Professional Documents
Culture Documents
10 - Chapter 2 PDF
10 - Chapter 2 PDF
literature. A number of reviews could be made in the area of cooperation and dairy
cooperatives in particular. As the review of literature is the base for any study a separate
chapter has been devoted for the said purpose. The concepts related to the subject of inquiry
and review of various literatures on dairy cooperatives has been presented in this chapter.
2.1 CONCEPTS
2.1.1
PERFORMANCE
It is the pertinence of an agency or authority in acquiring resources economically and
2.1.2
EVALUATION
It is a systematic analytical assessment addressing important outputs of a progress or
policy and its value, and seeking relativity and usability of findings.
2.1.3
MILK
Milk may be defined as the whole, fresh, clean, lacteal secretion obtained by the
complete milking of one or more healthy milch animals, excluding that obtained within 15
days before or 5 days after calving or such periods as may be necessary to render the milk
practically colostrums-free, and containing the minimum prescribed percentages of milk fat
and milk solid-not-fat.1
18
2.1.4
MILK CONSTITUENTS
The major constituents of milk are: water, fat, protein, lactose, ash or mineral matter.
The minor constituents are: phospholipids, sterols, vitamins, enzymes, pigments etc. The true
constituents of milk are milk, fat, casein, lactose.2 A detailed picture of constituents of milk
has been presented in Figure 2.1.
19
2.1.5
COMPOSITION OF MILK
The detailed composition of milk is presented in Table 2.1.
TABLE 2.1
DETAILED COMPOSITION OF MILK
Approx.concentration
(Weight per litre of milk)
Water
860 to 880 g
Lipids in Emulsion Phase
Milk fat (a mixture of mixed triglycerides)
30 to 50 g
Phospholipids (lecithins, cephalins, sphingomyelins, etc.)
0.30 g
Sterols
0.10 g
Carotenoids
Vitamins A,D, E and K
Proteins in Colloidal Dispersion
Casein (, , fractions)
25g
-lactoglobulin(s)
3g
-lactalbumin
0.7g
Albumin, pseudoglobulin, etc.
Enzymes(catalase, peroxidase, phosphatases,
amylases,lipases,proteases,etc.)
Dissolved materials
Carbohydrates
Lactose ( and )
45 to 50g
Glucose
50 mg
Inorganic and Organic Ions and Salt
Calcium *
1.25 g
Phosphate (as PO4)
2.10 g
Citrates* (as citric acid)
2.00 g
Chloride
1.00 g
Sodium, potassium, magnesium, etc.
Water-soluble Vitamins
Thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, panto-thenic acid, biotin,
folic acid, vitamin B12 etc.
Ascorbic acid
Nitrogenous Materials (not Proteins or Vitamins)
Ammonia, amino-acids, urea, creatine or creatinine, uric acid, etc.
Gases (milk exposed to air)
Carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen, etc.
Trace Elements
Those usually present are copper, iron, etc.
*Partly in colloidal dispersion.
Source : Sukumare De, Outlines of Dairy Technology, New Delhi: Oxford university press, 2006, p.12.
20
2.1.6
STERILIZED MILK
Sterilized milk may be defined as milk which has been heated to a temperature of
100C or above for such lengths of time that it remains fit for human consumption for at least
7 days at room temperatures. Commercially sterilized milk is rarely sterile in the strict
bacteriological sense. This is because the requirements for complete sterility conflict with the
consumers preference for normal colour and flavour in the sterilized product. The sporeforming bacteria in raw milk, which are highly heat-resistant, survive the sterilization
temperature-time employed in the dairy and ultimately lead to the deterioration of sterilized
milk.3
2.1.7
HOMOGENIZED MILK
According to the United States Public Health Service, homogenized milk is milk
which has been treated in such a manner as to insure breakup of the fat globules to such an
extent that after 48 hours quiescent storage no visible cream separation occurs on the milk;
and the fat percentage of the milk in the top 100 ml of milk in a quart bottle, or of
proportionate volumes in containers of other sizes, does not differ by more than 10 per cent of
itself from the fat percentage of the remaining milk as determined after thorough mixing.
