIII.
can
the
more
but because
the Antonian
I think
we
ought
Orations, Ora-
appropriatename."
See Aul.
190
WITH
QUARREL
all
above
the
to consult
things
present,providedthat he
have permission to
suppose, may
were
me
yesterday.
He
be
would
fashion
are
Mr.
interests of peace.
without
his
came
be unwell
able
he
ANTONY.
is
teach
to
prepared
to be maintained
that
satellites.
libertywhich
"
I wish
Antony
he, I
But
was
63.-
denied
which
are
in memoranda
found
and
papers
scraps
of
"
"
"
"
no
account
He
"
reviewed
the conduct
of
in procuringthe
inconsistency
laws
Caesar
of which
time, he took
care
the
was
to
carry
scruplethe allegedwishes
left behind
he had
papers
irony on
enabled
back
to
from
the
Antony,pointingout his
repealof several salutary
author,while,at
of Caesar
him.
power
execution with
into
the
"
same
religious
in
expressed
commented
He
which
as
the
Dictator
Exiles
were
with
was
the
castic
sar-
thus
brought
He
when
of Caesar.
he removed
He
then
the column
turned to
him as
Antony,addressing
if he were
and reminded him" of
present(absentemappetto),
his patriotic
conduct when
the Senate met in the temple
of Tellus, and
during the first few days after the Ides
of March.
With
artful dexterity
tion
he alluded to the aboliof the office of Dictator as a proofthat Antony wished
to brand the memory
of Caesar with everlasting
infamy.
of
crime
Marcus
one
Manlius,on
you
of
account
on
191
Manlius, so
of Dictator
name
PHILIPPIC.
be called Marcus
patrician
may
the
FIRST
as,"be said,"by
For
"
THE
44.
B.C.
gens,
no
of the
account
abolished
entirely
the odium brought
the unmistakable
and
those who
upon
had
assassinated
by thanking the
listened to
they had
time
The
"
Senate
him,
that I have
him.
He
ended his
and
concluded
lived is
with
tion
ora-
with which
the
words,
nearlyenough, both as
and
the glory I have
studied moderation
wormwood
galland
retired to
villa which
Tibur,the modern
and
for
the
over
a
to
than
more
replyhe
affected
Antony when he
had belongedto
about
Tivoli,
a
was
to
imaginaryopponent,to say
it an
him, that he might answer
Cicero sarcastically
observed,when
an
"
abundant.
so
pupilwere
Senate that Antony declaimed
his
the
and
enable
He
him
summoned
been
Metellus
Scipioat
miles from
sullen anger
had
Eome,
he brooded
to make.
how
have
read it. He
fourteen
in
fortnight
as
candor, must
declaim, permitting
him,
he
what
against
pleased
master,
ing
the materials for attackhe afterwards told
And
himself
to make
thirsty,
to drink.
another
meeting of
the
Senate
for the
nineteenth
he
of
afterwards
declared that, if he
had
not
done
so, he
192
murdered.
been
have
would
for
improbable
;
ANTONY.
WITH
QUARREL
Antony
And
took
readiness
execute
to
the
by
have
door, and
at the
soldiers in attendance
this is
to
care
no
means
guard
within
even
of
the
pretextof preserving
the senators,and
overawe
63.
^T.
be
in
he might
desperateenterprise
any
suddenlycommand.
speechof Antony
The
attacFhe made
of the
every
we
Cicero,from
on
know
the nature
the elaborate
enemies
"
cule
up to ridi-
takingcare
standingjoke of his
"
Cedant
accused him
He
the
line
unfortunate
quote that
to
reply
could
charge he
lost,but
second
the
in
contained
is
anna
of
togse,concedat
being the
laurea
laudi.
of Publius Clodius
murderer
to
finally,
show
how
little Cicero
or
esteemed,
from
few, if any, legacies
received
loved
was
deceased friends.
Such
was
the
catalogueof chargeswhich
Cicero had to
he would
triumphantly
and
them if he had been present,
have been able to answer
I
had risen on the instant to reply. But for the reason
not there ; and as it was
no
have mentioned he was
longer
safe for him to meet Antony face to face in debate, he took
which
He resolved to write a speech,
different course.
a
meet,2and it
vomere
His
is easy
to
strong expressionis
"
"
suo
more,
non
see
dicere."
"
how
Omnibus
Ad
Div.
2.
scripsi,
194
in
the
with
depicted
in
and
colors,
darkest
JET. 63.
than
more
would
which
coarseness
ANTONY.
WITH
QUAEREL
one
is
passage
tolerated
he
not
quotingin the
As for proofehereof
words
of old North's translation.
it is reported
that at Hippias'
marriage,one of his jeasters,
all night,that the next morning
he drank wine so lustily
in
One
oration now.3
an
is worth
passage
"
when
he
had
councell,who
his surfet he
with
before
them, and
instead of
him, he
sent for
had
taken
peopleassembled in
beingquesiestomached
compelledto lay all
the
pleadebefore
to
came
was
his gown
him
one
basen."
AlthoughCicero dared not trust himself in the Senatehouse,he stayedin Kome, where we find him writingto
ness
and deploring
the scantiCassius at the end of September,
that was
of the number
of good men
left to defend
fortunes of the Republic.
the falling
decided course.
ventured to take a more
Antony now
between
He
had hitherto trimmed
the two parties,
the
friends and
to
enemies
which
see
of Caesar.
the wind
way
It
was
As
blew.
for him
necessary
long as
it was
tain
uncer-
tumult.
side the
which
But
months
as
of the
in favour
were
absent from
took
champion of
in
I had
became
"
He
may
of the most
them.
Kome.
It
an
most
"
weaker
afraid that
was
popularfavor by coming
what
written
all or
conspirators
and
weaker, he
forward
but
the
might
as
party,and
the
he
that the
speech,with a translation
am
compelled by want of space
the terrible depravityof morals in
analysisof
strikingpassages,
gives us a glimpse of
of whom
Octavian
was
3
line.
bolder
him
outbid
Eome
rolled away,
of
some
to omit
ancient
B.C.
STATUE
44.
equally dear
was
thrown
down
Dictator:
therefore
Jo
the
His
colleagueDolabella
in honor
erected
pillar
he would
raise _a
had
of the deceased
to his fame.
monument
the Kostra
placedon
Caesar,with
him.
195
C^ISAR.
TO
in the Forum
He
statue of
the
PARENTI
OPTIME
MEEITO.
inscription,
artful epitaph
No more
could he conceived than this none
which reflected more
the assassins who had
on
strongly
It was
the welldeprivedtheir countryof its Parent.
known form to he seen
the tombstones
and sepulchral
on
of Kome, by which children expressed
urns
their pious
to a father's memory.
Cicero felt the censure
gratitude
it impliedin its full force. He
wrote to Cassius and
"
said
"
Your
"
friend
of the statue
case
PARENTI
OPTIME
day by day
more
grows
he has erected
which
MEKITO
so
you
parricides.What
;
no
the
furious.
more
the Eostra
on
that
and
are
branded
First,in the
with the
with
the
inscription?
of not
name
madman
"Would
that I had
! he would
be
giving
trouble now."
plan
sagacious
of the destinies of
Borne,and
he
for making
^npej^
to
proceeded
carry
that Decimus
mentioned
already
Brutus had been appointed
by Caesar governor of Cisalpine
confirmed by the
Gaul,-and that this appointmentwas
Seoate after Caesar's death.
Antony resolved to take,possession
Backed
of this importantcommand.
by a strong
at his mercy,
he would then have the capital
force,
military
ready at a moment's notice to sweep down upon it from
of modern Lombardy. He
the wide plains
tl^erefore
got
Gaul
the peopletcL.bestpwjhe
governmentof Cisalpine
I have
it into execution.
upon
himself.
This
was
an
unconstitutional if not
an
commands
appointmentsto provincial
conferred
rested with the Senate,and that body had already
He treated Antony's
Brutus.
the province
upon Decimus
act
illegal
; for
the
196
CRUELTY
OF
ANTONY.
JEr. 63.
He
port on the ninth of October.
and promisedthem
tion
donaa
soldiers,
reached
and
Eome
harangued the
in English money
four pounds
to about
equivalent
But the pampered veterans,who remembered
a-head.
the
of Caesar,treated the offer with contempt. The
largesses
of the four legionswere
the Martial,the Second,
names
the Fourth, and the Thirty-fifth.
Antony exerted all his
there
But
and he took
terrible
revenge.
be massacred
to
his wife
and
in cold
blood
Fulvia, whom
before
"the
as
dignifiedgeneral,"
and
the
soldiers made
no
attempt to
their march
but, quitting
Brundusium, commenced
the
eastern
they
would
himself
at
the famous
in addition
Kome
by
their officers,
avenge
along
which
on
side
ultimatelydeclare themselves.
Antony put
the head of the remaininglegion,which
was
levied by Caesar in Gaul, and called Maudes
one
to its
the
number,4 and
turned
his
steps towards
the march.
on
XVI.
Antonium
8.
cum
legione Alaudarum
ad
urbem
pergere.
"
Ad
Ait.
44.
B.C.
PROCEEDINGS
In the
time
mean
villa at Puteoli.
OF
OCTAVIAN.
In
197
city,and
at
Cornificius,
just before his
time
that
retired to his
if
"
Eepubliccould
"
For
rny
be said to exist in
part, amidst
own
much
owe
distractingcare,
to
but
Fadvise
And
evil which
to
you
involves
events, and
philosophy, which
also
adopt
no
all these
arms
moral
If he
had
lived at
have
been
able
me
the
same
camp,"and
said
in every
against all
remedy, and
the
assaults
consider
"
mortal
only withdraws
not
dent,
acci-
from
me
of fortune.
nothing as
an
blame."
later and
he would
happierperiod,
substitute the word
Keligionfor
to
Philosophy.
At
Puteoli he
offered them
formed
the amount
five times
the nucleus of
he had
considerable army.
done, and
He
soon
wrote
to
bourhood,
Cicero,and proposedan interview at Capua or the neighdeclined.
with his usual timidity,
but this Cicero,
to have been his real reason,
for this seems
I say timidity,
childish to suppose that it could take
he says that it was
as
placeunobserved. He did not think it prudentto commit
himself
in
irrevocably
confidence in Octavian
Atticus,
"
at the
name
the
as
prospectof
a
leader.
war.
a
"
He
Look,"he
had little
wrote
to
198
IRRESOLUTION.
constantly
spokeof him
him
meet
not
to the
as
he
course
rabble,but,if
he
class
respectable
boy. Findingthat
wished,he
he
should
Borne, where
to
go
as
as
he
MT.
sent
confidence
inspired
Atticus,he could
Cicero would
was
of citizens
63.
in his
his side.
on
In
the
sincerity,
this to
telling
"
"
are
you
on
the
part himself,and
that he
him
telling
easier to
was
of Homer,
as
adoptedas
career
be
second
ought to
giveadvice
Cicero found
it
to himself,which
applicable
motto
State,
the whole
to express
quoteda line
he might have
of his political
"
Afraid
he
But
better
to
suddenly determined
to
spot in
case
to be
on
the
to
fly.5
He
thoughtit
where
opportunity,
return.
any
his services
"
On
the
seventh
On
the
of November
reached
8'
vTroSe'xflcu.
Literally,they were
country residence at
Sinuessa.
same
was
currently reported that Antony
day
I therefore changed my plan. For I had
intended to halt at Casilinum.
In that case
to go straightto Eome
determined
by the Appian Koad.
for
travels
with the
with
he
have easilycome
he would
they say
me,
up
turned
aside from
MinturnsB
in the
I therefore
rapidityof Caesar.
"
'ATSetrflez/p.lvavyvaa-Ocu, S^ffav
ashamed
to
my
it
"
B.C. 44.
CICERO
direction
of
Arpinum. I intend
(where Quintus had
Arcanum
whole
your
are
or
three
mind
to the
as
possible.
He
to remain
I will do what
I look
the road
on
Atticus.
It
another
had
to
advise.
you
to
to his villa at
approach
But
let
me
There
nearer,
know
as
letter."
morningbefore daybreak,
met
him
with
it,and
letter from
his
partyhad
day dawned
no
"
of his habit of
earlyrising
Atticus had anticipated
his question
leave the Appian road,and make
Arpinum. He immediately
went
many
that
him
by advising
detour
importance.
or
until
wait, therefore,
proofamongst
of
Arpinum,
was
lights. He
courier
matter
at
eagerlyfor your
199
either at Aquinum
stay to-morrow
or
villa). Now, my dear Atticus, give
and
to
ARPINUM.
question, for it is
to me,
courses
open
Rome.
to
go quite
soon
AT
"
there and
that
afraid to go there.
It is curious to find
him,at
this moment
of
and publicconfusion,declaring
that
privateperplexity
he
was
smitten
referred
to Atticus
In
himself
with
in
one
a
to
of his
manner
and he
passionfor writinghistory,
set him righton a pointof chronology.
letters from Arpinum he expressed
which
me?"
and
he
my
father's son
us
of the riddle
what
"
"
If
relation is he to
grandfather's
great-grandson
father's grandson (in other words,
Your
to my
nephew Quintus writes to my son Marcus ") that
for he
writes
reminds
intends
said,"Your
"
on
the
nones
of December
to
demand
from
200
Ms
LAST
LETTER
TO
animosityagainsthim
was
was
which
his
son
had
to be
also
to
Cicero.
to
promisedto
determined
the
For
pay
debt
friend.
to
For
to Eome
go
he said
politics,
he bade them
medicine
for,accordingto Hippocrates,
givenwhen
of
Terentia's claim
even
suretyfor
as
the
meet, and
he
therefore,
quickenedby
without
government in Syria,
contracted
had
privatereasons,
"
to
yet satisfied. He
not
doubt
inconvenient
very
several demands
he had
63.
he owed
was
Mr.
no
payingthe money
which just then
ATTICUS.
ought_not
patientwas
that he
told
he
might expecthim
The letter which I have justquotedhas a special
interest,
the last which he wrote to Atticus,
at all events the
as
or
last which has been preserved.Indeed,as Cicero remained
in Eome
until the autumn
of the following
year, only a
short time before his proscription
and death,it is very probable
that the two friends had not again occasion to correspond.
We
the benefit of what is by far
lose,therefore,
record of his real sentiments,
the most trustworthy
well
as
littleincidents,
account of many
which though beneath
an
as
the dignity of Historyare
full of interest in a
.of such a friend was
the
Biography. The possession
of Cicero's life. It would have percrowning happiness
haps
Atticus
been
this
Cato, for
his
had
in him
more
character wanted
own
more
their
if Atticus had
than
-,
to have taken in
They both seem
in the troublous times
of politics,
all events
their mutual
the main
the
in which
they lived ;
attachment
momentary diminution.
It is
course
same
suffered
never
view
even
at
a
to contemplate
delightful
of such
friendlife-long
202
ANTONY
Antony.
As
the
of
army
he
consul
JET. 63.
cause
own
fighting
against
the legitimate
of
commander
had given ample proofthat he
was
he
and
Eome,
identified his
ROME.
to Eome
Octavian
ENTERS
with that of
their murdered
Caesar,
of
he made
the
rendezvous
placeof
for his
troops.
Almost
Antony
at
the
entered
the
immediatelyafterwards,
but
largetrain of followers,
time, or
same
with
city,
were
to him
on
the
he pointedto
rightand left,
them
he
as
Eome.
in
This
him
immense
which none
advantage,
could treat his personal
of his opponents enjoyed. He
enemies
enemies of the State.
To summon
as
legionsto
in him
his,-stajidardwas
act of rightful
in
an
authorityj
them it was
act of rebellion? He
issued
an
immediately
He
proclamations
denouncing the conduct of Octavian.
him with being of
compa^edjbim_to..
reproached
Spartacus,
if the
as
ignoblebirth,and accused him of all kinds of vice,
life entitled him to play the part of a
purityof his own
7
To
get
over
gave
this,Cicero
an
afterwards
of consul.
"
argued
that
Phil. III. 6.
Antony
had
by
his
REVOLT
B.C. 44.
He
censor.
OF
LEGIONS
TWO
summoned
attend
not
his
and
Antony
would
able
we
to
when
believe
may
come.
declared
himself
avow
country. But
as, if
be
to
and
He
203
ANTONY.
the
aLjne^tmg_gf
twenty-fourthof .November,
did
FROM
whoeveF
that
conspirator
against
the day arrived,
he
he had drunk
Cicero,
therefore summoned
another
in the templeof
meeting for the twenty-eighth,
the Capitol,
and slunk up to it by a subterranean
on
Jupiter,
passage
which
the Grauls
when
Cunieulus.
By
seems
capturedBorne,and
was
edict he
arbitrary
an
had
at the time
called Gallorum
under
forbidden,
a_proposal
was
thanksgiving in
for_a_
honor
of
At the
in Gaul.
command
military
instant startling
pletely
news
same
suddenlyarrived which comthat had left
Of the three legions
disconcerted him.
Brundusium
and^narjeM^northwards along the Adriatic
coast,two, the Martial and the Fourth,had just declared
within a
at Alba,,
for Octavian^and taken up their position
Lepidus,who
few
miles^pf Borne.
merelylike
army.
which
that
had
the
We
the loss of
must
a
strengthof
The
we
are
suppose
that this
was
speakingwas
amount
not
subtracted
about
from
six thousand
the
force
men,
on
so
which
204:
TRICKERY
for
motion
division
"
THE
BALLOT.
JET.