Homogenization refers to the process of forcing the milk through a homogenizer with the
object of sub-dividing the fat globules.4
2.1.8
SOFT-CURD MILK
Soft-curd milk is milk that forms a soft curd when coagulated with rennet or pepsin
under standardized procedure. Soft-curd milk has a Curd Tension (CT) of less than 25g.5
21
2.1.9
FLAVOURED MILKS
Flavoured milks are milks to which some flavours have been added. When the milk
is used, the product should contain a milk fat percentage at least equal to the minimum legal
requirement for market milk. But when the fat level is lower (1-2 per cent), the term drink is
used.6
22
with a cream separator, or by admixture with fresh or reconstituted skim milk in proper
proportions.9
Under the PFA Rules (1976), the Standardized Milk for liquid consumption should
contain a minimum of 4.5 per cent fat and 8.5 per cent solids-notfat (SNF) throughout the
country.10
23
2.1.16 CREAM
Cream may be defined as:
i) that portion of milk which is rich is milk fat, or
ii) that portion of milk into which has been gathered and which contains a large portion of
milk fat, or
iii) when milk fat is concentrated into a fraction of the original milk, that portion is known as
cream.13
2.1.17 BUTTER
Butter may be defined as a fat concentrate which is obtained by churning cream,
gathering the fat into a compact mass and then working it.14
2.1.19 CHEESE
Cheese has been defined as a product made from the curd obtained from milk by
coagulating the casein with the help of rennet or similar enzymes in the presence of lactic acid
produced by added or adventitious micro-organisms, from which part of the moisture has
been removed by cutting, cooking and/or pressing, which has been shaped in a mould, and
then ripened by holding it for some time at suitable temperatures and humidities.16
24
25
TABLE 2.2
BY-PRODUCTS OF THE INDIAN DAIRY INDUSTRY
Main product
By-products
Cream
Skim milk
Butter
Buttermilk
Ghee
Lassi
Ghee Residue
Chhana /Paneer
Cheese
Casein
Whey
Source : Sukumare De, Outlines of Dairy Technology, Oxford university press, New Delhi.
2.1.23 STANDARDIZATION
Standardization of milk refers to the adjustment, i.e. raising or lowering, of the fat
and/or solids-not-fat percentages of milk to a desired value, so as to conform to the legal or
other requirements prescribed.19
2.1.24 PASTEURIZATION
The term pasteurization, as applied to market milk today, refers to the process of
heating every particle of milk to at least 63C (145F) for 30 minutes, or 72C (161F) for 15
seconds (or to any temperature-time combination which is equally efficient), in approved and
properly operated equipment. After pasteurization, the milk is immediately cooled to 5C
(41F) or below. Pasteurization is done to render milk safe for human consumption by
destruction of cent per cent pathogenic micro-organisms and to improve the quality of milk by
destruction of almost all spoilage organisms (85 to 99 per cent).20
26
2.1.27 SOCIETY
Milk Producers Cooperative Societies are referred to as societies/MPCS. Unless
otherwise specified, society refers to Milk Producers Cooperative Society alone.
27
2.1.28 UNION
All the Milk Producers Cooperative Societies in the district form a District Level
Milk Producers Cooperative Union. Thanjavur District Cooperative Milk Producers Union
Limited is referred to as union/TDCMPU Limited in the study.
2.1.29 FEDERATION
All the District Level Milk Producers Cooperative Unions are affiliated to State Level
Milk Producers Cooperative Federation. The Tamil Nadu Cooperative Milk Producers
Federation Limited (TCMPF) is referred to as Federation in the study.
28
2.2
Kamalaveni (1990)22 has analyzed the utilization pattern of the members of the Erode
District Milk Producers Cooperative Societies. For the purpose of the study, utilization index
was calculated. Personal factors like age, caste, sex etc., and institutional factors like
knowledge of ones own society, member satisfaction, and democratic participation were
analyzed. The study concludes that, if the milk producers fail to use the societies as an outlet
for selling milk, the very purpose of forming the MPCS gets jeopardized. The study stresses
the need for the expulsion of a member supplying milk to the private traders.