63.
thanksgivingby immediatelycallingfor a
thingwhich in such a case, as Cicero says, had
been
never
WITH
done
Senate-house
the
and, changinghis
He
before.8
instant
consular
then
hastened
for the
the.
from
passed,
was
dress
military
of
provisional
governmentsof
This
to
ought
Antony, and
following
year.
under
of
been done
the presidency
of the Senators,
who were
for
eligible
have
several
to have
seem
appointments,
that he was
absent,and
objection
the
In
names.
he implies
that
ballot,
Antony's friends
the Senate
soon
the
some
the
that Cicero
unfair
trick
was
provincesthey wanted.
in the speech
known
afterwards,
their
givesof the
used to give
Addressing
the third
as
the
luck
was
not
all
on
side.
one
Iccius
M.
got
"
"
The
because
in
of
it
was
desperate
carrying so
THE
B.C. 44.
amongst them
his
levies he
new
of
them
had
thousand
in addition
could reckon
back
raised,he
these
to
upon
the
Brutus
from
had
legions,or
be
fifth
Macedonia,and
himself
about
it must
that,includingthe
so
found
four
of
humour.
good
command,
Octavian
men.
in
come
force
respectable
but
his
205
this time
placeditself under
PHILIPPIC.
own
keep
to
legionhad by
THIRD
the
the
at
twenty-four
number,
same
remembered
of the
co-operation
head
that he
commanded
army
by
in
the Senate
office convoked
the twentieth of
December,
elect a
on
Cicero, who
had
early,and, when
the Senators
returned
it
was
to
buzzed
flocked in numbers
Eome
the
on
abroad
ninth, went
that he
was
House
to the
there,
(or more
him once
more.
the Temple),in hopes of hearing
properly,
He
and delivered
And
rose
not disappointed.
they were
was
an
view, which
and
as^hejMrdJPhilippic.
were
denounce
Antonv
o
as
A.
diate
and immeof energetic
the^Senate the necessity
show
"
He
206
THE
THIRD
PHILIPPIC.
JET. 63.
He
advised that the
rallyinground their governor.
should
best militarycommanders
be appointedto lead
the troops,
and that liberal promisesof reward should be
made
to the soldiers. He declared that Antony was
worse
in
than
with
Tarquin,and insisted that he could no _longer,
their part,be regardedas consul ; for
on
any consistency
they applaudedthe conduct of Brutus, and yet he was
acting contrary to law in opposing Antony, if Antony
was
reallyconsul. They applaudedthe conduct of the
legionsthat deserted him, and yet those legions were
and deserved the punishment of mutiny,if Antony
guilty,
consul.
was
He
upon
ridiculed the
Octavian
town
attempt of Antony
because
his mother
in Latium,
(Aricia,
was
to throw
a
native
discredit
of
vincial
pro-
to
Albanus). He said that if that was a stigmait applied
nearly the whole body of Senators,for almost all were
from a provincial
stock; and he retorted upon
sprung
Antony that his wife Fulvia was the daughterof a nobody
from
because
he was
a
Tusculum, nicknamed Bambalio
stutterer and
fool.
He
Latin
of
in a way
that reminds us of Cobbett
proclamations,
the bad English of a royalspeech. After
criticising
his character and conduct in the darkest colors,
describing
he earnestly
adjuredthe Senate not to lose the present
afforded by the kindness of the immortal gods;
opportunity
for Antony was
caught in front,flank,and rear, if he
If he was
entered Cisalpine
Gaul.
suffered to escape and
had nothingto expectbut
became
the provinces
victorious,
servitude and disgrace. "But," he exclaimed,"if (may
Heaven avert the omen
!)the last hour of the Republichas
his
let
arrived,
noble
with
do
gladiators
dignitythan
men
to fall with
serve
with
in all the
world,do
Let
us
ignominy."
He
honor.
what
rather
die
concluded
THE
B.C. 44.
THIRD
PHILIPPIC.
207
givento
him) and
Octavian
the Fourth
soldiers who
and
rallied round
consuls-elect entered
upon
that honors
should be
(orCaius Caesar,
as
Martial
him;
he
and
legions,
and
that
as
paid and
designated
the veteran
soon
as
the
office,
they should
bring all
theydeemed
these
of his
success
attempt
to
war
was
now
inevitable.
men
country-
Antony was
leading
208
OF
DISTRIBUTION
THE
LEGIONS.
J*r.
63.
occupiedthe
resolved to defend
of
course
by
it to the
mountains.
same
He
and
was
strong garrison,
relied
last extremity. He
in the
of Octavian,
who was
ever,
howcollected levies,
strengthened,
hastily
donia;
of the well-disciplined
legionsfrom Mace-
his
three
also upon
and
the assistance
upon
field with
with
town
of the
range
the
consuls
new
theyentered
office,
upon
the firstof
And
of
as
in
Octavian
levying troops,the
armies
which
the
Kepubliccould
exclusive
Kepublic,
were
Italy,
two
in
legions
Gaul.
very anxious
was
to
secure
Plancus
on
the
then
year
Dictator
enter upon
occurred
to
but
were
that
one,
answer
as
of the
ratified by the
Senate,
theywould
if nothing unforeseen
high office,
preventit.
wrote to Cicero in
and
At
to
Plancus
210
THE
EMBASSY
TO
CHAPTER
THE
EMBASSY
reached
horizon
to be
a
B.C. 43.
and
consul,in lawful
command
privatecitizen,engaged
had
Senate
while
ANTONY.
TO
dark
was
JET. 64.
XXIII.
have
ANTONY.
all but
with
armed
Spartacusor
caught was
head of
an
consular
Catiline.
fast
in
him
The
net
in
believed
they would
as
in which
him.
The
than
worse
he
was
to
Octavian,at
numbers and
in
consuls
new
him
him, and
marching rapidlyupon
Brutus
Decimus
holdinghim
wTas
If the
but
publicenemy, even
and the peoplehad
authority,
closingaround
Mutina.
army,
longer
denounced
formidable
army
Koman
no
desperaterebellion.
declared
Cicero
applauded when
of
was
in
in
his
be
the
discipline,
front
was
acted
act, it seemed
as
Cicero
hoped and
them
from
him
upon
the
government
of the
northern
part of
that
B.C. 43.
POLICY
OF
THE
to
corresponding
province,
had been appointedby him
to Marcus
successor
to the
virtue of
by
the modern
of
governor
Brutus.
211
CONSULS.
Both
to which
consulship,
his sovereign
power
Belgium. Pansa
Gaul,as
Cisalpine
owed
to him
he
had
as
Dictator.
their elevation
nominated
them
Since his
and abstained
theyhad observed a cautious neutrality,
from politics.
almost entirely
They both, and especially
ever
Hirtius,had kept on good terms with Cicero ; but,whathe might think it politic
to say in public,
his private
death
shows
correspondence
either of them.
that he had
Their
great confidence in
to have
conduct,however, seems
no
been
drive
accommodation,the
failure of which
must
to
an
result in another
Decimus
was
and benefactor
back
Antony
The
to his
Senate met
allegiance.
January,in the Temple
after the inaugural
monies
cereCapitol
; and,
on
the
firstof
the
on
Jupiter,
to ancient custom,the consuls
of religion,
according
of the momentquestion
brought forward the pressing
to"Seal with Antony in arms.
They both
how IhejTwere"
spoke in a tone that pleasedCicero,who cheered himself
vigor
with the hope that they would act with as much
and firmness as their speeches
implied.But he was soon
arrangement
undeceived.
By an obviouslypreconcerted
of
theycaled on
Fufius
to
Calenus,Pansa's father-in-law,
p
212
EMBASSY
THE
opinion. He
assisted
actively
people,
of the
64.
Mi.
had
deliver his
ANTONY.
TO
in old
Clodius
days,as
to ohtain
an
of
mysteries
himself as
the Bona Dea.
Since then he had distinguished
and was
of Caesar,
ardent partisan
an
by him substituted
for the last three months
suffectus),
consul,B.C. 47 (consul
of his letters,
In one
written in the previous
of that year.
on
acquittal
Antony'swife,Fulvia,and
stayingunder
the
that he
circumstance
It
was
should be chosen to
at such
and,as
her children
his roof.
of
protection
himself,and
of
personal
enemy
were
nous
omi-
an
speak first,
crisis ;
momentous
at
and
of consular
other senators
at last it
side,and
and
rose
It may
mouth
of
Moloch, in the
second
More
Contrive
need,
who
that
regretted
he would
able to
the
go
been
let those
they
need
replyupon
who
"
is this,but
of civil
war
to
?
.
was
not
"
now.
speakafter
for then
opinions,
to
on
them
all ; and
he
preparedto
were
What," he exclaimed,
enemy
them
Plancus
'
of wiles
follow him
which
into the
Paradise Lost
'
delivered their
others would
of Gaul, of
province
"
of
same
speak. He
fifth Philippic.
put by Milton
feared that
when
or
the
on
to
the
as
book
sentence
My
He
followed
Cicero's turn
to
came
rank
should
have the
governor.
arms
The
pleas
in the
put
you
hands
urge
are
of
an
of
no
B.C. 43.
avail.
THE
He
is my
FIFTH
friend,'
says
friend of his
country. He
closer than
relationship
any
one's
the
who
man
would
Again
"
Does
He
'
owes
Let
one.
him
213
first show
himself
the
is my
'
parents?
PHILIPPIC.
cries another.
Can there be
relative,'
that of one's country,which embraces even
money,'do
me
I hear ?
I should
like to
see
"
Antony
find
no
if he
one
sues
more
He went
suppliant."
as
his former
market of his
amused
grantsfor his
Antony had
emolument.
private
own
sarcastic account
of the
He
of what
body of
had placed
Caesar,
indeed,
jurymenat Rome.
among them
from the ranks,
and the men
of
common
soldiers,
privates
and
the Alaudse legion
; but Antony had added gamblers
and
exiles,
the idea of
summoned
on
the
serve
on
groundthat he
the Latin
and
of Rome
on
sitting
made
himself merry
with
Areopagusbeing
himself
and excusing
trial,
Eoman
could not
Did
at Rome.
?
language
and customs
He
of the court of
member
to
at Athens
Crete
Greeks !
even
serve
at the
some
of them
moment
same
even
know
Were
?
trial
"
of
Antony,he said,alone,
the city,
keptopenlyan
all
men
armed
214
THE
EMBASSY
kings had
This
the old
their
had
expulsion,
Cinna," he
at
cried,
those
done, nor
never
aimed
JET. 64.
who,
after
monarchy.
I have
I remember
ANTONY.
TO
Csesar
of armed
He
Classitius, Mustella,
men.
brandished
barbarian
these
"
"
bowmen
denounced,
in
Tiro, and
like
creatures
through
array."
in battle
the
seen
freedom
their bands
led
stood here
when
the Forum
them,
"
nay,
of
"
"
"
He
then
in much
form
the same
proposed,
in his previous
as
speech,that a publicvote of thanks
Brutus
and
should be decreed by the Senate to Decimus
and that a giltequestrian
statue of Lepidus
to Lepidus,
should be placedon the Eostra,or in any other partof the
Caius Csesar,
As for Octavian
he preferred.
Forum
or
as
he seemed to feel
him
to designate
he always took care
in finding
language sufficiently
a
difficulty
complimentary
He proposed
that he should te formally
in praise
of him.
command
it must be remembered
invested with a military
and
that up to this time Octavian had been levying
troops,
of a militaryforce without any legal
at the head
was
authority and that he should have the rank of a propraetor,
sit in the Senate in the placeallotted to the
candidate for any
and be at liberty
to become
a
praetors,
that he
of the higher State offices. As to the objection
justiceclosed.
"
"
"
"
to
distinction
The
domestic
the
close
this
bellum
insurrection,or the
proximity
furloughswere
was
of Gaul
to
applied
threat
of
Italy.
In
so
in the
to
the
case
foreignwar,
Gallic
case
tumultus
invasion, owing to
of
of bellum.
tumultus
all
THE
43.
B.C.
FIFTH
215
PHILIPPIC.
under
was
the
legalage,
Cicero reminded
excellence
distinguished
the march
of years.
anticipated
which was
little prescient
With an earnestness
of futurity,
he scouted the idea that Octavian might become
intoxicated
with such honors, and forgetthe duty he owed to the
Eepublic. True glory consisted in securingthe esteem
and the man
who
and love of the Senate and the people,
enjoyedthis would think no other glorycomparableto it.
I will venture, Conscript
Fathers,"he exclaimed, to
people I propledgemy honor to you and the Roman
mise,
I guaranteethat Caius Caesar will always
I undertake,
he is to-day,
and such as
prove himself such a citizen as
we
ought most to wish and desire him to be." It is very
that Cicero was
quitesincere in sayingthis ; for,
likely^
"
"
"
whatever
have
may
been
his former
doubts
of
Octavian,
with
lest he might make
cause
common
theywere chiefly
adventurer
committed
to
was
Antony. But the young
the
on
againstthe consul,and was fighting
open hostility
could
side of the Senate and the Eepublic. And no one
be guiltyof
that he would so soon
have then dreamed
tion
and forming a coalihe bad adopted,
betrayingthe cause
had crowned
when victory
with Antony at the moment
from the
and his adversary
a fugitive
was
bis own
eagles,
concluded by moving
field of battle he had lost. Cicer^)
that had joined
that rewards should be givento the legions
Octavian.
It is here that Dio Cassius introduces Fufius Calenus
the
He
scene.
making
There
most
can,
in
be
reality,
fact is that
no
Fufius
ever
was
have
such
as
risingafterCicero,and
malevolent
bitter and
him"
not
him
represents
no
doubt
attack upon
that
spokenat
all.
him.
spokebefore
The important
he
mistake.
trifling
speechas Dio puts into
be
on
the mouth
of
216
EMBASSY
THE
Kome,
provoke the
to
have
invective would
rather have
him
expose
it is
TO
drawn
down
to the
he
castigation
on
upon
his
blister
Mi.
reply which
tremendous
.puta
from the
clear,
ANTONY.
him.
tongue than
was
in which
sure
such
He
64.
an
would
allowed
to receive.
it to
But
speaksof Fufius
such
in subsequentorations,
that he had given him no
provocation.That he did make a speechon this occasion
need not doubt,and that in it he defended Antony is
we
of
assert that so much
not improbable
; but we
may safely
it as is filled with abuse of Cicero,
is the mere
invention of
Dio
way
Cassius himself.
had
come
to his
down
hated
the memory
Roman
freedom.
The
of the
He
Cicero
times,and
the
mies
ene-
historian
courtly
greatestchampion of
last and
of
opportunity
drew
up
one
of her
greatestmen.
tirade.
"
These
then, Cicero,
Greekling,or
whatever
or
other
Cicerullus,
name
you
or
Cicerseus, or
rejoicein, are
Cicerethus,
the
or
thingswhich
218
THE
business
to
EMBASSY
such
requireat
thought fit.
them
At
last
that
the
of the
they
as
cated
tribunes,extri-
his
difficulty
by interposing
againstputting Cicero's
was
JET. 64,
the debate
periodof
Salvius,one
the
from
ANTONY.
TO
motion
the vote.
to
carried
questionwas
proposed,and a resolution
embassy to Antony. Three
The
Fufius
as
veto
result
Calenus
had
of
the
to abandon
was
and
of
Senate
the
commands,
and
he
was
commissioners
Brutus
with
garrisonthe
the
himself
Mutina
and
itself,
which
sense
State,and
an
from
cease
to the
authority
theyhad
of the honors
assurance
The
to him
and
and
people
rendered
and
these
interview
an
convey
Senate
the
was
inroad into
no
to have
also instructed
Eome
make
Brutus,to
the
these.
briefly
were
were
in
terms
to deliver
siegeof Mutina, to
submit
to
and
commissioners,
they were
The
the
hostilities againstDecimus
Gaul,
Cisalpine
the
message
to Cicero himself.
entrusted
Antony
named
Octavian,were
drawing up
was
rewards
to
of
the
in store
for them.
numbers
Vast
Forum,
anxious
loud cries
from
the
were
in the
had
time
mean
Rostra,as
had
he
done
come
assembled
long debate
and
address
the former
on
in the
; and
them
occasion.
advice,but
would
"
he declared
his certain
haste, as I
see
"
let
they
conviction
imposed upon
bygones
intend
be
to do
bygones.
:
but do
that
Antony
him.
Let
you
the commissioners
prepare
your
LETTER
B.C. 43.
uniforms.3
For
Senate
of the
TO
it lias been
we
assume
The
of
peroration
The
"
has
moment
the
became
have
You
to
so
speechis fine
"
fault.
own
the
borne
it
as
best
we
Gods
Henceforth
It is not
immortal
could.
destined
to the last
Roman
command
to
if
we
people to
ah1 nations.
dom.
struggle is for freeextremity.
either be victorious
must
as
surely you will be with so much
be slaves.
concord
suffer anything rather than
Other
or
endure slavery; but freedom
is the attribute of the Roman
come
now
The
"
piety and
nations
have
have
our
slaves, whom
Matters
for
we
our
not
at
dignityof
put off
be
cannot
the
shall
we
219
BRUTUS.
decreed
all to
are
DECIMUS
"
may
people."
The
time
of
campaign.
until
Kome
under
Gaul, to
encourage
remain
He
time
mean
Cicero wrote
and
Cornificius in Africa,
friends,
absent
and
the
In
wrote
them
also to Decimus
the
to oppose
steadfast to the
Plancus
Brutus, and
in Farther
party of Antony,
commonwealth.
of the
cause
to his
told him
that
"
summoned
by
Pansa
to
laybefore
them
some
matters
not
should call,in
like what we
nature, but more
political
business. They related
the languageof Parliament,private
But Cicero
Mint.
to the Appian Way and the Eoman
of
Vos gaga
parate.
The
sagum
was
short
militarycloak.
220
EMBASSY
THE
TO
ANTONY.
JET. 64.
"
of
return
the
absorbingtopicof
rife
as
the
to
and the
afloat,
of the mode
received.
that
Gaul, but
considered
Some
the message
said
(we
others,that
he
his
sorts
of
rumors
were
busy in inventingstories
of the
Senate had
Cicero
for the
countrymen
No
been
himself)
should
be
banded
dis-
to resignCisalpine
willin'g
Gaul as his province
; others,
Macedonia,and
so
on.