Animesh Banerjee (1996) 23 in his article Indian Dairying : An Overview traces the
growth of the industry from by gone ages to its present model of Co-operative structure and
suggests a collaborative pattern between the Co-operatives and investment oriented private
sector to reap the benefits of modern technology.
29
K.Rajendran and R.Prabaharan (1998) 24 has made a study on the present scenario of
milk production in India. It was said that today, milk is Indias second-most important
agricultural commodity in terms of value of its output, ranking next to paddy and much above
wheat. For increasing the production further emphasis should be placed on bio-technological
aspects of cattle production, so as to ensure a better mix of low and high-yielding milch
animals.
J.T.Dorge et al (1998)25 analyzed the marketable surplus of milk in Konkan region and
Western Maharastra. They made an attempt to estimate the cost of marketing of milk in the
area of study. They identified that the Cooperatives were the major buyers of milk. The
difference in natural topography was found to cause variation in the average cost of marketing
of milk between the two regions.
30
price than cow milk. V) Village Dairy Cooperatives pay higher price for milk than other
agencies and average price of milk decreases with size of dairy farming.
Amit Kumar Saha (1999)28 made a Cost and Returns Analysis of milk union at Orissa
for the year 94-95. The Unions source of income was identified to be sale of milk to the
dairy, the penalties paid by the societies for deviation from standards, in terms of Fat/SNF
percentage in raw milk. Besides this the extension activities to promote socio-economic
development enable the union to earn commission. The net profit or loss of union was
determined by deducting cost form total receipts. The cost was determined component-wise
31
under two main categories namely variable & fixed costs for toned and double toned milk.
The study revealed that the average procurement cost during 1994-95 was Rs.1.07 per litre
with major share being the average transportation cost. The cost of manufacturing per litre of
toned and double toned milk was almost the same at Rs.6.73 and Rs.6.66 respectively.
However, with selling price of toned and double toned milk set at Rs.8.60 and Rs.7.60
respectively, the dairy earned an average margin of Rs.1.87 per litre of toned milk and
Rs.0.94 per litre of double toned milk.
V.Kurien (1999)29 identified the factors responsible for the success of dairy industry as
i) Technology, ii) Quality, iii) Infrastructure, iv) Right investment and v) Relationship with
agriculture . He has said that the success of Indian dairy industry is because dairying has been
potentially remunerative to the producers. He suggested that i) the factor advantage of India
has to be converted to competitive advantage; ii) worldclass standards has to be maintained;
iii) the Government should have no role in financing of the development of the industry and
all enterprises big and small should be self reliant; iv) industry to be selfregulated; v) official
pricing policy to protect the interest of milk producers and vi) timely and accurate information
about happenings to be provided.
C.Pitchai (1999)30 undertook a study on the distribution of milk and milk products by
cooperatives in Tamil Nadu. The study result says that the increase and decrease in milk
procurement is due to monsoon. He has compared four unions to analyse the cost aspect of
milk. The production and sales cost was found to be less in Salem union and high in Erode
union. All unions were found to supply milk to the Federation at a cost lower than the selling
32
cost. The transportation cost was identified as the major cost component in the overall milk
distribution cost. Thet test revealed that the average monthly expenditure on milk and milk
products has been significantly different across income groups in the same town but not
significantly different between the same income groups across towns.
P.A.Koli (2000)33
century? said Yes after making a empirical study on the growth performance of Kolhapur
33
District Co-operative Milk Union. It was stated that devoted leadership along with disciplined
working of staff, Co-operation of the state government and NDDB and members response to
the union have cumulatively contributed to the progress and prosperity of the union. He
stressed on the fact that milk cooperatives in order to have a sustainable development should
not depend upon Government help and assistance for a long time.
Brajesh Jha (2000)35 made an attempt to learn the out comings of globalizing the dairy
sector. The study found that replacement of non-tariff barriers with an import tariff of 40
percent will be sufficient to protect the domestic dairy sector. The study also found that
Indian milk products are not competitive in the world market, though milk price in India is
one of the lowest in the world which calls for improving efficiency in processing of milk and
milk products in the country.
34
Shantanu Kumar and Uma Sha (2000)36 analyzed the differential status of
dairying in India. For the purpose of the study he divided the entire country into four regions:
i) Northern Region ii) Western and Central Region iii) Southern Region and
iv) Eastern
Region. He identified that the Eastern Region though having enough bovine resources is
lagging very much behind other regions and there is more scope for improvement in this
region. Bovine density, cattle-buffalo ratio, cross breed population, number of cooperative
societies, producer member per society and milk procured per day per society were found to
be the important decisive indicators responsible for imbalance in dairy development in
different regions.
Rajendra Singh et al (2000)38 assessed the reasons for increase in milk production in
India. Average production per lactating and per milch animal during a year proved beyond
doubt that, high rate of acceleration in milk production in the country was achieved basically
due to enhancement in productivity of cows and buffaloes and was not merely due to increase
in number of these animals.
35
Kamal Vatta and Sanjay Kumar (2000)39 made a linear programming analysis of the
potential of dairy enterprise on Punjab farms using multi-stage random sampling with the
objective to: i) find the change in cropping pattern caused by dairy enterprise and ii) estimate
the additional income and employment opportunities generated by dairy enterprise on various
farms. It was found that dairy enterprise has influenced the cropping pattern of farms
significantly. The increase in income and labour use, due to dairy enterprise, was also
observed on all the farms. Dairying also generated additional employment opportunities for
casual labour on big farms. Irrespective of size of farms dairy enterprise caused reduction in
additional cash requirements on all farms due to the regular flow of income throughout the
year.
B.C. Katre and Sittaram Prasad (2000)40 in their article exhaustively presented the
importance of raw milk. According to them, it is the quality, which enhances the value of
milk. The improved quality of milk and milk products can attract customers and capture a
huge market share by winning over competitors. They stressed on the fact that production of
quality milk is possible through better planning, better management, better personnel skill
development etc. They have discussed various internationally accepted systems of quality
management.
36
members of the societies and 120 non members were interviewed. The study results showed
that the estimated cost in the regions varies slightly. Labour cost was found to dominate the
total cost in all regions. The ANOVA results revealed that there was no significant variation
between regions and between groups (members and non-members).
Shiv Kumar Gupta (2001)42 analyzed how the financial interventions can reduce the
impact of WTO on Indian Dairy and suggested that the Indian dairy industry should advocate
the imposition of tariff equivalent to the difference between the world and domestic prices of
dairy products with some premium on it. It was stated that since countries like New Zealand
and Australia, which produce dairy products without subsidy have imposed 10-20 per cent
tariff on SMP imports, India also have to minimize production costs to protect the Indian
dairy industry.
37
range of package size, xii) new markets to be explored and tackled, xiii) effective solutions
to be found for the sharp seasonal and cyclic fluctuation in milk production that makes the
market for liquid milk & products a volatile one, xiv) necessary safe guards to be made in the
new policies of liberalization and GATT, xv) cooperatives should develop expertise in
managing the politics-legal environment.
N.Goswami et al (2001)44, developed a least cost combination of feeds and fodders for
dairy units in Meghalaya. Cattle breeding farm at Rungkhon where cross breed and local cows
are maintained was selected for the study. For each breed/type maintained in the dairy unit an
individual milch animal was selected, whos per day milk yield was nearest to the average
milk yield per day during lactation period. Linear programming technique was used to work
out leastcost combination of feeds and fodders under the specified nutrient restrictions,
which were estimated from the actual feeding of milch animals.
38
suggested that a need base change to cooperative laws has to be made and a conducive
environment of confidence, wisdom, energy and strength of the producer has to be created.
39
and organized network of dairy co-operatives right from village level would be essential for
the speedy growth of dairy production in the country.
dairy
sector.