Cicero in
of
object,
his motto
to
All
all armaments
was
Farther
one
was
Speculation
bring. Would Antony
If he proposedterms,
?
this from
know
insisted that
demanded
?
were
newsmongers
in which
Antony
;
would
they
Senate at defiance
be
the
conversation in Kome.
answer
set the
or
yield,
ought they to
was
risingto speakwas to
of their demands
rejection
and
"
He deckred
Antony !
that peace with him
at once
was
disgraceful,
hazardous,
and impossible,
and the burden of his speechwas
to prove
each of these three propositions.
It will be sufficient to
quote one or two passages to give an idea of his eloquent
appeal. The followingis in stylethoroughlyCiceronian.
he said :
After alluding
to the gravityof the crisis,
was,
"
peace
with
prepare
"
I therefore,who
have
whom
"
"
"
"
"
THE
B.C. 43.
SEVENTH
solicitude,pray
constant
offence' what
incredible
I shall say,
that Marc
beseech
and
been
explained it to you
panegyristand counsellor
the
will hear
you
grate upon
or
ears,
your
without
appear
should
before I have
that
you
it may
although
Cicero
221
PHILIPPIC.
"
of peace,
againstpeace
am
with
Marc
Antony."
In
strikingcontrast
We
have
the
repelled
them
from
their hands
becomes
speak as
This is
"
if we
After
but
traitors,
if
; and
laboured
where
sentence
of
arms
senator
long and
this
noble
is the
of words
"
to
and
exclaims,
must
we
do this
cannot
we
he
lation
accumu-
Roman
"
let
wrest
I will
"
"
die !
us
anythingin Demosthenes
perhapsfiner
in the speechon the Crown.
exceptthe adjuration
having devoted the whole of his oration to a question
as
fine
as
"
which
not
was
"
ambassadors
The
when
Servius
and
P. Servilius."
opinionof
in the
was
had
the camp
of
the sudden
hardlyreached
their number
by
Sulpicius.He
about
was
the
same
he undertook
to the
sought to
wishes of the
strongly-expressed
Cicero
aside,and told
on
that account
was
at first
one
of
him
death of
as
age
Antony
Cicero,
-which
journey,
but yielded
decline,
the
Senate.
that he would
He
took
rather sacrifice
not only a
authority.He was
orators of Eome,
the most eloquent
juncturewas a publiccalamity.It
resist their
but
greatjurist,
and
he
of
felt and
deploredby Cicero,who
Piso and
view
make
and
was
had
Philippus
that
he
besides his
their inter-
too had
shows
terms
that Cicero
jo
was
mistake.
right in condemning the embassy as a capital
By sending ambassadors the Senate seemed to recognize
222
THE
Antony
He
as
entitled
belligerent,
addressed
was
ANTONY.
TO
EMBASSY
such, and
as
againsthis country.
and
of equality,
footing
JEi. 64.
to
not
as
war.
rebel in
He
of
arms
them
on
made
tions
as the condicounter-proposals
He offered to giveup Cisalpine
of his obedience.
Gaul,
for five years that portionof Transalpine
but demanded
taken from the
Gaul called Gallia Comata, with six legions
Brutus.
He requiredfurther that lands
of Decimus
army
and money
should be givento his troops his own
previous
his decrees founded on the alleged
tents
congrants confirmed
"
"
ratified
of Caesar's papers
taken
the money
or
from
Temple
appointedby him
commissioners
of
the veterans
the
of
Ops
"
the
his
"
"
the
and
have
the
interview with
an
siegewith
They had
ambassadors
unabated
therefore
and
jury-law
secured
who
it.
by
was
He
to enter
an
fident
con-
lutely
abso-
Mutina
Brutus,pressingforward
unpalatable
answer,
amongst
new
repealed and
not
Septemviri,
to divide lands
Caesar,held harmless
of
demanded
account
no
"
the
in his camp.
to Kome
with
Pansa
summoned
immediately
the Senate to receive and consider their report.
in the highestdegreeindignant. He could
Cicero was
from
not brook the idea of having to entertain proposals
for
Antony, and was very angry with Piso and Philippus
consentingto bringtnem. His view was that they ought
at
to have
once
refused
that
the
obey the
negotiatewith
to
to
denounced
such
man
was
tantamount
to
dishonor.
When
the demands
the consul
of
was
Antony, and
whether
war
thoughtof admitting
the onlyquestion
proposedby
(bellum)should be at once
was
no
THE
B.C. 43.
EIGHTH
PHILIPPIC.
223
who was
uncle of Antony,
an
proclaimed.Lucius Caesar,
spoferihfavor of callingit tumultus rather than lellum,
the milder term, but in doing so he excused himself on
as
the ground of his near
to the ex-consul. He
relationship
had made
the
similar excuse,
Senate,when
he
in favor
his
sister
of Caius
Julia,and
declared wishes
the
was
This
of Pansa
in direct
was
the time
of the Catiline
Antonius,who
on
carried to that
was
vote.
spoke,at
Calenus
as
married
was
father of
Antony.
the
side,and
same
effect in accordance
when
he
spiracy,
con-
to
Fufius
a
lution
reso-
with
the
to
opposition
the views of
Cicero,
"
"
"
"We
of the Senate.
are
deserted,
depressthe spirit
ConscriptFathers,"he exclaimed, "deserted, I say? b%
leaders'i3ut, as 1 nave
at
often said before,all who
our
to
"
such
conduct
demands
perilentertain rightand
time
of
they
shall be
of Piso
from
tiine of their
and
our
consulars."
courageous
ments,
senti-
contrasted the
He
j.n_brin"in^
Philippus,
Antony, with
and
ancestors,
the -conduct of
mentioned
in thePopillius
how
he had
been
224
sent
THE
by
took
siegeof Alexandria ;
refugein delay,he traced
stick
on
would
the
ground where
reporthis
JEx. 64.
to command
how,
and
the
from
ANTONY.
TO
EMBASSY
he
when
line round
stood,and
refusal to the
him
to desist
Antiochus
him
told him
Senate,unless
with
that he
he declared
whom
envoy
should
be
country.
A
day
regardedby
or
two
to Borne, he
despatched
himself had
he
the
Senate
Pansa
afterwards
as
an
of his
enemy
before the
brought
of
questionof paying honors to the memory
his way
who had died in the publicservice,
on
Sulpicius,
that they
ambassador
to Antony. The consul suggested
as
But
should decree a publicfuneral and a publicstatue.
when called upon to deliver his opinion,
Publius Servilius,
the ground that there was
to the statue on
no
.objected
precedentfor erectingone in honor of an envoy who had
his embassy.
killed while employed on
not been actually
Cicero followed,and, in opposing the view of Servilius,
of delivering
took the opportunity
a warm
eulogiumupon
his departedfriend. As to the questionof whether
a
not be
statue should be voted or not, he said they must
Senate
the
of
but look at the reason
precedent,
guided by mere
thing. The objectof their ancestors was to induce men
undertake
dangerousembassies by holdingout to them
prospectof such an
king of Yeii,put
Fidense,four
to
statues
of them
did
not
reallydiffer from
raised
were
own
the
memory.
case
of
on
to
the
Tolumnius,
ambassadors
four Koman
death
and
Lar
Thus, when
honor.
the
the
But
at
Rostra,
their
case
Sulpicius.Their
226
from
written
been
the
wrote
in
hold
his
that
soon
it
he
assassination,
of Caesar's
at the time
had
of
him
reached
from
Dolabella
was
that
on
of
quarterwas
his way
Syria,to
to
able
favorwrest
that
to Cassius 's
It is
pleasantto
orator
a
of
was
formidable
from
turn
to catch
once
more
We
facetious friend.
A"icus,J"iit-"ene has
the end of
at Tarichea
now
in
army.
the din of
arms
of
and_strife
cakes
been
have, alas
noL
which
preserved
more
letters
he wrote
at
jokes him
that publictroubles
"
he
vate
glimpseof Cicero in prito regardhim, perhapsfor the last time, not as
and .a politician,
but as an agreeable
companion
life;
and
standard,and
at the head
and
politics,
be
admitted,as
Palestine
to
been
have
him
over
an
have
no
find him
We
scenes.
means
kind.
the
should
we
February in
in
Antony aside
from
and
the
behind
were,
nius
him,
to
should
we
Cicero would
had
have
64.
MT.
for then
at this criticalperiod,
Borne
doubt
ANTONY.
TO
EMBASSY
THE
and
were
ale."
no
He
why
reason
advised
and
socialintercourse to make
life pass
pleasantly,
Coenulas
facere.
B.C. 43.
missed
LETTER
anxietiesfrom
political
227
POLLIO.
mmcL^His
his
whole
energies
and ^lay
to the_
consideration hpw
devoiedTnight
were
safetyand
and
FROM
he
freedom
of his
readyto
was
Spainwas
his death
which
divided
Caesar had
included
countrymen might
into two
given the
Corduba
him
reached
of
one
them,
Pollio.
Lepidushad
had yet
intelligence
Cicero,which
At
take.
of which
silence,
last
written
was
of his
cause
cause.
extremityof Gaul,
(Cordova)on
the
of
command
to
course
secured,
and justbefore
provinces,
arrived of the
be
the
it
He
seems,
at
plained
ex-
that
Cicero had
or. rather
complained,
by the extreme difficulty,
he had experienced
of transmitting
despatches
impossibility,
from his^
distant province.His couriers were
robbed by
brigandsin the gloomy forests of Castulo,throughwhich
stoppedand searched
they were obligedto pass, and were
postedfor that
by the soldiers of Lepidus,who were
purpose.
by
land ;
and, as
no
one
in the Mediterranean
Pollio with Eome
the
came
by
sea
was
and
He
cut
open, and
More
for he
Horace,and
in those
of
days dreamed
letter
sailing
of
winter,all communication
ever,
off until its close. Now, how-
was
patronof Virgil
reign of Augustus.
lived
of
to send
in the
was
that route.
Pollio's name,
unable
therefore been
had
He
gratitudefor
and also a
eightheclogue. He was a criticand historian,
from the
know
orator and advocate,as we
distinguished
and
in
lines of Horace
"
"
Q2
228
EMBASSY
THE
spokenof by Virgilas
and is
Pollio et
He
wrote
at the
avowing.that he
than
had
taken
had
been
hands
active
cut
off from
and
the
his readiness
what
common
step hitherto
the
"
Such
have
must
the
was
That
his fault.
not
was
he
He
Borne,and
with
him
not
two
be
men
much
They
were.
Gallus,and
when
omitted,for
Pollio
I think
I value
it
had
said,in
of his walks
them
you
will
for
to enjoy,
permitted
tranquillity,
to your side."J"
myselfclosely
are
I shall attach
rather do anything
with him.
letter should
the
congenialspirits
we
his intentions
scruplejn
no
all communication
state what
cause
.friend in Cornelius
common
carmina.
nova
in whose
Italylaythe legionsof Lepidus,
passes of the Alps. Cicero might depend
of liberty.
to face any danger for the cause
in
sentence
shows
a
no
were
One
in
64.
"
presentcrisis. He made
hated Antony, and would
engage
him
between
JET.
poet
ipse facit
ANTONY.
and
explainhis position,
to
were
on
TO
assured
ever
letter which
him
of the
Cicero
and
received,
loyaltyof
his
which
accomplished
friend.
Good
And
news
came
also from
Macedonia
and Greece.
There
the former
had acknowledgedthe
Q. Hortensius,
pro-consul,
of M. Brutus as his successor
authority
; Antony'sbrother
Caius was
shut up in Apollonia,
and the placewas
closely
invested. Legion after legiondeckred againsthim, and
one
was
of them
went
to Cicero's son,
young
Marcus, who
servingwith
three
over
Brutus.
The
CONFUSION
B.C. 43.
Macedonia
that he
each
there
law
hy
was
pictureof
world
confusion
The
Eoman
nearly the
each asserting
claimants,
then
the
fact
of
state
the consuls
himself
in
province,
in
was
229
WORLD.
ROMAN
rival
were
Senate and
who
ex-consul,
an
THE
(includingGreece),was
In
same.
OF
in
were
the
arms
beseigingthe
one
What
Koman
against
of
governor
In Macedonia
the East
and
and in
was
viceroy
fighting
againstviceroy,
Spain the army of Lepiduswas watching the army of
Pollio so closely,
that not even
courier could pass to
a
Borne without beingstoppedand robbed of his despatches.
Tha veterans of C^sar
were
arrayedagainsteach other in
Caesar's adopted son
bent
the
was
on
opposite
camps.
destruction of Caesar's colleaguein the consulshipof
the man
who had heaped honors on the memory
of Caesar,
than any other,feared by the conspirators,
and was, more
"
lest he should
the avenger
be
of
his.death.
Octavian
was
the same
side as Brutus and Cassius : he, who
on
fighting
had
reproachedAntony for remissness in allowing the
assassins to escape, was
with
now
cause
making common
and endeavouringjx)
those assassins,
rescue
onejpf^them
In Rome
itselfAntony was
fromhis
not without
grasp.
friends
party they could be hardly called,for his chief
"
followed him
had
supporters
to them
the
us,
partythat
creed
Their
Caesar,and
he
were
When
to
were
was
that
followed Cicero
Antony
was
as
Appian tells
their leader
as
far
called.
was
despotthan
perishunless
worse
must
destroyed.
the
addressed by
despatch
inform
them
of what
Adriatic,reached Rome,
meeting of
The
; for so,
the Ciceronians
that
In direct opposition
to the camp.
the
Pansa
Senate, and
was
M. Brutus
going
on
the
across
immediatelysummoned
which
in effect,
question,
to
he
suls,
con-
the
a
before them.
proposedwas
whether
230
THE
Brutus
EMBASSY
TO
ANTONY.
J"T. 64.
of
formallyinvested with the command
the provinces
which he held by rightof the sword ; and he
he praised
addressed the Senate in a speech in which
his actions in very complimentaryterms.
But, as usual,
he
should be
called
He
opinion.
Brutus
should
and
"The
his enemy
than butter,but war
softer than
oil,yet
in the
words
"
is known
be described
to
deliver his
speechwhich
It must
Philippic.
it may
to
and
advised
spoke in the negative,
He
be deprived"
of military
command.
Cicero, in
fr\L_
followed
tenth
Calenus
Fufius
on
was
the
quick,
David
smoother
were
his words
in his heart:
He
swords."
they drawn
were
to the
languageappliedby
of his mouth
was
as
that
were
began
agreement
disby expressinghis apprehensionlest their constant
in opinionmight lessen their friendship,
for he
stillassumed
its
this to
sincerity.He
to be almost
himself
at
utterly
could
man
loved,and
had
done
twitted
loss to
thingvery
had
fact should
and
he
be
was
so
said had
well
or
on
as
the
whom
body hated
in the
part of
Brutus
was
Roman
his
championof
every body
?
Calenus
Senate,: he
speech.
All the
recorded.
not
every
unusual
bestowed
to the consuls
which
tune
having the misforof one, and professed
a minority
understand
how so excellent^a
believe in
may
with
stand up
to hate those
he
came
little we
and
praisehe
Fufius
alwaysin
attack Brutus
How
Antony.
however
exist,
even
Cicero
the
excuse
ridiculed this
of
idea,
being a hasty
THE
B.C. 43.
Brutus
TENTH
He
Antony.
appointmentwould
his
to
or
Caesar,but there
231
PHILIPPIC.
knew
it
be
might
urged
that
be
of
force in the
In a strain
objection.
he protested
of loftyeloquence
againstthe notion that they
to be terrified by the bugbearof the displeasure
of the
were
He
veterans.
throne
Imperial
they
When
we
because
stopped
we
the
veteran
slavery!
yoke
of
time
befittingme
be at the beck
the
to
speak.
breath
ready
it has
that
to
ancestors
bear
is to be
death
soldiers, and
all
is uncertain
war
words
our
is
no
to
but
one
off the
cast
same
to
are
actions
and
existence
no
are
virtue
and
toil and
while
lives.
nations
other
And
we
have
this for
recovery
attempt. But
standard
of
of freedom
our
no
may
other
they
from
are
our
actions and
that
not
even
by declining the
if
even
stillwe
"
life is not
For
escape which
learnt the lesson
the
self-respect
in the
All
fickle
hardship,to
glorious is the
dreaded
our
cannot.
ours
fortune
slave.
in the
and
of
hazard
the
at
they shun
everything;
So
who
me
If the
of servitude,but
to make
thoughts.
our
let
mere
yoke
thousands
I pose,
supwould
fightfor libertyeven
than
against us
are
what
must
reason
the chains
so"
of the veteran
the
their arrogance.
be
of slavery shall we
noble
be it
"
endure
not
innumerable
not
common
the
endure
to break
are
whom
citizens have
Roman
to
airs I could
But
regulatedby
to be
there
soldiers
are
to defend
arms
ready
am
forsooth, that
take
the
is meant
"
endeavouring
are
auction
to
up
come
"
themselves
gave
put
would
of the veterans
time
the
that
would
guards
exclaimed,
What," he
but if
no
littleforesaw
Praetorian
when
"
was
to be
boon
a
could
purchase immortality,that
danger we
be longer.
servitude would
the duration of our
as
rejectedin proportion
Since, however, we
are
exposed day and night to accidents of all kinds,
would
it is not
give to
becoming to a
his country the
man,
and
life which
least of all to
he
owes
be
Koman,
to hesitate to
to nature."
It will
adoption.
be
remembered
that
Brutus
had
assumed
this
name
on
232
EMBASSY
THE
TO
glory of loisancestors,and
the
Senate
and
.defend those
had
raised,and
the
publiccost.
and
ANTONY.
had
the
earned
the Roman
furnished with
The
this time
Tidings about
had committed
motion
and
carried
reached
crime.
frightful
the
money
was
he
army
suppliesat
Cicero pro-
as
Eome
On
gratitudeof
should keep
he
people; that
and command
provinces,
be
64.
Mr.
that Dolabella
his way
Syriato
contest the government with Cassius,he entered Smyrna
with his troops,
where Trebonius, the pro-consul
of Asia
Minor, happened to be staying. He paidhim a visit and
terms with him, when
pretendedto be on the most friendly
he suddenly ordered
his soldiers to seize and
scourge
him
publictreasure
the unhappy
subjected
days he
then
and
had
his head
of the
him
the
province. For
to the most
man
cut
from
to
off and
render
sur-
two
cruel tortures,
stuck upon
the
was
should
'
voluminous
and
letters Ad
of the
now
(Hist, of Rome,
V.
other
editions
Diversos
or
Cicero
of Cicero's
Familiares.
105),
and
publicenemy,
correspondence between
in Ernesti's
found
end
be declared
proposedthat
are
The
and
his
Marcus
bella
Dola-
property
Brutus
works, collected
is
at the
The
not
general opinion of
genuine. Niebuhr
says
their genuineness was
question about
that
years ago by English critics,and I know
F. A. Wolf
was
decidedly of opinion that they are a fabrication ; but I
cannot
myself with the same
certainty. I should like to see
express
them
proved to be spurious,as I am morally convinced that they are."
Middleton
fulness
quotes them constantly,and had no suspicionof their doubtuntil they were
attacked by Tunstall
in his famous
Epistolaad
Cony"rs Middleton
(Cantab. 1741). He then defended
them, and the
raised
about
controversy
was
"
hundred
carried
between
on
bitterness
on
both
maintains
the
genuineness of
sides.
recent
the two
scholars,not without
German
writer
the letters.
named
some
Guettingue
234
THE
heard
were
never
burst
from
who
his
in
were
the difference
his
was
He
at
was
He
gone.
than
be
execrable
an
compromisedin
could preserve
he
as
with
the
could
never
tells
his
us
tyranny.
the
him
in
in
saw
from
of his
proposedto
was
second
the question
before
Pansajbrought
and
Piso,the
who
were
were
Caesar,
nothing better
as
hand
before-
his
was
of the conqueror.
halter round
and
two
neither
had
ruler than
hands
countryand
send
he
boldly
act
creatures,and death
expectat the
fightwith a
to
and
idea that
givenaway
Philippics,
of his
one
It
that
own
destruction.
of the
propertyto
He
His
of
reason
countrywith
Antony her worst
rule
struggle,and
one
might be said
againstthe enemy
vacillating
loved his
He
worse
infinitely
an
cognize
re-
Caesar
he
But
and
traitors
was
would
and
between
ease.
he
time
it is difficult to
war
haunted
misgivingsjiow.
If he
enemy.
againstthe
the timid
civil
and
affection,
passionate
to
unhesitatingconviction,now,
the
In
time
Atticus.
64.
JEv.
from
and
Mutina;
his conscience
nor
which
thundered
he
ANTONY.
intrepidorator
right.
unless
TO
those
at
arms
of
correspondent
was
than
as
lips,
in the
he
EMBASSY
his neck
own.
embassy to Antony,
the Senate.
(Menus
were
opinions,
in favor of
to
It is easy to
all,but
to
He
and
rose
send
speech which
dwell
upon
him
on
such
an
protested
againstthe
forms
the
the
twelfth
intolerable.
errand
was
motion
in
altogether,
need
not
combated
the
Philippic. I
he
B.C.
THE
43.
proposalof
in which
second
he
ancient
between
should
who
be
modern
selected
for
hardly
like
to urge
confess
And
sacrificed.
be
with
interview
his
with
did
of
who
man
think
that
to
us
his
would
State to
pain of
shown
an
and
enemy,
whether
be
or
scruple.
the
them
should
regard
man
him,
to the
bitterest
asked
danger
him
spare
of
one
difference
alarmed
value
speech
be
this without
did
was
some
of
danger
he
profligateassociates,
not
should
With
much
too
Senate
his
the
illustrating
the
yet Cicero
entreating the
After
that he
public service
of
part
manners.
that
was
that
idea
curious, as
and
to
but
embassy,
is
235
PHILIPPIC.
deprecated the
ambassadors,
the
TWELFTH
they
for
his
life :"
I
"
acted
in
and
be
little for
care
of
and
and
have
am
to pay
to
to
myself
this
has
tortures
ought
not
myself, by
the
from
since
danger?
own
life
my
Republic
the
without
deceive
braved
and,
"
unless
I have
injured
not
my
people
bitter
that
"
is so,
my
hatred
I may
think
to
ye
not
that
"
wished
would
they
regard
no
who,
it be
that
so
Roman
one
least
at
the
dangers
the
arrogate anything
to
ought
If
and
death,
Dolabella
since
myself, especially
"
desire
me
For
care,
men,
said,
to you
account.
no
of wicked
seem
make
But
torments.
vigilance
to
way
it," he
in
remain
to
Borne.
"This
my
no
their
is
one
more
years
myself)
me
second
this
"
is
one
less
this
watch-tower"
my
timid
than
but
am,
fortress
my
the
at
same
and
time
since
the
scelerats
the
against
of
They
me.
penalty
of their
country
our
have
crimes
paid
"
the
It is
for themselves.
speak
Facts
guard.
his
upon
attacks
His
station
my
.No
camp
twenty
to
is
to
the
been
all
have
Republic
Republic
has
now
directing
(not to
hitherto
say
served
pre-
for herself."
arguments
embassy
was
had
Jhe
desired
and
^effect,
finallyabandoned.
the
idea of
236
SIEGE
OF
MUTINA.
AND
SIEGE
64.
XXIV.
CHAPTEB
THE
Mr.
OF
BATTLES
TKEACHEEY
AND
MUTINA,
OCTAVIAN.
OF
JE-r. 64.
middle
of March
the levies he
with
B.C. 43.
had
and
arrived,
Pansa
left Koine
had
and
Bononia
alongthe
^Emilian
Koad, which
base of the
resources
were
at
that
time
known
were
The
to the art of
war
the defence.
attitude of
of which
army,
had
and
been
He
said
also of the
he
had
towns
to
secure
of his
the
province,
tempted by largepromisesfrom
DECLARATION
B.C. 43.
than
these
no
man
in the
privately
the morning of
leave his
friends.
same
OF
could
make,
strain.
the seventh
and
He
he
wrote
to Cicero
of
known
237
PLANCUS.
letter of Plancus
hands, he went
was
off at
almost
once
him
; and
as
the
public
to show
his
it to
Cornutus,the city
the absence of the consuls,their
whom, in
praetor,
upon
functions by law devolved.
He
convoked the
immediately
Senate in the Temple of Jupiter,
and, as the news
got
that
abroad
had arrived,
there was a
an
important
despatch
crowded meeting. But, owing to some
in the
informality
with which the proceedings
of the Senate
religious
ceremony
alwaysopened,the house was adjourneduntil the following
day. When theymet, Servilius was firstcalled on to speak,
not very complimentary
and it appears that he was
to
and proposeda vote of thanks
Cicero followed,
Plancus.
This would have been
terms.
to him in highlyeulogistic
carried at once, but
Servilius induced
one
of the tribunes
to
he said
"
"Fortune
belong
to
rnaHter of
has
the
hitherto
avoided
spectacleof
two
politicfightingtogether,with
body
gladiators,
pittingthe
same
the
two
againsteach
other.
armies
that
Cicero, like
He
is
so
far
238
ANTONY'S
has
he
lucky
that
which
he boasted
insult
any
to
Pompey
settlements,and
Dolabella,
nor
the
you with
deceived
Csesar.
deceived
that
he
myself
hated,
LETTER.
or
to
nor
put
friends, nor
my
allow
the
yEx. 64.
glozing tongue
same
I
to
veterans
to
resolved
am
desert
be
not
with
to bear
the
party
expelled from
which
their
violate
in the
discharge of
bear
the
Finally my views may be summed
up thus :" I can
if
either
done
friends,
themselves
are
by my
they
willing to
injuries
of Csesar.
the death
I
forget them, or are ready to avenge with me
do not believe that any ambassadors
are
coming, but when they do come
I shall know
the demands
they bring."
.
With
another
for
Senate-house,
and
the
his
oration
with the
as
to
no
peace
the
that
he
had
to the
Cicero
arms.
known
be
took
time,be
same
better
summoned
the
the interest he
country,but,at
been
the
Servipublicletter of 'liepfdUB:
Lepidusshould be thanked for his love
proposedthat
of peace,
meeting had
Cicero entered
Senate,whose opinionwas
with Antony unless he laid
and
afterwards,
rose
delivered the
thirteenth
that
exceptionof
Philippic.It is,perhaps,
againstPiso,the most savage of
poured out the full fury of his
speeches;and he
hatred againstAntony in a torrent of invective which is
almost without a parallel.
After insisting
that peace with such men
as
Antony and
his associates was
he pl^ised^pidu^^irjL,
his
impossible,
usual styleof loftycompliment,
and said that so good a
and citizen might possibly
be mistaken in opinion,
but
man
could not be suspected
of any view hostile to the commonwealth.
all his
He
"
struggle is
The
infuriated
declared
to
gladiator,with
Cicero
Piissimi.
which
was
"quod
verbum
not
"
save
a
Decimus
band
Brutus
of execrable
from
destruction.
One
brigands,is carrying on
ridiculed
THE
B.C. 43.
THIRTEENTH
againsthis country,his
Can
against four consuls.
war
terms
Can
believe
we
household
hearths
gods, our
yield to him?
possiblewith him
we
peace
239
PHILIPPIC.
Can
?
and
altars,and
listen
we
to
his
"
afterwards took
He
Spartacus,for
"
Caesar,he cried
of
manes
crimes
Catiline
to exult
crime
he
was
appears
that
I call you ?
can
punished
was
guilty except
the death
from
"
tolerable ; have
Trebonius
that
else
what
out
was
that
your
due
he
?
you
Trebonius
saved
to whose
owing
dared
nefarious
to write that
criminal
by drawing
you
ought
we
Of what
you
aside
"
For
"
him
on
and
that
have
part I
own
my
Csesar ; but
by
industry,are
wasted
birth
deny
these honors,
accompanied
You,
have
upon
bestowed
given
however,
who
on
conferred
by
are
also
what
by
you
much
you?
upon
advancement
?
You
"
"
honors
they
as
Csesar
so
went
had
that Hirtius
heaped
not
he
Caesar,
cannot
would
Would
would
you
your
life,as in fact you did, in the stews, at the
your whole
and in drunkenness, when
you gave yourselfup, soul and
or
the embraces
of
had
Antony
in the
There
was
virtue
deny
you
your
have
gamingtable,
body, to
2
ballet-girls."
called
had
cannot
his ornament.
had
honors
you
been
if he had
virtue
of
the kindness
high position
by
camp
Senate
at Mutina
with the
senators
of Eome.
who
bankruptTrebellius,
cheated
whom
and Cotyla" men
Antony,.by
and Coelius,
Gallius,
slaves at one
of
way of amusement, got whippedby public
2
Cicero
:
"
here
makes
Cum
in
shockingly bad
gremio mimaruin
mentum
which
is
latable
quite untransmentemque deponeres."
pun,
240
THIRTEENTH
THE
There
his feasts.
could
he
when
Plancus,who,
Tillus
would
prophecythat he
His leg was
broken.
leg
was
There
Decius,and Saxa
were
before he
tribune
as
citizen
self-constituted senator
the
and
known
was
sandals and
puttingon buskins,was
Father ! 3
a
Conscript
; but
then," he
Such
"
of
have
have
us
happened,
have
out of many,
of the
the boldness
He
in
was
Albedius
to
as
if all
have
Senate
the
of
scorn
and
on
lived
now
yielded to
this
not
deny that
which
he
Antony
war
in which
would
not
authority. But
what
exultingbrigand."
of the consular
"
Lentulus, and
Afranius,and
did
Pompeian Senate,
then
senators
he
exerted
have
left alone
crushed
"
audacity would
power
talks
consuls
for
the
saw
Antony'sSenate.
of
he
been
He
phosed
suddenly metamor-
calumnious
so
was
exclaimed,
when
himself
plumes
ten
one
worthy member
was
no
Exitius,
open
know
made
was
and
"
Asinius.
Senate-house
into
his
still lived.
he
barbarian who
had
perishunless
not
broken,but
"
Senate,
who
fire ; and
on
could
falsifiedthe
loved the
if he had
was
other
bath-man.
common
pet
mander
com-
the
and
64.
elect,
his
abandoned
once
There
that
tribunes
; two
betray him,
not
robber, and
stout
MT.
Nucula, and
and
who
Hostilius,
Tullus
of them
Yiseius,a
Lento
were
Lucius Antony
people,
favorite of the
one
PHILIPPIC.
Bibulus,and
Marcellus,and
Domitius,and
"
Mutavit
at
Rome
buskins, and
ornamented
"
calceos
wore
fastened
with
distinctive
kind
in front with
small
of shoes, which
four black
est."
were
strings. They
The
high
like
were
also
crescent.
Appositam nigreelunam
subtexit
alutse."
"
tors
Sena-
242
OF
STRATAGEM
It must
have
been
an
HIRTIUS.
anxious
time
JET.
at Home
64.
in that
...
month
of
after
day, men
were
BATTLE
B.C. 43.
Kome,
OF
243
MUTINA.
he felthow
and
it was
to strike a decisive
important
before the relieving
was
tional
joinedby these addiarmy
his brother Lucius in
troops. Leaving,therefore,
blow
of the camp,
command
Brutus
check,he
in
with
advanced
it
several
days the
I do
not
know
to have been
seems
the exact
at
road,between Mutina
Gallorum,a
keep
to
Octavian.
but
spottheyoccupied,
called Forum
sufficient numbers
few miles
hostile armies
from
little
some
and
place
Bononia.
confronted each
For
other,but
collisiontook
no
the
and
skirmishes between
place,
exceptin partial
both sides were
as
sent out
on
cavalry,
foragingparties
into collision. But Antony made a strongreconcame
naissance,
and
The
camp.
rest
of Hirtius's
and
who
battle.4
Cicero
It is
abruptstylein
model
which
the Duke
despatchof
words,
"
be
who
officers,
sent
Octavian
commanded
letter
the
giving an
of
Galba,one
Martial legion,
account
of the
of
and, in the
soldierly
simplicity,
it begins,
reminds us of the famous
the day
of Wellingtonwritten on
Waterloo,which
advanced
Buonaparte
with
commences
at
posts
15th, and
the
on
the
daylightin
the
morning."
Pansa
had
reached
Bononia
with
four
his
marchingthroughthe town, had pitched
and,
legions,
at
camp
some
to
pressing
message
bringon his troopsand joinhim immediately.This was
the tenth of April. Next morning Antony pushedon
on
from his quarters
to intercept
Pansa,and crash him before
he could effect a
imagined that
4
He
was
the
to him
with
junction
he would
have
with
of Galba,
great-grandfather
only with
the Koman
the
emperor.
K
new
244
BATTLE
levies of
Pansa, who
OF
were
raw
MTJT1NA.
and
JET. 64.
inexperienced
troops,
an
anticipated
easy victory.But Hirtius had taken
the precautionto strengthenPansa
by sending on to
Bononia
the night before,under the command
of Carfuthe Martial legion a body of veterans who were
the
lenus,
and two praetorian
cohorts,so
very flower of his army
he little
that he was
preparedto giveAntony a reception
Grallorum
he
Antony reached Forum
expected. When
and
he
"
"
halted his
of
regardless
the
centre
armies
was
raged for
some
of both
the battle
on
the ^Emilian
hours without
road, and
either side
B.C. 43.
beingable
of the
not
was
person,
the
to obtain
the south
on
OF
BATTLE
cohorts of the
so
MUTINA.
245
advantage.But
road,where
he himself commanded
fortunate.
It consisted
of
in
only two
Martial
to be
The
vain.
resistance
great,that
so
captureit
he
was
began
appeared
upon the scene.
throughoutlike a brave
that
his
at
blow.
But
and
desperate,
so
retire. But
to
who
Hirtius,
and
he attacked
skilful
his
new
it in
loss
own
enemy
now
to have acted
seems
when
general,
he heard
cohorts,hurried
the
up with
came
had
reached
forward
He
support of Pansa.
columns of Antony justas they
retiring
Gallorum
Forum
on
their way
back,and
fell
routed them
furythat he completely
with great slaughter.During the engagement Octavian,
left to guard Hirtius's camp,
who was
with only a few
but he succeeded in repulsing
himself attacked,
was
cohorts,
the enemy.
It was
dark,for it was nearlynightfall
now
when
with part
the second battle began,and Antony fled,
The victory
of his cavalry,
before Mutina.
to his camp
but it was
was
dearlypurchasedby the loss of
complete,
them
upon
the
such
gallantPansa.
battle,and
for
with
the
to
some
Three
was
He
carried
received two
mortal
Bononia, where
into
four
days before
wounds
news
of the
he
in the
lingeredr -^-"
//try
^/
ar/ivedat
victory
had reached
great reverse
gloomy reports of some
torious,
the city. When
the rumor
spreadthat Antony was vicassembled in the Curia Hostilia,and
his partisans
the
of the CapifoTand
began to talk of takingpossession
Kome
246
TRIUMPH
gates,to
throw
fondlyhoped was
Cicero
to make
reportthat he was
accordingto his
offer him
it,and
him
the
so
them
OF
open
to
who
conqueror,
they
statement, intended
themselves
Cicero,held
the
give hired
as
J3r. 64.
CICERO.
to
readily
accept
pretextfor despatching
the agitaSo great was
tion
tribunes
and
friend
of
public meetin"jind,
haranguing the people,
TEMPLE
OF
RESTORED
CAPITOLINU8.