Regression
models
were
estimated
to
identify
drivers
of
40
efficient and the hypothesis that Indian milk cooperatives are less efficient than their private
sector counter parts was rejected. It was concluded that, Indian dairy industry is highly
competitive but must be protected from distorted and unfair trade competition in a liberalizing
economy environment. Indian Dairy Industry and the Government should take some positive
and concrete steps to increase the productivity level and improve quality of dairy products
confirming to international standards to tap the potential in the world market.
41
share not only in the variable costs but also in total cost. Concentrate was the major cost
component in the variable cost followed by labour and dry fodder. Farmer category wise
analysis revealed that milk yield obtained by small farmers was higher than that obtained by
the medium and large farmers.
D.S.Prasad (2003)53 assessed the resource returns and resource use efficiency of
buffalo milk production in Ranga Reddy District of Andra Pradesh using Cobb-Doughlas
production function. Three sets of equations were chosen to know the effect of inputs on milk
production. Equation was used to know the effect of feeds on given milk yield. Equation was
fitted to ascertain the effect of the nutrients on milk yield. Equation specified the effect of
feeds and their rate of conversion into nutrients so as to assess the contribution of each of the
factors on milk yield. Dummy variable technique was applied to assess milk production
efficiency of graded and murrah buffaloes, over the local buffaloes in the study region.
The Tribune (2003)54 stated that the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) and
Co-operative Resources International (CRI) USA, have signed a consulting agreement calling
CRI to evaluate the existing systems of providing animal breeding and advisory services by
the dairy cooperatives in India to dairy farmers and give recommendations to modernize the
system with a view to achieving higher and faster progress in increasing productivity of cattle
and buffaloes in the country.
42
appropriately redesigned when they are applied to cooperatives. It was said that before
designing appropriate strategies for cooperative enterprises issues affecting the organizational
climate viz., mission for cooperatives, state intervention, law for cooperatives, structural
soundness and viability, identity crisis and puppet play has to be addressed. It was stressed
that unless a conducive organization climate is created harnessing the benefits of management
strategies will be of no use to cooperatives.
Business standard (2003)56 stated that the National Dairy Development Board would
be strengthening its cooperative, launching effective disease management programme,
managing quality issues and building national information systems as a prelude to setting up
an effective milk grid. As part of the attempt to raise quality standards, NDDB also has
launched the clean milk production programme that has been adopted by 126 milk unions
covering about 10,000 village dairy cooperative societies.
43
education It was found that the per capita consumption of milk was more in Chennai than
Chidambaram. Irrespective of the region, income level and education was found to have a
significant impact on milk consumption as it was found to be more in higher income and
higher educational groups. He stressed on the fact that Total Quality Management is of vital
importance and it depends on proper education, suitable training and in-service training from
time to time in accordance with the changing scenario.
P.A.Koli (2003)60 has made a case study on the role of cooperatives in reduction of
poverty with reference to Warana Milk Cooperative union, Maharashtra, and identified that
the farmers are getting regular income, subsidized cattle feed, artificial insemination, cattlehealth services, subsidy for construction of dairy building, milco tester and training on
scientific feeding and breeding which ensures income and employment in rural areas. He
stressed on the fact that it was the input services rendered by the union that has assured the
flow of quality milk and not the high price paid by the union. He concluded that the success of
Warana milk cooperative union is due to its dynamic leadership, and due to the fact that the
cooperative principle have been put in use in their real sense.
44
Co-ophorizon (2003)61 , in its news titled All village Cooperatives making profit
stated that the minister for dairy development thanked the Tamil Nadu Cooperative milk
producers Federation for the effective measures taken by it as all 7000 village milk
Cooperative societies and 15 out of 17 district Cooperative unions in the state of Tamil Nadu
are making profit.
procurement dues to farmers owing to a financial crunch, were now prompt in making the
payment.
Petar Bosnic (2003)63 in his article world production and quality of cows milk has
stated that the world milk production in 2000 was 568.480 thousands of tonnes, of all types of
milk, of which 484.895 thousands tonnes are cows milk with a total of 85.30 per cent of the
45
world milk production. Buffalos milk production is on the second place with 61.913
thousands of tonnes (10.89 per cent) production capacity on the three continents (Europe,
North America and Asia) 81.82 per cent of total cows milk production is located. He stated
that as regards long term development, until 2030, changes on herd management (outdoor and
indoor exposure) between continents will occur. In 2030, the world milk production was
forecast to increase by 64 per cent, with cows milk production of 765.9 million tonnes. He
concluded that milk quality, with regard to milk fat and protein content, in developed
countries is above an average value. Due to milk characteristics as agro-food product, milk
and dairy products manufacture and transportation are in detail regulated with existing quality
standards.
46
been the single biggest ingredient in their unique success against all odds. He has opposed the
move to convert dairy cooperatives into public sector units, since the NDDB is a Government
Body and such action would be detrimental to the autonomy of the cooperatives. He has
stated that the funds of NDDB meant for development of the dairy Cooperatives are being
diverted to the subsidiary and joint venture companies to promote NDDBs commercial
interests.
P.Paramashivaiah and S.Arvind Kulkarni (2004)67 under took a case study to know the
consumer attitude towards pasteurized milk in rural areas of Gulbarga district. Price was
identified to be a big hindrance in the purchase by non users of pasteurized milk. They
suggested that the suppliers of pasteurized milk should introduce smaller packs (say 250ml) in
rural areas and lower the price of best quality milk i.e., full cream milk, in order to make it
more affordable for the poor rural consumers.
47
G.P.Dang et al (2004)68 analyzed the problems and future prospects of Indian Dairy
Industry. Lack of use of scientific practices in milching, inadequate availability of fodder in
all seasons, non-availability of veterinary health services and shortage of quality dairy animals
were said to be reasons for low milk yield. It was said that India has the potential to become
one of the leading players in milk and milk products due to its location advantage of being
situated amidst major milk deficit countries in Asia and Africa.
The financial Express (2004)69 stated that Mr. Adrie Zwanenberg, Global Head, Rabo
Bank, said that India was not just a huge market, but also had the potential to become the
dairy hub of Asia. Mr. Zwanenberg sees opportunities for Indian dairy industry in the
skimmed milk segment and ethnic products.
I.Satya Sundaram (2004)70 made a study on the dairy industry and stressed that India
have to move from quantity to quality. He has suggested that the dairy industry must adopt
internationally recognized quality assurance systems such as HACCP, GMP and ISO, to
enable the country to boost exports to developed countries at competitive prices. Also, it was
suggested that India must develop new products and expand the market for traditional ones in
categories like sweets, desserts, fruit and milk blended products, cheese and health drinks.
V.Kurien (2004)71 in his article Dairying and rural development has stated that the
contribution of dairying in the vast field of animal husbandry has been most significant, in
terms of employment as well as income generation. Cooperative dairying has a profound
impact on socio-economic development of rural areas. He has suggested that the control over
48
the management of cooperatives should remain in the hands of genuine stake holders the
farmers. Only then can the dairy cooperatives continue to play their vital role of creating a
socio-economic revolution in India.
R.S.Khanna (2004)72 in his article titled Corporate Social Responsibility - The Amul
way says that the Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation hires and trains people to
take advantage over its competitors. It has developed in-house modules for training and
competence building to improve and upgrade their knowledge, communication skills to
understand the customer, be responsive to customer requirements, and communicate clearly
for trouble shooting of problems. The staff has job satisfaction and they are recognized for
their contribution.
The Economic times (2004)73 stated the projections based on a 1984-2003 FAO study.
It has shown India virtually doubling its 2003 milk production growing at 4 - 4.5 per cent
annually to 168.01 million tonnes by 2020. But before this happen the dairy association of
India wanted certain issues to be sorted. There has been a need for integrated food legislation.
On the tax front, this sector demands that, the total incidence of tax imposed by VAT should
not exceed its current level of 4 per cent as there is a proposal to hike this to 12 per cent on all
packaged products. The dairy industry has demanded that the Government should renegotiate
import duties under WTO.