JUPITER
BY
CAV.
CANINA.
Vol.
ii.
p.
246.
248
THE
He
LAST
PHILIPPIC.
.Ex. 64.
"
"
the Fourth
"
'
for
l\ismerit
those
warriors
departed
due
In
years.
should
thus
to
country
your
:
deity seems
country 1
But
be erected.
He
of
memory
he proposedthat
wTioTKad fallen in battle,
monument
"
his
outstripped
had
magnificent
the
apostrophised
a
"
due
to nature, has
I deem
was
this
men
you
derived
from
been
paid rather
who
were
Mars,
so
bom
that
you
as
debt
for your
the same
for this
city.
THE
B.C. 43.
Death
flight from
in
victory,for Mars
LAST
the
PHILIPPIC.
battlefield
himself
is
249
disgraceful,but
glorious in
selects the
than
of toil and
who
danger
would
"
lived,but
you
sanctified
now
unsepulchred, either by
when
silence of posterity,
you, almost
been
have
Italian wars,
many
but
that
would
And
their
with
the
the
has
none
could
we
such
by
you"
death.
oblivion
Senate
hands,
own
great and
on
be
in order to win
do
the
the
even
face the
to
as
highestgloryand
bravest
of the
your merit
of those who
now
an
can
in
the
of such
lie
exist, or
the
raised to
There
kind
while
never
Eoman
armies
tremity
ex-
renown.
brave
people have
imperishable monument.
honor
an
idiot
For
and
noble
an
been
bestowed.
more
the
greatestblessings. You
he was
city. You repelled him when
attempting to return.
shall therefore be reared on high a memorial
There
buildingof splendid
ness
workmanship, and characters shall be engraved on it the eternal witAnd
shall the language of gratiof your divine excellence.
never
tude
cease
respectingyou, either from those who see your monument
from
you
from
the
"
or
those
who
hear
to address words
turned
then
He
of it."
who^weremourning the
loss of
to those
of^consolation
rektjisa^The passage
may
comparedwith
be
"
But
honors,
honors
have
have
are
had
good
let
are
and
console
us
the
best
oration of
givenby Thucydides.Cicero
as
these
upon
in the funeral
one
of those who
Pericles in memory
ponnesian
war,
similar
gallant
their
citizens
nearest
of
by giving
are
so
to
"
is bestowed
glory
them
relatives, to whom
They
consolation.
meed
said :
monumental
indeed
those
parents because
they
husbands
it will be better to
whom
to be
will
like them
eulogisethan
in virtue
mourn
they are
able by any
hope
I earnestlywish that I were
that
words or advice of mine to wipe away tears from all their eyes ; or
them
would make
lay aside their
could be spoken which
any oration
kinds of
various
and
and rejoicerather that amongst the many
sorrow,
is the most gloriousof all has been
that which
death incident to men
to brothers
because
they
in bodily resemblance.
And
abandoned
on
the
that
field of battle
as
unburied
nor
piteous fate
250
BEAUTY
when
OF
THE
PHILIPPICS.
with
their ashes
dispersedin separate
and lowly tombs, but covered
which
over
by a public monument
altar to virtue.
will exist for ever
as
an
They will find it therefore
that by the same
the greatestalleviation of their sorrow
monument
are
the
of
their
faith
the
virtues
the
kindred,
Senate,
proclaimed
kept by
and
the memory
merit
of
matchless
have
country),nor
JEv. 64.
the
perishedby
He
concluded
of what
he had
cruel
most
of those
in
war,
soldiers, the
act
parricidal
name
of
We
may
by moving,in
sure
that he would
that it was
any
not
statements
positive
countrymen
fallen
in
afterwards.
once
for the
people
would
adoption
of the last
speechof the
record has been preserved.
the last,
for it is not likely
arrived ;
next decisive victory
than
been
proposed.
orator of which
be
it not
of the Eoman
Antony."
which, had
had known
the
have
and,besides,
we
letters that
subsequent
it,the sound of
he
the
of the
news
his
own
spokemore
and his
last,
have
reviewingthe
long series of orations which he delivered duringthe second
civil war, it is difficult to express sufficiently
the praise
that they deserve. They are, in my opinion,
quiteequalto
on
their
the
ears
In
B.C.
BEAUTY
43.
thoughtsof
the
OF
THE
in
ancients
251
PHILIPPICS.
modern
dress,a periphrasis
be used to
must
be
was
the
able to
1
.
and
forefathers,
Cicero strove
urged
them
welcome
radiant with
freedom,are
destroy. And
can
eloquence.The
to force his
danger,and
for
last struggle
brave
to
every
slaveryin the
glorywhich not
is impossible
not
it
men,
country-
to emulate
shame,
for very
....
somethingof the
even
tion
translathe
to. admire
of Octavian
that
but
him, there
for
in the
appealto
It
arms.
he
was
Amidst
declared enemies
almost
alone
for
have
in
for instance
of consular
had
grand
so
rushing
the
ance,
to resistthe
peoplein
Home."
friends,he stood
to
hostility
peace.7
weaken
we
antagonist.It
Senate
lukewarm
singleword
no
"
rank
of
determined
his
"
"
and
dishonorable
Consulares, which
men
the
supportof
rapid fate
the
Kestrained
"
powerfuleloquence awhile
whose
"
We
the
army
no
and
secured to them
and
been
against
Antony,
for his
match
no
animated
Cicero who
field
Octavian
was
have
would
With
to express
in ancient
sound
the
what
Home.
posal
pro-
every
he
masses
was
by
meant
If
we
say
appellation.If
we
say "consulars"
consuls"
we
run
only
the consuls
we
coin
the
of the
risk of
word
conveying
English,and
impressionthat we
is not
which
the
if "exmean
precedingyear.
And
yet
Drumann
(Gesch. Boms,
VI.
252
ANXIETY
this
at
was,
We
period,the
the
it from
know
ROME.
AT
in_which
way
round
him
And
streets.
when
the
had
taken
he
remember
him
cheered
and
The
image
Tie wasreceived
multitude
he
as
walked
his house
from
thronged
along the
Minerva, which
of
64.
Eome.
in
popularman
most
when
JET.
and
we
may
placed in
Capitoline
Jupiter,
justbefore his exile,
down
thrown
was
by a storm and broken, the Senate
We
decreed that it should be restored at the publiccost.
escorted to the Capitol
the
when
have seen
how he was
looked upon
of the first victory
arrived. For he was
news
the representative
of the cause
for which
as
they fought,
it was
and when success
to him theypaidthe homage
came
of their joy.
not yet over.
But the war
was
Anxiety still prevailed
still turned to the
at Eome, and the thoughtsof all were
Brutus
Decimus
there
walls of Mutina.
was
beleaguered
in by a powerful
hemmed
Might he not be forced
army.
by famine to surrender ? Might not Antony, protected
from attack by his fortified camp, be able to take the town
Gaul, make
by assault,and then, burstinginto Cisalpine
But the suspense
himself master
of the whole province
?
did not continue
long. A few hours later in the day
the Senate, the tidings
when
Cicero had last addressed
of another and a final victory. The camp
of Antony
came
the
temple of
had
been
Such
stormed, and
of his
remnant
no
the
doubt
on
But
it
were
the fifteenth of
intrenchments,and
another
the
was
himself,with
in full
was
troops,
streets of Eome.
and
he
the
flighttowards
shattered
the
Alps.
was
these.
degreeexaggerated,
some
After
his defeat
venture
battle until he
received
I have mentioned
that
an
by
Hirtius
within
his
to
Lepidus,at
SILANUS
B.C. 43.
legionsin
Southern
JOINS
Gaul
and
ANTONY.
253
Northern
Spain,had shown
daughter's
father-in-law,
that his
with his
were
sympathies
althoughhe had made no decisive demonstration. He was
and was
a thoroughly
unprincipled
prepared to join
man,
the winning side,whichever that might he.
So doubtful
he at this time
was
as
to
a
actually
body of troops,under
despatched
of Marcus
to
of his
Silanus,one
with
officers,
to Dio
Cassius,he
the two
he
hostile camps
for this was
most
motive
he
might
himself
not
it convenient
through Italy,
very
Bosworth
be
to do
of events.
course
According
no
eagles; and
cowardlyone
of
the
that
probablythe
but be
personally
compromised,
in case
his officer,
he
ultimately
marched
Silanus,therefore,
so.
in the
much
field,
readyto
orders to march
to carry his
was
the act of
able to disavow
found
him
gave
the command
act
as
positionof Stanleyat
circumstances
tate.
might dic-
Brutus
The
when
made
victorious
he
sortie from
the town
quiteinto the
troops penetrated
tent.
general's
But
camp,
and
Antony made
compelledto
254
claim
friends
ANTONY.
JE-r. 64.
vigor,and decline a
might force his way
hattle.
into
Mutina,
in which
in turn
or
he
was
He, therefore,determined
useless.
and
his
renewed
But
become
by surroundingit, and
OF
EETEEAT
then
the
his
would
strongest,
to
evacuate
his
was
the
the
Brutus
not in a condition
to
was
prize of Octavian.
the retreating
foe. At the moment
pursue immediately
that Hirtius was
and he also
he did not know
killed,
mistrusted
Octavian.
His
in
few
own
troops were
and he had no
and miserablyequipped,
number
cavalry
in
On the next day Pansa
nor
baggage animals.
expired
It shows what was
Bononia.
thought of the character
of victory
of Octavian,that at the moment
he was
pected
susof two frightful
murders.
A rumor
spreadthat
he had bribed Glycon,the surgeon of Pansa, to poisonhis
blow
wounds, and had hired an assassin to giveHirtius his deathin the struggleat the camp.
Niebuhr believes him
of these almost incredible crimes.
to have been quitecapable
Octavian's reputation
His words are
as
early
was, even
that time,such as to occasion a report,
which was
as
surely
not quite
false,that he had caused the surgeon to poison
"
"
of
the wounds
murder
8
Cui
Hirtius.
These
bono ?
If
two
we
he had hired
applythe
words
have
cui lono
perhaps been
an
assassin to
of L.
oftener
Cassius,8
misapplied
in the Latin
than
in the
any
of
"
What
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
256
UNCERTAINTY
much
as
as
confidence
ambition
as
of the
conduct
an
would
moment
or
have
Napoleon;
the
of him
what
the
but
of
authority
neither the
and
been
to his mind.
abhorrent
by
like this.
emergency
as
one
to
opportunity
slightest
reputation
one
seized
by a
bare
idea
he
and
of the
Cromwell,
it must
be
people,
ha.Yfi.
thought
know
Rome'.
We
little of
only
can
when it was
metropolis,
still uncertain
dead,and it was
vast
were
Qctavian would
course
at. sufh
was
illegality
an
we
Unfortunately
actuallypassingat
equal to
not
was
to command
was
the
stillto be,
^f power
or
Caesar,
of
.whom
on
was
what
rein
If he
nor
But
the foremost
was
an
the
The
the Senate
its leader.
then
was
the
been
devolved.
have
naturally
would
had
have
He
againstAntony,if war
war
64.
at this emergency
such
was
never
would
that
to. him.
If he had
to seize.
general,he
there
and
JET.
turned
have
Rome,
at
man
ROME.
"can hardlydoubt
orator,we
an
as
IN
take.
What
would
that
showed
was
reached
his way
on
Antony.
his acts
He
the
told
Rhone,
with
corresponded
Italyto supportthe
Cicero that he had by
to
and
crossed
that
river
his
promises.
consuls
forced
on
the
against
marches
twenty-
sixth of
Decimus
intelligence.
Brutus
also wrote
to him
on
the
D.
B.C. 43.
BRUTUS
COMMANDER-IN-CHtEF.
257
whatever
would
in
Lepidus;
but
he
in
was
hopesthat
Plancus
that
to combine
in the conduct
conferred it upon
in
claims
many
of the
had
assassins of Caesar.
placedat
been
The
war.
Italywas
Brutus, who
so
the
therefore,
Senate,
Decimus
not
This fact
the
perhapsnot sufficiently
taken into account when
the appointment
was
made, and
the Senate hardlyappreciated
the power which even
the
stillexercised over
the minds of
shadow of that lofty
name
their countrymen, and especially
the veterans who
over
of the legions.
formed the strength
and the day after the battle.
Let us revert to Mutina
The dying Pansa wished to see Brutus,and he hastened to
to gratify
his
Bononia,the day after the siegewas raised,
wish.
But
that
retraced his
and
met
the way there he was
and
the consul had expired,
on
stepstowards
defended.
gallantly
VOL.
II.
was
He
the
citywhich
had
an
gence
with the intelli-
he
he
immediately
had so long
258
ANTONY'S
MARCH
TO
him
vian,and stronglyurged
to
GAUL.
the
cross
JET. 64.
and
Apennines,
cut
"
"
which
most
are
unfortunate."
lost.
days were
in the
towns
of
At
from
veteran
of
way
by
had
his march
as
he
made
reinforcement
welcome
forced march
most
that
received
troopsunder the
then
was
Genoa,
Ventidius,who
mountains
cious
pre-
road passes, he
Corniche
Genoa, and,
so
service,
considerable number.
Gulf
time two
mean
passed
his route, threw open the prisons,
on
them
and
the neighbourhoodall he
collected from
the
the
Antony pressedforward
through the
and
In
command
of
he
the
across
placed his
But Brutus
Antony.
of Antony'smovements, he pushed
gettingintelligence
five cohorts to Pollentia,
forward instantly
which reached
hour
the
placejustan
arrived
captains,
have
there
disconcerted the
mountains,
before
of Antony's
one
Trebellius,
with his cavalry. This seems
to
enemy'splans,who struck into the
they expected to
into that
partof
Lepidus. They came
find
Gaul
where
up
with
Excluding
leadingacross
the
the
coast
Alps
route
from
there
were
only
two
practicablepasses
in ancient
times.
The
one
HIS
B.C. 43.
mal
ARRIVAL
IN
LEPIDUS'S
CAMP.
259
of the
sufferings
they had to endure on their
journey. He says that Antony who had quitted
much
so
made
no
luxury and sumptuous living,
in
difficulty
now
drinkingfoul water, and feedingon wild fruits and roots.
Nay, it is related that they ate the very hark of trees,and
the Alps lived upon creatures that no
in passingover
one
before had ever
heen willingto touch."
Since his flight
from Mutina, Antony had never
trimmed
his beard. His
hair hung in disordered masses
his neck,and his looks
on
wild and haggard. He had good reason
for intense
were
for his fate dependedupon the reception
he might
anxiety,
meet with from Lepidus. If he declared againsthim
he
lost for ever.
was
Haltinghis weary and famished troops,
and flinging
dark-coloured cloak over
his shoulders,
a
he
passedwithin the trenches of Lepidus's
camp, and began to
address the soldiers. His appealbegan to produce an
when Lepidusordered the trumpetsto sound,so as
effect,
account
"
his voice.
to drown
words.
Lselius and
see
rest may
told in Plutarch's
to confer
Claudius
him.
that
so
greaterpity,
with him, and dressed
secretly
advised him
They
and
clothes,
in women's
without
Lepidus'strenches,assuringhim
would
be
"
they resolved
to
The
receive
him, and
Antony, however,had
that
delayto
wish for
this,but
kill Lepidus.
the
the
valleyof
Rhone
near
morning
next
marched
was
attack
strong party
if he wished it would
no
sent them
partedthe
steppedin,
into
descends
first constructed
was
between
by Pompey to furnish a shorter communication
other
the
The
was
the provincesof Cisalpineand Transalpine Gaul.
Alps (theLittle St. Bernard},by which Hannibal
pass of the Graian
there
marched
Rome.
on
military road
Bk. III.
c.
before
The
the
Cenis did
Mont
pass of the
middle
ages." See Mommsen,
not
become
Gesch.
4.
s
Bom.
260
and
LEPIDUS
as
lie went
JOINS
ANTONY.
through towards
the
"T.
other bank, he
64.
saw
"
not
considerable force."
inaccurate account
of what
necessityof
caution
Plancus
and
was
of
man
his behaviour
in
was
Antony's flightfrom
expressedin
He
and
He
the
very
different
stamp
he
wrote
his
very
the
authority.
he
Lepidus,
heard
of
Cicero,and
to
hostility
in communication
to
shows
from
different. When
Mutina
was
this is
and
reallyhappened,
acceptingPlutarch's
strongestterms
said that he
But
the
tives.
fugi-
with
Lepidus,
to keep him
loyal.
brigand,and said that
into his
Lepidus had promisedto attack him if he came
and had begged himself to joinhim.
He could
province,
and
soldiers,
was
more
thoroughlydepend on his own
than Antony's,
afraid of Lepidus's
men
saying, If I could
only come
up first with Antony, he would not stand an
"
CONDUCT
B.C. 43.
hour,so much
do I
"
which
but
cannot
do
may
cured."
beaten
There
was,
before
be
utterly
significantly,
internal ulcer
some
can
so
found
out
and
not
desperate ulcer,"
"
mind, as
Lepidus's
When
soon
it
very
in
but
added
there is
indeed,a
only in Lepidus's
army,
myself,and
troops."He
fear that
mischief
261
PLANCUS.
confidence do I feel in
despisehis
But
OF
he
Plancus
thus,he
wrote
suspectthe truth,
but
should
to press forward.
he determined
from
the
perhapsjealousthat he
gloryof defeating
Antony, and
But
he
who, when
stabbed
himself
army.
This
to
that his
Lepidus,
bent
treason,
generalwas
on
letter revealed
the
extent
of the
mischief.
would
he
was
where
Cicero
to him
to
be
There
Lepiduswas
halted.
He, therefore,
opposedto him.
camp, on ground
fortymiles distant from Lepidus's
he was
by a river in his front,he wrote to
protected
begging that reinforcements might be sent
urgently
he hoped still
in which case
as possible,
as
quickly
able to secure
victoryand "destroythe villains."
be
is
no
reason
to doubt
loyal
; and if Lepidus
time,thoroughly
himself,Antony would
as
to his professions
and
destroyed,
the
destinyof
the world
been
changed.
as
true
262
AMBITION
and
JET. 64,
allies now
The
him,
OCTAVIAN.
OF
had
marched
against
of his camp
before
he
of their
heard
the Commonwealth
difficult to
the
justify,
It would
father.
instead of
hurt
the vital
at
the
the
be to
and
tune,
for-
with
cordially
murderers
of
his
of the Senate
conduct
of those
one
vigorof
at
perhaps
may
name
to act
actual
Brutus,
be
nearer
pridewas
appointingDecimus
It is
we
heir of his
the
were
His
them.
in
be
the
"
bring himself
not
of whom
some
men,
adopted son
should
at this crisis. He
he could
and
unable
understand,however
motives
Caesar's
was
sion
Octavian's deci-
On
the Crown.
and
he stood between
Eome
not
Cromwell, when
Monk,
murderers,
command
of the army
with
inflamed
seat of power,
of
if he could
however
constitution,
destroy
he might preserve
he might best
questionwas how
attain this end.
and
If,while still actingas the officer,
under the authority,
of the Senate,he crushed Antony, he
would, by the very victory,be impartingstrength to
its form.
The
and
republicaninstitutions,
afterwards to overthrow
he
might share
would
them.
find it
more
difficult
If he
even
joinedAntony now
if he could not enjoy
it alone.
It
was
better
for him
to divide the
prizethan
to lose it
2f"4
OCTAVIAN
elevated
to be
was
State, it
the
possible,
hardlybe
with
him
JET. 64.
highestexecutive
office in the
to diminish,as much
as
politic
And
this
of his abusing his power.
than by associating
more
effectually
done
like
man
SENATE.
and
chance
could
the
to
wise
was
THE
OVERAWES
Cicero,the determined
watchword
of the
mistrust
the
fact not
corroborated
consider
we
are
got
But
proved for
some
so
now
entirely
important
had
time
Senate
to consent
and
abortive,
he took
to
a
He
overcomingthe opposition.
that they would not fight
swear
of
his soldiers to
againsttroopsthat
persuadethe
efficacious method
first
Constitution.
was
name
by contemporary testimony,that I
the whole story.
at liberty
to reject
Octavian's efforts to
more
very
authorityof
that
his election
whose
of
enemy
served with
Caesar,and
then
sent
of four hundred
of his centurions to Home,
deputation
behalf of the army, to claim the donation
as
on
petitioners
that had been promised to the troops,and to ask that the
might be conferred on him.
consulship
a
The
Senate had
some
and when
they saw the turn thingswere
legions,
taking,
and that they had only the scantyarmy of Decimus
Brutus
which they could confidently
on
relyfor the defence of the
Eepublicagainstthe risingtide of treason that seemed
likelyto engulf it,they despatchedcouriers to Marcus
Brutus
and Cassius,
urging them to hasten over to Italy
with
from
Africa,and
their command.
The
troopscame
the Senate
was
soon
heard
Borne, and
Senate-house.
This
indeed,short
of the
shaken
But
to
their
where
when
the senators
were
sitting,
although
OFFENCE
B.C. 43.
they had
the
demanded
the
and, seizinghis
"
If you
This
them,
was
says that
named
They
the Senate
went
Cornelius,
will not
you
giveit
replied,
are
out,
surelya very
it ultimately
cost
had
"tterthe
we
in this
canvass
265
outside.
arms
him,
.CICERO.
Octavian,and when
for
consulship
of
BY
their
to leave
grace
still hesitated,
one
to
HIM
GIVEN
read
him
heard
would
think
of the
We
Philippics.
that before this a bitter jokeof
know, on better authority,
much
more
his,which was
likelyto give mortal offence,
of Octavian.
had reached the ears
it is
Unfortunately
to translate it,for it is,in fact,a pun.
In a
impossible
letter to him, dated Eporedia(now Jurea in Piedmont),
of May, Decimus Brutus^mentioned
the twenty-fifth
that
on
Seguliushad told him that he and Octavian had been
and that Octavian
Cicero,
a good deal about
together
talking
had complainedof his saying,laudandum
adolescentem,
ornandum, tottendum,observingthat he would take care
not to
never
get the
for him.3
the
and
in his
"
rascal that
the
replyhe
gods,"he said,
was,
point and
3
"
Se
non
commissurum
in
Aug.
he
the
for
Segulius
43.
"
shall
ut tolli
The
soil er
es
get it,"which
bear
the words
possit.""Ad
greatest
takes
Middleton
will be !
not think
12.
Cicero very
made
"
that
ever
or
himself
strongexpressions. May
canvassing, then
sting. But I do
is called
used
This
"
is,or
it, Wenn
story.
confound
2*A"" otfrcosTro/ja/coA^re,
A^erm
translates
added
Brutus
"
advancement
"
of
kind
nor
haben
has
that
Div. XI.
"
"
Abeken
When
this
certainlymore
meaning.
20.
lies of
See Veil.
course
in
the double
"
"
'
266
OCTAVIAN
make
painsto
some
MARCHES
ON
ROME.
us
MT.
64.
uttered
never
the
to
they were an invention of his enemies
to give him
at
into Octavius,
instil a jealousy
a handle
or
for he thinks it incredible
least for breakingwith Cicero,"
words,and
that
"
"
that
of his
man
prudencecould
so, it is remarkable
with
angry
answer
say them."
But
if
he does
to Brutus
chargeSeguliuswith calumny. He is
the
him, not for inventingbut for repeating
deny them
not
that in his
ever
nor
story.
the
When
army
heard
stillrefused
to
it demanded
to be
consulship,
led to Borne ; and he immediately
put his troopsin motion
the capital.
to march
on
They were in formidable strength
and auxiliaries; and,except
besides cavalry
eightlegions,
let Octavian
"
had
the soldiers thajj,
few in
In the
Decimus
to ten
number,
to
Brutus,whose
was
was
army
Africa,who
crossed
the
were
tively
compara-
but consisting
of
legions,
chiefly
mountains
young
seven
and
raw
and
joinedPlancus.
all his professions
of devotion
Pollio,
notwithstanding
the Senate,went over
to the enemy,4and Antony
at the head of seventeen
legions. Plancus saw
was
now
that
victorywould
there
time what
mean
had
recruits,
Asinius
from
come
be
the
on
bataillons,
and
and
is
long
walked
and
about
of the
sufferings
with
unhappy
his hands
man
behind
him
mocking
the
cries
RETREAT
B.C. 43.
DECIMUS
OF
267
BRUTUS.
the extreme.
common
Decimus
stood alone
Amongst
with
cause
had
become
the
three
criticalin
"
only he
with
to oppose
inexperienced
troops,badly equipped,
the veteran legionsof Caesar,who
greatlyoutnumbered
death if he had
He would have died a more
him.
glorious
and fallen on
struck the last blow for his country's
liberty,
the battle-field. But we have no rightto blame the course
for him to face such tremendous
he took. It was
impossible
odds with any chance of success, and his only hope of
safetywas in a rapidretreat. But if he recrossed the Alps
cepted
and descended into Italyhe feared that he would be interstanding
whose underforces of Octavian,
by the superior
with Antony he could no longerdoubt. His object
Brutus in
with Marcus
to effect a junction
was, if possible,
towards
Macedonia by a circuitous route,and he led his troops
the river and force his way
the Ehine, intendingto cross
throughthe passes of the Khaetian Alps. His line of march
lay,in fact,through the modern Switzerland. Although
the order of time,it may be as well to
it is anticipating
He found
that overtook him.
relate here the catastrophe
that he could no longertrust his soldiers. Some of them
began to desert his standard ; and at last he left his army,
his way, as
to make
attended by a body of Gallic cavalry,
hut
he best
have
could,across
wavered.
first distributed
Three
hundred
At
the Ehine.
all events
amongst
horsemen
them
all the
himself
as
He
then
gold he possessed.
these
to
troopsseem
he dismissed them, having
But
leader,and
ten
a town
Gaul, reached Aquileia,
at the head of
268
OCTAVIAN
Adriatic.
tlie
native
his
of
the
his
first
As
Octavian
Senate
future
make
to
him
Africa.
But
hastened
to
join
declared
This
the
the
and
in
Eoman
happened
gates,
form
the
the
times
whatever
telling
him
to
Camillas
told
struck
was
had
necessary
He
off, the
of
Soon
twenty-first
Q.
twenty-second
Pedius
afterwards
of
the
his
as
and
age
his
September,
it
city
rapidly
was
of
year
from
march,
entered
election
revived,
legions
their
on
Octavian
an
hopes
more
army.
their
offering
him,
to
two
affrighted
propitiate
their
deserted
and
with
and
embassy
landing
the
Kome,
moment
of
of
steps
advancing
consul,
on
walls
an
actually
The
conqueror.
through,
the
these
outside
halted
of
hardly
head
their
For
and
alliance.
sent
consul.
heard
they
when
They
master.
his
the
retrace
to
is
he
former
service,
death.
his
new
approached
sought
It
and
the
of
trophy
ghastly
the
by
that
in
Antony,
to
on
captive
had
requited
grasp.
insisted
Antony
murder
to
he
his
shows
Camillas,
hastening
by
within
prize
that
say
and
seized
and
Brutus
04.
Mr.
discovered
was
Borne.
benefactor,
been,
CONSUL.
name,
with
have
may
lie
whose
connexion
been
it
Here
chieftain,
some
ELECTED
as
gone
he
was
colleague.
CICERO
B.C. 43.
RETIRES
XXV.
AND
DEATH
HIS
is good reason
to be
in Eome
Eepublic.1
Accompaniedby
of
his brother
had
of events.
is
reconciled them,
completely
wait
doubt that he
other
there the
might
have
usual indecision he
was
Tusculum, to
no
stay
which
spectacle
and
"
B.C. 43.
64.
hopes,and
misfortune
common
CICERO
of all his
the downfall
OF
of
eye-witness
an
269
CHARACTER.
Mi.
THEKE
TUSCULUM.
CHAPTER
PROSCRIPTION
THE
TO
it
too
was
he
"
course
easily
tion
resolu-
with
his
and
late,
the
him.
overtook
Antony's vengeance
Bitter, indeed,must have been his thoughtsas he stood
the lovelyhill of Tusculum, and gazedjacross the
on
Campagna upon the citywhich would soon be occupiedby
his deadliest foes. Was this then the result of allhis untiring
of
bloody ministers
effortsand
it for
Was
1
materials
The
months
?2
in
for
of Cicero's life
They
agree.
XLVIL
10, 11 ;
not
are
Livy, Fragm.
Seneca
Suasor, 7
Valerius
Maximus,
V. 5.
2
Speaking at
escape of Antony
14.
earlier
"
Shadow
ultimatelyto
the
period
of the
contentiones
vehementes
XI.
an
tamquam
fights"indeed
Republic.
disappointment felt at
he had said,"Meseque
cr/cia^ax""
they were
esse
videntur.""
the
ill89
AdDiv.
270
FIRST
OF
OCTAVIAN.
the
as
ACTS
faithful servant
that
honors
no
than
he
could
now
made
Constitution,and
and
He
destinies of Kome.
had
his sword
have
must
Plancus.
of Pollio and
He
might be
trusted
declared that
be
deserved,and
that he
State ?
of the
JET. 64.
were
more
both
Law
keenlyfelt the
Their conduct
showed
tion
deser-
that he
in the midst
But,
consolation
one
was
the
signs of
reproach.He
the
times, but
had
singlearm,
combat
done
In
the standard
of his
of
as
men
Curiae,in
held
all.
It
ominous
more
he
assume
was
which
soon
hearted
faint-
with
aloft,
out
was
armies
to
fault of
no
proper
by
willingto
now
to have his
was
form.
Then
openlyto
foreboded
avow.
the
The
a
the
adoption,
peoplein
he entitled
onlywas
the
kind,and
be slaves.
own
law,passedby
of Caius
proud names
Octavianus, although for upwards of a year
called Caesar by his friends. His other measures
to
legally
of
were
their
do to preserve
and that
One
the midst
freedom,sent
and animated
cheered,encouraged,
had
without
was
could
fickle populace,
he had
the enemies
there
disappointment,
He
might have been
and failed to read aright
his conscience
liberties of Kome.
Senate and
his
for Cicero.
mistaken
the
Julius Caesar
he had
were
been
of
which
changeof policy
resolution of the
publicenemy,
was
Senate,
repealed,
272
SECOND
THE
for
petitors
We
power.
Octavian
and
do
the result
but
negotiation,
upon,
TRIUMVIRATE.
know
not
that
was
led his
JET. 64.
the
details of the
meetingwas
agreed
island
Ehenus,
mountain-torrent,which
close
the world
formed,and
This
The
won.
was
to
that
two, and
was
should
brother
Paulus
Thus,
says
them
from
beast
power
one
rather
Apennines,and
the
of
basest
by
The
men.
to death
compacts
Each
Cicero
of the
made
was
terms
war.
swords
the
into
was
spoil.
what their
rightto apportion
did not satisfy
their minds.
of
flows
Triumvirate
giveup
;
more
that
were
his
Lepidus,
own
Cicero and
and
than
savage
answerable
lost,and
as
little
river,or
second
divided
was
three
is
they heard
the
victims,to
entered
ever
Octavian
this
But
surrender
other
no
had
conquerors
had
all
be
might
Eeno,
rises in the
Here
Bologna.
to
the
now
was
when
with
possessed
to his rage.
his brother
of the
they
man,
still at
were
Not
proscription.
must
Tusculum, when
moment
to be
was
hesitated
*^
......
whether
should "hasten
We
are
told that
not
judge them
to
the
we
must
his brother
were
not
on
so.
The
ancients
only ancients
"
and
Cicero
but Italians
"
put
and with
ourselves,
MURDER
B.C. 43.
OF
QUINTUS
them
grieffound
passionate
reproachto their courage or
Cicero
that
afraid
was
AND
in
vent
of
and
sorrow
weepingwithout
die, but
to
273
SON.
any
HIS
had
had
calamity
whelmed
over-
despair.An
unforeseen
stance
circum-
determined
Quintus should
supplies.No
the necessary
to
and
back
come
to
never
overtake
After
otherwise.
his
to
doubt
his intention
brother,but
it
affectionate embrace
an
again.
meet
return
Cicero continued
was
ordered
was
they parted,
his route, and
Quintus
arrived.
with
of
but
him,
concealed
by
find him
make
him, to
but, as
we
of
Unable
his
the
assassins.
prayedthat
he
the
house
same
painforced
from
the
to endure
or
in
of his
infer from
may
forth from
means
some
could not
himself
one
him
mity
of the accounts,the extre-
cries which
thoughtof
he
came
killed them
both
at
the
same
moment.
vessel,
got
as
cello).There
the head
him
was
of the
shipwas
lution
his pursuers, when a strange fitof irresoseized him, and he insistedon beingput on shore
away
VOL.
far
in
n.
from
274
again.
ASSASSINS.
BY
CICERO
PURSUED
sort of
which
fascination,
him
to have attracted
seems
resist,
to
JET. 64.
he
unable
was
to
In
"
of
betrayer. But
his
His
understand,for
there
him
once
to
The
vessel
the
sea
reached
Fonnian
more
voyage,
down
Appian
K\V$WVOS.
kinder master
was
their prayers.
"
Let
me
imploredto
continue
die,"he exclaimed,
"
saved
often !
so
"
The
the
in my
day
they forced
"
De
to
the clothes
his
him
landing to
to
With
his track.4
close upon
were
get
into
sea-sickness
was
"
and bore
litter,
OVK
e"/"epeT^V ayHiav
Appian
that
crows
covered
awoke
him
his face.
One
from
his
sleep by pulling
tradition
the
"
"
represents him
murderers
of Euripides when
quietlyreading the Medea
moment
of agonizing terror.
not very likelyat such
a
he destroyed himself
another
by poison. Euseb. Chron.
Drumann.
tionate
affec-
as
by
"
readily
besought
of
attributes
According
away
can
we
TOV
was
He
I have
devotion
but in vain.
seventh
foot
never
upon
wiser counsels.
morning came
whose
"
die.3
to
country,which
the
the
Heaven
of
vengeance
his
his mind
up
the
slaves
attendant
Eome,
there
with
go to
of
down
breast,to draw
that he would
arrived
According
p. 183,
to
quoted
Sketched
by
Ainslie.
FORMIJE,
WHERE
CICERO
WAS
MURDE1JED.
Vol.
ii.
p.
27?
B.C.
43.
him
MURDER
OF
CICERO.
woods
towards
the shore.
alreadyreached
named
Lsenas.
The
the villa.
They
Herennius,and
Cicero had
band
the
then
leafless,
of murderers
had
headed
turion,
by a centribune Popilius
military
were
defended Lgenas in a
successfully
criminal trial against
the chargeof parricide,
and obtained
his acquittal.
But gratitude
of small account in comwas
parison
of the reward that he would gain
by the death of
his benefactor.
Some miscreant pointedout the path the
had taken,and the assassins hurried
fugitive
throughthe
of them by a shorter road,so as to meet him as
wood, some
he came
When
out.
he heard their footsteps
approaching
he knew
to set down
him.
his
"
once
He
the
drew
back
covered
to defend
and stretching
forward
curtain,
think it
with
right
"
or
strike !
Popilius,
"
ing
Accord-
with
with
neck,and
hair
and
worn
un-
Several of
and
instructive
that
have
come
to
the
notice
down
to
us
discrepanciesin
of the
last moments
the
of
Plutarch
was
that he
to
different narratives
Cicero.
moved
were
It is curious
taken
hairs
a
was
stretched
"
shoemaker
his neck
out
and
of the
client of Clodius.
litter,and
says that he
off his head,
Plutarch
Herennius
cut
his Philippics
by Antony's
and Seneca
written."