49
societies. It was suggested that educated young persons should come forward to carry out
dairy business activities and the district cooperative unions should intensify their education
and training programmes as the low level of education of members and non-members was
found to hamper the growth and development of dairy cooperative sector. The participation of
the members in the management of dairy cooperatives was found to be very low which was
not a good indicator of growth and hence dairy cooperative organizations must motivate and
encourage its members to actively take part in the management.
M.V.Rama Prasad (2005)76 in his article Dairy industry Milking the milk has
opined that, as India is located amidst major milk deficit countries in Asia and Africa it can
50
easily become a leading exporter of milk and milk products provided it improves the quality
and productivity of milk. Also he stated that, since, the average per capita consumption of
milk in India is only 214 gms/day as against the world average of 303 gms/day there is lot of
scope for the development of the dairy industry in the country.
Marjan Janzekovic and Crotmir Rozman (2006)78 undertook a case study on the milk
quality and feasibility analysis to loose housing dairy cows. The aim of the study was
technological and economical analysis of free range cow breeding. The model total costs
enterprise was developed for evaluation of economic feasibility of loose housing dairy cows
in comparison with tied cow breeding system. Computer supported calculation enabled
estimation of the most important economic parameters viz., net return, total cost and
coefficient of economics. Results of the study showed that (at observed input parameters)
loose housing system is economically feasible if there is a minimum of 41 dairy cows with an
51
average milk production of 8610 Kg per cow. It was also established that cows need
approximately 6 months to fully adapt to the housing system.
G.Chandrasekar (2006)79 in his article titled Milk output poised to top 100 million
tonnes has stated that output growth of milk in India is seen driven by increasing demand for
value-added milk products on consumer side and extensive dairy development programmes
on the supply side. He has pointed out that though India is the largest producer of milk, the
level of integration of the countrys dairy sector with the global economy is relatively low.
The present study aims to find the status of dairy industry in India and cooperative
dairying in Thanjavur. Analyzing the performance of the Thanjavur District Cooperative Milk
Producers Union the zenith of cooperative dairying in the region, an attempt has been made
to evaluate the contribution of the union towards the economic development of the region.
52
END NOTE
1
Sukumar De, Outlines of Dairy Technology, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2006, p.2.
Ibid., p. 9.
Sukumar De, Outlines of Dairy Technology, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2006,
p.93.
5
Ibid., p. 96.
R.K.Yadav and S.S. Acharya, Production and Marketing of Milk and Milk Products in
India, New Delhi: Mital Publications, 1982, p.83.
7
Sukumar De, Outlines of Dairy Technology, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2006,
p.93.
8
Ibid., p. 101.
10
Sukumar De, Outlines of Dairy Technology, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2006,
p.111.
11
K.S. Rangappa, Indian Dairy Products, Bombay: Asia Publishing House, 1974, p.89.
12
Sukumar De, Outlines of Dairy Technology, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2006,
p.116.
13
Ibid., p.117.
14
Ibid., p.143.
15
Ibid., p. 183.
16
Ibid., p.224.
17
Ibid., p.269.
18
Ibid., p.311.
19
53
20
Sukumar De, Outlines of Dairy Technology, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2006,
p.56.
21
J.T. Dorge, S.N.Tileker and S.K.Nawale, Marketable Surplus of Milk in Konkan Region
and Western Maharashtra, Indian Co-operative Review, July 1998, p. 52-58.
26
V.P.S Arora, T.S.Bhogal and P.G.Biswas, Milk marketing in North-West Uttar Pradesh
and the Role Cooperatives: A Temporal Analysis, Indian Co-operatives Review, July 1998,
p. 70-77.
27
Amit Kumar Saha, Cost and Returns Analysis of a Milk Union, Indian Co-operative
Review, April 1999, p. 328-338.
29
V.Kurien, Indian Dairy Self Reliance and Beyond, Financing Agriculture, July Sept
and Oct - Dec.1999, Vol XXXI No.3 & 4, p.59-61.
30
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