Appian,.Dion Cassius,Valerius Maximus,
Appian's
Popilius Lsenas who struck the blow.
say that it was
command
and
all
forbade them
"
his person
were
the
his
"
and
litter,
! if you
to
He
come.
either Herennius
head,called out,addressing
Here, veteran
his
was
account
is that Lsenas
"with three
his hands
pulledhis
head
than
also, by which
out of the
litter and
cuttingoff the
killed him
head, owing to
T
^76
INSULTS
Thus
fell Cicero
of
proscription
three
the
"
the
REMAINS.
noblest
He
and
months,
JET.
victim
Triumvirate.
eleven
years,
CICERO'S
TO
of
the
bloody
exactlysixty-
was
five
64.
he
died.
The
hands
with
the head
off,and
cut
were
the murderers
carried them
His
to
with joy,and
sparkled
eyes
the
bitter
words^of
whose
to the
there in
that
spot had
so
It
in the
case
His
She
wife
took
often been
the
then
was
the
his
scene.
taken
and
moulder
hands, to
of which
eloquence,
A sadder sightwas
Borne.6
that
Bacon
if it be
"
His
have
great men
rule
tinuance
con-
exemplified
was
"
no
line became
rapidlyextinct.
the child of so many
hopes gave him, in
uneasiness,owing to the irregularities
"
"
to himself
the credit of
says that Lsenas, to secure
the skull close to a little garlanded image of himself,
awkwardness.
Dio
the murder,
an
It
triumphsof
of Cicero.
only son
early life,some
the
this rule
; and
with
her bodkin.
gazed upon in
is a sayingof
never
his
to
present
often
so
Rostra,togetherwith
mockery of
sum.
she had
sarcasms
nailed
enormous
her
piercedit with
rage
he
an
onlypaid
not
it on
it,and placing
in
to it
he
kept
inscription
upon
it
mentioning
the fact.
Desiderius
was
Lignamineus
up in 1547, that he
into his note-book.
Cicero's
son.
But
in the
storycurrent
had
His
of Padua
seen
declares, in
the tombstone
theory
the whole
sixteenth
was
account
that
which
narrative
and
copied
the
tomb
is discredited.
the
was
he drew
inscription
by
erected
278
surface of history. He
to make
We
himself.
tried
have
hy
extremes
two
it is hetter
And
unmarried,or
ahle
of Cicero
character
of the
it in its
seen
the
died
64.
issue.
just estimate
MT.
I hope,he
foregoing
pages will,
of the
reader
The
CHARACTER.
to have
appears
he left no
at all events
CICERO'S
OF
ESTIMATES
for
ness,
strengthand in its weakand adverof prosperity
sity.
should
that each
materials which
form
his
own
fair
biographyaffords,
of others,on a questionwhere
than trust to the opinions
and
of the writer,
much
so
dependsupon the idiosyncrasy
of his
the pointof view from which he regardsthe subject
the
opinionfrom
Few
criticism.
had
death, he
enemies
calumnies
atrocious
the natural
death
In
of
who
and
praised,
more
his
gave
and
lifetime,
and
lie,
now.
to
currency
him.
respecting
to notice them
memory
heen
Cicero.
vilified than
more
have
men
But
it would
he
these
an
few
after his
the
most
have died
insult to his
letters,
his name
has heen worshipped
period,
with a kind of idolatry:hut at last there has
writers as unduly
come
a
reaction,and he is hy some
he was
before unduly extolled.
The two
as
depreciated
he represented
of opinion
extremes
hy Middleton and
may
Niehuhr on the one
hand, and hy Melmoth,Drumann, and
and
until
Mommsen
recent
very
the
on
other.
Middleton
so
goes
far in his
admiration
that
and
difficult times
in most
considerate
have
added
to which
integrity,
element
no
if I had
Cicero
as
would
judge
folly."But
of
he acted with
Drumann
of value.
known
near
self-restraint
him, and
relation who
has
"
I love
says,
I judge of him
as I
had
committed
of
paintedthe portrait
Cicero
ESTIMATES
B.C. 43.
en
noir
OF
In
throughout.
sustained and
credit for
in the whole
279
CHARACTER.
hardlygiveshim
motive
CICERO'S
his
singlepure
he makes
and
character,
disinterested
or
of his life. He
course
catches
at
him, exceptthose
respecting
which charge him with licentiousness,
of which even
Drumann
him ; and whenever there is a
absolutely
acquits
of imputingsomething
it to
possibility
wrong, he imputes
him
in a spirit
of systematic
He
misrepresentation.
never
giveshim the benefit of a doubt,and his criticismis
in reading
that it is difficult
often so unfair,
it to avoid feelings
of anger and disgust.His erudition is immense,and
I willingly
with which he affords
the honesty
acknowledge
of verifying
his assertions,
the reader the means
by the
every
references
copious
that
are
of every
takes.
As to
of supreme
he
speaksof
contempt,and
if all
him
we
positively
were
he affectsa
knew
of him
work of Abeken.9
censure
and his
is alwaysa
praise
fair and
discriminating
judge.
It may
Cicero in Semen
Briefen.
was
weak,
280
CHARACTER.
MORAL
HIS
JET. 64.
his
of
life,
brave
as
the very
need
a man
the final
strugglewith
Antony. It would not be fair to judge of Napoleonsolely
at St. Helena, and it is not fair to judge
by his demeanour
and his conof Cicero solely
duct
by his agony duringhis exile,
In the first he was
unmanned
duringthe Civil War.
by the magnitude of his misfortunes,and in the second
of determiningwhich
unnerved
side he
by the difficulty
It is utterlyuntrue
to
ought to follow.
assert, as
Drumann
for right
asserts,that selfishness and disregard
truth
and
and
but not selfish;
egotistical,
of
was
rightwas one chief cause
He
less
would
much
as
have
been
instinct
souls to the
requiredin
too
was
his
was
what
his irresolution.
lot
cast
was
statesman
strong to
do
anxietyto
uttermost, and
He
consistent if he had
more
His
scrupulousman.
tried men's
of his mind.2
prominentfeatures
were
as
allow him
in
been
times
when
which
boldness
virtue.
His
to resort to
was
moral
means
of
his conscience
made
1
His
tendency
Laberius,
I would
I
as
Roman
receive
am
etechende
But
oppositepartiesonce
exposed him to
Macrobius
II.
(Saturn.
by
3). He said
knight, who was looking for a seat in the theatre,
recorded
here
you
surprisedyou
Uebrigens erkennt
Feigheit und Mangel
"
ashamed.
between
to trim
stinging sarcasm,
to
"
him
have
Ei^enschaften.
room,
in seinem
man
an
if I had
not
achtung
"
Gesch.
vor
room
as
:"
you
Character
Recht
Boms.
on
which
usually sit
und
Laberius
on
two
replied,
stools."
Erregbarkeit,Selbstsucht,
Wahrheit, als die hervor-
B.C.
HIS
43.
aim
his constant
deceived
the
those
and
right;
himself,and
made
judgment
like De
who,
rather
than
His end
to the
as
scruple
privatelife
in their
wrong
lustre
the
by
and
different
lavish in
praise
troubled
he
by
had
no
his
his name,
surrounds
right and
to confound
commanding genius,his
success.
character
sincerity.In
others,
gain it
to
which
of
hero-worship
The
and
never
forgetall this,and
to
apt
are
men
iron
darkened
Dazzled
kind.
so
Let
and civil
corruption,
Conspiracy,
of his guiltyambition,and his
by vices of the worst possible
means.
was
are
was
power,
instruments
the
were
war
was
times
some-
of his heart.
Quincey, Mommsen,
conscience.
although he
great mistakes,
they were
of Cicero,and
speakso disparagingly
of
281
CHARACTER.
to do
was
of his
errors
MORAL
was
that
from
of the words
sense
of
want
conduct
man,
character to
language
there
and
the
cause
they dislike to
under
it
himself,and he blew
his
of his
He
own
his
of ill-nature to appear
the
of weakness
faults
forgiveworse
kind
their
tribute.
of
ears
will
as
have
it were,
the
sarcasms
as
wearied
has
enough
was
Men
of truth.
he
enemies.
many
whose
men
characters he abhorred.
vanity,and
him
it has made
weak
Forum, upon
and whose
disliked,
he
the
and
Senate
the
of
injuryto themselves,
exacted
praise
was
more
never
tired of
trumpetwith
countrymen.
and to be
But
laid,
speaking
blast which
it
was
after
282
all
AS
CICERO
harmless
and
failing,
PHILOSOPHER.
would
MT.
have
been
64.
sufficiently
intellect had
hitherto
never
conceived
the
ence
exist-
school
which
to
of the New
the
was
he
Academy,
of which
reputedfounder.
reason
attached
most
Arcesilas
But
it
the
was
himself
was
most
was
the school
(born B.C.
320)
for
precisely
liberal and
the
least
Philosophia jacuitusque
literarum
Latinarum.
"
ad
hanc
Tusc. Disp. I. 3.
aetatem,nee
ullum
habuit lumeu
B.C.
CICERO
43.
AS
PHILOSOPHER.
283
tent -with
is the proper
keep the
of speculative
questions
when dealingwith
suspended,
mind
Moreover, the
truth.
what
considering
shall be
than
plausible
accustom
can
to doubt
of
himself to
whether
his
is
by
an
to
advocate is indisposed
constantlyemployed
opponent,and
is preparedto
an
he
answer
that
of
He
be said
can
that the
concerned
more
habit of mind
dogmatic assertion.
to
in
state in which
it shall be true.
But
no
he is
make
man
without learning
weigh objections
view is
own
infallibly
right.The
him
that
on
almost
flict
con-
every
philosophy.For
from
not
of his
which
the
same
servile imitation
reason,
of
believe,it
Plato,that Cicero
form
the
of
was,
and
cast most
by
dialogues,
quo
(genus disputandi)potissimum consecutijsumus
alios
arbitrabamur, ut nostram
ipsisententiam tegeremus, errore
usum
levaremus
et in omni
disputationequid esset simillimum veri quterere4
inus.
Id
"
Tusc.
Disp.
V.
4.
284
he
was
and
decided
others
and
the
more
And
he
pounder
ex-
of his
the asserter
truths
of
also clear
was
obligation.In
of moral
in his views
was
great cardinal
State.
Future
JET. 64.
than
Providence
ORATOR.
he
subjects,
of
opinions
of the
own,
AN
similar
AS
CICERO
his
lofty
in
to Expediency,
preference
the rule of conduct, he is a safer guide than
as
is the best practical
Paley ; and his work, De Officiis,'
quity
which
treatise on
the Whole
Pagan antiDuty of Man
be compared
Ethics of Aristotle may
affords. The
to the dissection of an
anatomist,but Cicero has givenlifeto
unhesitatingchoice
and
Eight
of
'
clothed
and
figureof Virtue,
the
it in
warm
flesh and
in
aggeration
exinvective,
blood.
As
Orator
an
in
his
faults
is such
exaggeration
limits within
which
rule,to
from
not
be
on
his statements.
any
or
purpose
excitable
coarseness
are
reallylies ; but, as
must
deduct
I believe that
desire to
temperament
of the
the
As
general
largepercentage
of this
cause
the vehement
mislead,but
man.
he felt
and
warmly, so
of his sentences
he
was
are
haustive
topicwith an exfulness which
leaves nothing to the imagination.
The pure gold of his eloquence
is beaten out too thin,and
what is gainedin surface is lost in solidity
and depth. The
in a cloud of words : the course
argument often disappears
of the stream
is lost in
difference between
of
the
Greek
him
an
inundation.
This
and Demosthenes.
argumentative. Amidst
the
of
is
The
his
great
declamation
Brougham,
grandeur of
one
is
always
his
eloquence,
and business-like,
and he never
loses
are
speeches
practical
sight of the aim and end he has in view. Perhapsno
286
CICERO'S
such
modulation
of diction,so
free from
in my
any
next
in
He
of the most
one
was
that
perfectsincerity
not
was
that
his
eternal.
friendships
any
other
wealth
perfect,
doted
mony
har-
and
author.
Livy,
of Cicero.
his
He
the
wants
it was
and
men,
and
family man.
and
pure
the
and
but he
excellence,
forgivingof
to confess
ashamed
so
other Latin
the charm
and
fulness,
It is
64.
that,
roughness or obscurity,
is familiar with it,he acquires
styleof
comes
opinion,
Mr.
the model
sentences, and
the reader
as
proportion
in
of
HABITS.
been
despairof
with
AND
stylewhich has
succeedingwriters.
created
He
APPEARANCE
enmities
Eomans, what
that he
mortal,
were
than
more
was,
almost
be called
may
on
in
his
from
different passages
and
meagre
weakness
in
of
diner
was
frame, with
generallytook
late in the
light pleasantryand
of
wit,
for
he
shadow
and
wit.
and
his existence.
over
In
what
the French
inexhaustible
the ancients."
times,and
brilliant
most
left a
wit
But
"
facultyof
call
he is
it had
Niebuhr
stingbehind
such
himself to
evening.
But
"
was
thin
was
had
table,
at
He
he accustomed
that
digestion
he
diet,which
spare
he
full
man
naturallyof
privatesorrow
cast
says, "the
minant
predo-
his mind
was
his
esprit light,unexpected,
not excelled by any among
"
flavor of bitterness
which
was
neither
in it at
forgotten
B.C.
HIS
43.
GEEAT
287
INDUSTRY.
it
full of
was
he
of what
his lost
include
preparedand
he
frequently
taken
7
from
Et
For
bronze
admirable
Asin.
an
his
death.7
requireno
we
Titus,Diem
tenth
true, if we
certainly
which
were
carefully
of
We
have
how
seen
perdidi!
full worth
consider what
us
never
decora
Pollio
apud
account
'
and
lived. He
title-pageof Vol.
medal
article entitled
let
facies
excellent
than
quidem
valetudo."
8
some,
hand-
this is
and
head
The
was
astonishing.It
industrywere
speeches,most
have been
there would
of the
until
possess littlemore
we
wrote
his
appreciate
To
was
like
themselves
face
intellect
risen,and
had
and
computed that
has been
looks
good
beaming
of mind
activity
His
His
now.
feel assured.
authorityto
part
his
retained
he
and
That
in existence
to be
known
not
ad
Senec.
and
Cicero'
senectutem,
Suasor.
of
blank
tory
the his-
illumines the
I. of this work, is
Magnesia
prosperaque
in
Lydia.
permansit
6.
Biog. Diet.
works
see
the
288
PANEGYRIC
of
darkness
like
lofty
some
did,
to
who
and
with
the
Ciceronis
CICERO,
light
its
think
of
spoke
vivetque
gloria
all
the
more
omnem
mundo
Veil.
Paterc.
owe
II.
66.
of
waste
him
be
we
the
posed
dis-
historian
saeculorum
genus
all
of
"
shall
of
64.
intellect,
the
hominum
memoria
cedet."
we
judgment
per
glorious
over
rays
"
prophetic
JET.
his
of
sheds
citiusque
rnoriam;
quam
we
more
and
"Vivit
the
that
beacon
wrote,
agree
says:9
with
past
the
And
waters.
he
the
ON
me-
hominum
unquam
289
APPENDIX.
ORATIONS
OF
CICERO.*
B.C.
Pro
P. Quinctio
Pro
Sex. Roscio
Pro
Muliere
his
*Pro
Amerino
Arretina
81
80
**Pro
*De
(before
in senatu.
Comsedo
Adolescentibus Siculis
Pro
Scamandro
**Pro
*ProM.
..probably
Tullio
Pro. C. Mustio
before
..
..
In Q. Caecilium
In Yerrem
Actio
In Verrem
71
71
**De
L. Roscio
70
*Pro
C. Rabirio.
75
74
L. Vareno
prima, 5th
Aug.
secunda.
Not
Actio
Pro
M.
**De
70
A. Csecina
69
In Catilinam, tertia.
69
**ProP.
Oppio
67
Pro
Manilia
66
Fundanio
66
**ProC.
Pro
A.
Cluentio
**ProC.
Pro
Avito
..
66
..
Manilio
L. Corvino
**Pro.
ProscriptorumLiberis.
Nov.
Fonteio
Lege
0. Cornelio.
Two
C.
CalpurnioPisone
This
Dictionary;
but I have
fragments
remains
VOL.
to
remain
give
II.
are
; the
a
added
65
**In
wholly
62
Clodium
A.
62
.
Pro
Licinio
the
article 'Cicero'
there omitted.
61
61
.
in Smith's
The
60
Biog.
italics denote
asterisks,those of which
those of which,
nerally
Ge-
Archia.
ScipioneNasica
are
et Curionem
assignedto
Philippics,which
Q. Metelli,
P. Cornelio Sulla
Pro
Concionem
3rd Jan
6.3
**Contra
Pro
64
the
end of
65
tions
ora-
Towards
Murena.
65
Pro
Othone.
70
delivered.
*Pro
De
da,
Lege Agraria,Oratio secunad populum.
De Lege Agraria,Oratio tertia,
ad populum.
76
..
Pro
journey to Athens)
Q. Eoscio
Q. Gallic
290
ORATIONS
OF
CICERO.
APP.
BC.
Pro
Valeric
L.
Flacco
59
.
Pro
A.
Minucio
Gallo
55
Pro
Twice
Thermo.
B.C.
Caninio
Pro
C.
Rabirio
Postumo
54
.
defended
Pro
in
before
Ascitio
M.
after
Cispio
Keditum
Post
in
7th
Pro
*Pro
57
Senatu,
57
Reditum
or
56
5th
Sept
Post
**ProVatinio
6th
Quirites,
ad
ad
sua
Pontifices,
M.
Mtmlio
Scauro
54
.
Pro
Crasso
Druso
Pro
C.
De
Eeatinorum
Responsis
54
Pisone
Calpurnio
T.
57
Pro
56
Contra
M.
In
Bestia,
Feb
llth
54
Messio
54
Causa
contra
Annio
Milone
52
Two
Saufeio.
Munatium
T,
56
In
Sextio.
P.
in
Early
Vatinium
March
56
Same
Interrogatio.
date.
Pro
orations
52
Dec
52
Cornelio
Doldbella
50
M.
CsBlio
Pro
L.
Cornelio
Rufo.
56
.
De
**De
Rege
In
Pisonem
Pro
47
Pro
Q.
Ligario
46
A.
Cn.
Deiotaro
Rege
Pace
Senatu,
in
Prima
Philippica
45
March
17th
44
tony)
An-
(against
44
56
.
Alexandrino
56
.
L.
Marcello
Consularibus
Provinciis
**In
M.
De
Balbo
..
Pro
Pro
Pro
Plancum.
..
Pro
L.
Interamnates.
Pro
Sept
Haruspicum
Pro
Senatu
in
De
54
Pro
57
Sept
Domo
29th
..
..
Pro
59
Secunda
Philippica
(against
55
Antony
written
but
not
livered)
de-
Gabinium.
44
Plancio
55
.
Philippics
OrationesIII.-XV.
44-43
EOMAN
CONSULS
291
DURING
CICERO'S
LIFE.
Anno
C. Atilius Serranus
Eufus
P. Rutilius
..-
..
..
"etat.
Q. Servilius Csepio
On.
Mallius
C. Marius
II
C. Flavius
C. Marius
HI
L. Aurelius
Orestes
0. Marius
IV
Q. Lutatius
Catulua
C. Marius
M.
C. Marius
VI
L. Valerius
M.
(orator)
Antonius
Q. Cselius Metcllus
Cn.
...
Nepos
..
Albinus
..
P. Licinius
C. Cassius
..
Crassus
L. Licinius
Postumius
7
..
Ahenobarbus
Cn. Domitius
Flaccus
T. Didius
Lentulus
Corn.
Aquillius
A.
..
Fimbria
Crassus
10
Longinus
11
Q. Mucius
Scaevola
12
C. Cselius Caldus
L. Domitius
C. Valerius
M.
Herennius
14
M.
Perperna
15
Flaccus
C. Claudius
Pulcher
L. Marcius
L. Julius
Cn.
Philippus
Pompeius
L. Cornelius
Cn.
Caesar
Strabo
..
..
Sulla
Ahenobarbus
Sext. Julius
Lupus
17
L. Porcius
Cato
18
L. Cornelius
Cinna
II
C. Marius
L. Cornelius
Cinna
III
Cn.
II
L. Cornelius
Papirius Carbo
L. Cornelius
P. Servilius
M.
D.
Cn.
Vatia
^Emilius
Junius
Sulla
Isauricus
.
Brutus
Cn.
LucuUus
III
25
24
Papirius Carbo
Cn.
Cornelius Dolabella
Mam.
Pius
.
Pulcher
Claudius
..
JEmilius
Lepidus
..
30
..
P. Cornelius
M.
.
Licinius
Lentulus
33
34
..
Claudianus
35
Surse
36
..
Crassus
37
Q. Caecilius Metellus
Q. Hortensius
L. Csecilius Metellus
32
Cotta
Orestes
31
C. Cassius Varus
Varro
27
29
Cotta
Aurelius
26
28
..
Catulus
Q. Lutatius
M.
..
..
Poplicola
Aufidius
23
Norbanus
C. Aurelius
Terentius
IV
C. Scribonius Curio
Octavius
L. Gellius
Cinna
22
Cn.
App.
..
L. Octavius
M.
20
21
Q. Caecilius Metellus
II
Lepidus
L. Licinius
Cinna
VII
Decula
Tullius
19
Papirius Carbo
C. Junius
Scipio Asiaticus
C. Marius
M.
16
Q. Pompeius Eufus
Octavius
L. Cornel.
Caesar
P. Eutilius
L. Cornelius
Cn.
13
..
Q. Marcius
Eex
Creticus
38
39
292
CICERO'S
DURING
CONSULS
ROMAN
APP.
LIFE.
setat.
Anno
C.
M.
M'
Calpurnius Piso
JEmilius
Lepidus
L. Aurelius
L. Julius
Acilius
Caesar
L. Manlius
Torquatus
C. Marcius
Figulus
Cicero
C. Antonius
D. Junius
Silanus
L. Licinius
M.
Piso
M. Tullius
Pupius
M.
Calpurnianus
Caesar
Caesoninus
Spinther
P. Cornel. Lentulus
Pompeius Magnus
Pompeius
(alone until
Paullus
C. Claudius
M.
M.
III.
F. Marcellus
Caesar
C. Julius
Caesar, Dictator
C. Julius
Caesar
Licinius
48
Bibulus
49
Valerius
Claudius
L. Cornelius
.
51
..
..
52
II
Crassus
Pulcher
54
Messala
Pius
Scipio
57
Marcellus
Lentulus
Caesar
C. Vibius
Pansa
V., Dictator
M.
M.
58
Crus
uiEmilius
jM. jEmilius
\ Equitum
Vatia
59
Isauricus
60
Lepidus
Lepidus, Magister)
Antonius, P. Cornelius}
Dolabella, Cons, suffectus
Aulus
.
55
56
Marcellus
("Marcus
C. Julius
53
P. Servilius
50
Nepos
Philippus
Claudius
C. Claudius
III
47
Celer
Q. Csecilius Metellus
M.
II
C. Julius
Gabinius
App.
SulpiciusRufus
L. JEmilius
A.
M.
August)
1st
Calpurnius
L. Marcius
II.
Magnus
Cn.
M.
46
Niger
Messala
Q. Caecilius Metellus
Calvinus
Domitius
Serv.
45
Murena
Ahenobarbus
L. Domitius
Cn.
Marcellinus
Lentulus
Cn. Cornel.
Cn.
44
Q. Csecilius Metellus
CalpurniusPiso
L.
Valerius
42
.
43
L. Afranius
C. Julius
43
Tullus
L. Volcatius
Cotta
40
Glabrio
61
62
63
64
Hirtius
INDEX.
294
INDEX.
CORNELIUS.
BEUNDUSIUM.
Brundusium,
; ii.33, 73,
i. 203-4, 219
110.
110, 196.
Brutus, Decimus, ii. 195, 205,
208,
death of,ii,267.
retreat and
163,
ii. 17,
Marcus, i. 193;
of,ii. 121.
death
229.
Praetor,ii.145.
family council
Cicero, ii.
with
Cedant
togce,etc., ridiculed,i.
arma
12 ; ii. 192.
176.
last
,
"
of,i. 113-23.
accomplices
252.
,
i.
orations against,
Catiline,L. Sergius,
correspondencewith,
"
thentic,
au-
ii. 232.
i. 3.
derivation),
(conjectural
Cicer
Plancus,ii.8, 23.
Bursa, Munatius
Cethegus,i. 114.
Chrysogonus,i. 24.
Cicero, Marcus, the
elder, death
of,
i. 60.
C.
i.
the younger,
88, 92
; ii.136,
276.
ii. 139.
Cserellia,
Caesar,Julius, i. 66, 94, 171, 187, 200,
; ii. 65, 97, 105.
299
i.
of, by Cicero),
(firstmention
169.
his
anxietyto
conciliate Cicero,
proposes
to
the
Senate,ii.
77.
",
,
approved
trial and
,
phatically
em-
by Cicero,
penal enactment
"
his
"
the
attempt upon
life of
Cicero, i. 231.
Ccelius,Rufus, i.
8.
Capito,Ateius, i. 276.
Capua, council of war at, ii.84.
Carinae,i. 7.
Cassius,ii. 145, 149, 158, 176.
L. Sergius,
i. 87, 93-4, 106-25.
Catiline,
defence of,examined,
conjectured
257-66
; ii. 12,
33,
of
Cicero's
property, i.
202.
without
Consulshipunanimouslyconferred,
ballot,i. 96.
Corcyra,ii. 33.
Cornelia (Mother of
the
Gracchi),early
'
i. 87.
levelled at
of,i.
corrupt acquittal
i. 92.
Cassonius,i. 87.
Caieta,ii. 104, 274.
Calidius,ii. 12.
Calvinus,Domitius, ii. 2,
ii. 273.
Cicero, i. 197.
Caesar,Lucius,
his
"
of
murdered,
"
son
Cinna, i. 21.
Circeii,ii. 274.
conspiracyagainst,ii.147-60.
assassination
his
150-4.
and
"
i. 278.
a
42-4.
Caius,i. 72,
Cornelius,
85.
INDEX.
295
CORNIFICIUS.
HERENNIUS.
EquestrianOrder, unjustifiably
upheld
by Cicero, i. 157.
Exile, bis bitter
with,
earlyfriendship
i. 8.
Publius, ii. 5.
F.
note.
FABERIUS, ii.174.
Fabia, i, 106.
100,
103.
riots,i. 224-fi.
Fannius
i. 31.
Choerea,
Fausta, ii.8.
Faustus, i. 267.
Favonius, i. 170.
Fibrenus, i. 1.
C. Marcius, i. 92.
Figulus,
127.
D.
in Senate
DEBATE
Deiofarus
i. 235-8.
described,
M.
,
of Rome
Demoralization
i. 174-6.
First Triumvirate,
of
the time
at
67 ; ii.
91.
274.
Fufius
refuted, i. 232.
Lamias, i. 204.
Flaminian
in rhetoric,i. 29.
tutor
ii. 123.
Nigidius,
client),ii. 143.
(Cicero's
l^st
Demetrius,
De
of, i. 202-11,
; ii. 5.
276
De
sense
213-14.
ii. 26.
(impeachment),
repetundis
Lustricus, i. 5.
mosity
Dio Cassius, refuted,i. 132; his ani216.
againstCicero, ii.
Diodotus, the Stoic, tutor in dialectics,
Dies
Fusius,M.,
ii. 8.
GABINIUS,
i. 22.
i. 267,
Dionysius (freedman),
270
; ii.
Magnesia,i. 29.
297.
Domitius
Ahenobarbus,
i. 91,
165;
ii. 14.
Drumann,
his
estimate
of
Cicero, ii.
278.
Drusus, i. 281.
Dyrrachium, i. 206,
211
ii.110.
H.
E.
HELVETII,
ELECTIONEERING
84, 129.
Ephesus,ii.36, 70.
at
Rome,
i. 38, 73,
threatened
167.
Helvia, i. 4.
Herennius, ii. 275.
invasion
of, i.
INDEX.
296
NIEBUHR.
HEROPHILDS.
Herophilus(orAmasius), ii.137.
Hirtius,Aulus, ii. 122, 210, 237.
life of
Home
Cicero,i. 285.
30, 79, 127, 142,
; ii. 12, 28.
of,ii. 70.
i. 78.
Lucullus, superseded,
Hortensius, i. 23,
151, 187
death
,
the younger,
M.
ii. 61.
MACER,
22.
of Cicero,ii. 89.
poem), i. 11.
(early
Marius
Interamna, i. 282.
Marius, i. 6.
ii. 1.
Interreges,
Testium, i. 47.
Interrogatio
Marsian
Massacre
Issus,ii.41.
ii. 196.
J.
Imaginum,
LABIENUS,
Menippus,
; ii.35.
i. 29.
Stratonice,
defended,i. 281.
ii.82.
150,
275.
ii.8, 163.
Laodicea,ii.38.
of Cicero,ii.41.
exploit
Milo, T. Annius, i. 217, 233-5, 241-3;
ii. 7, 8, 14-21.
defence of,as written,ii. 17-21.
i. 21, 29.
Molo, tutor in rhetoric,
of Cicero,
his depreciation
Mommsen,
,
Latomise, i. 41.
Laudare, meaning of,ii.23.
Lentulus, L. Cornelius, i. 114-193,
215, 271; ii. 77, 86.
,
i. 304
of
Messius
i. 49.
ii.
Laenas, Popilius,
Lanuvium,
Memmius,
JULTA, i. 184.
Jits
War, i. 20.
(or Social)
of Centurions
at Brundusium,
i.
policy,
288-93.
ii. 279.
Mucia, i. 1.46.
ii. 236,
242, 252,
257.
53-62.
ii. 183.
Leucopetra,
i. 130,
Liberce Legationes,
ii.124.
Ligarius,
N.
190.
NASICA,
Liris, i. 1.
Literarylabours, i.
170-1
ii.
128,
138, 179.
Lollius,i. 225.
Longinus,L. Cassius,i. 93.
Lucceius,i. 172, 251 ; ii. 1, 135.]
P.
i.
Scipio,
170.
INDEX.
297
NIGER.
QUADRANTARIA.
Niger,Lentulus,i. 251.
Nomenclatores,
(and system
of
can-
), i. 39.
"
O.
"
speechagainst,i. 274.
"
OCTAVIAN,
foul
of,ii. 254.
suspicions
ii.
262.
policyof,
offended by Cicero's sarcasm,
ii.
Plutarch,quoted,i. 74;
265.
consulship,
Pseonius,i. 301.
Poetical
works,
ii. 268.
to
overture
,
of Cicero, late in
his admiration
,
277.
estimate
and
list
of,
i. 13.
life,ii. 277.
Pompeia,i. 145.
Pompeii,i. 67 ; ii. 104.
Oration in the white robe, i. 94.
Pompeius,i. 20 ; ii. 13.
Roman,
essentially
sioned,
i
mpas- Pompey, i. 78, 135, 147, 166, 172,
Oratory,
i. 28 ; Cicero's styleof, ii.
177, 184, 212, 226, 240, 268, 272;
Oppianicus,i. 75.
Oppius,ii. 96.
ii. 65.
284-5.
Ornare
103.
with,
correspondence
magnificenceof his
i. 137.
Third
umph,
Tri-
i. 160.
,
P.
",
policyof
estimate
of, i. 177.
his desertion of
Cicero,i. 199.
PACORUS,
ii. 39.
,
Palatine
Hill
(purchaseof villa),i.
138.
Pomptinus,ii. 36.
of,i. 147.
Pontiffs,College
; ii.
68.
Pecuniary positionand
resources
of
Cicero,i. 67-70.
Pedius,Q.,
i.
Petreius,
of Cicero, ii.286.
Consularibus,de (speechin
support of
i. 253-7.
Csesar),
125.
Phgedrus, the
Postumius, i. 127.
Praetor Urbanus, Cicero chosen,i. 73.
PrcBvaricatio,i. 42.
Procilius,i. 282.
Promnciis
Personal appearance
Epicurean, early
in-
structor, i. 10.
Pharsalia,ii. 110.
firstrecorded
Publius Quintius (Cicero's
cause),i. 23.
Puteoli,i. 66 ; ii.164.
estimate
Q.
of,ii.250.
Philo, i. 20.
Lucius, ii. 218.
Philippus,
bias of Cicero, ii. 282.
Philosophic
QUADRANTARIA
i. 146.
of Clodia),
(nickname
298
INDEX.
TULLIANUM.
EABIRIUS.
Cicero's
under
Sicily,
i.
Qusestorship,
34-7.
EABIRIUS
escape of,
i. 103-5.
"
Postumus,
i. 299.
for, i.
Receptionof Cicero,
at
rupture with
of
Rome, on the
Antony, ii.
writer,
Sulla,P., i. 142.
Servius, ii. 135,
Sulpicius,
death
185.
of Cicero's
Restitution
Return
Sositheus, i. 164.
Strabo, Cn. Pompeius,i. 20.
Style of Cicero, as orator and
ii. 284-6.
282.
eve
to
Rhegium,
Rhenus,
Rome,
property,i. 230.
i. 219-24.
218.
funeral honors
to, ii.225.
Sulpicius(Tribune),
earlyinfluence of,
i. 20, 126.
ii. 183.
Sylla,Faustus,
ii. 272.
ii. 12.
Sextus,defended,i. 24.
Eostra, first speech (concio)from, i.
,
T.
79.
Rubicon
crossed,ii. 79.
Rufus, Q. Pompeius,ii. 1, 9, 23.
i. 99.
Rullus, P. Servilius,
SACERDOS,
i. 93.
C. Licinius,
of,i. 122.
at
Scola,Cassinius,ii. 8,
Scaurus, i. 287.
Rome, i. 9.
14.
Sebosus, i. 183.
Sempronia, ii.15.
Seneca,on Atticus, ii. 201.
i. 300.
Septa (polling
barriers),
C., i. 193.
Septimius,
of Antioch, i. 177.
Serapis,
i. 225.
Sergius,
Serranus, i. 215.
Servilius,Publius, ii.224.
Terracina, ii.74.
i. 103.
Theatre, tumult at, quelled,
i.
187.
Themius, A.,
Thermus, ii.60.
Thessalonica, i. 206.
Tiberius
Scaptius,ii. 47.
Scavola, Q. M., i. 12,
of education
Thurii,i. 203.
Sassia,i. 75.
Saturninus, i. 103.
Sanfeins, M., ii. 22.
Schools
TARENTUM,
ii.
unpopular,i.
185.
2,
84.
219
; ii:53,
104, 108,
112, 117.
death
,
Tullianum
122.
of,ii.132.
(Mamertine dungeon),
i.
299
INDEX.
TUMULTUS.
Tamultus, distinction
ii.223.
XENOPHON.
Vedius, ii.52.
Ventidius,ii.258.
Verres,Caius, i, 40-9.
i. 141, 192.
Vettius,Lucius,
U.
UMBRENUS,
W.
i. 113.
V.
VANITY
281.
Varius, i. 91.
of Adramyttium,
i. 29.
Xenophon,(Economics of,translatedby
XENOCLES
i. 21.
Cicero,
THE
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