CH 10

The Developing Person Through Childhood and Adolescence
by Kathleen Stassen Berger
Seventh Edition
Chapter 10
The Play Years:

Psychosocial
Development
Slides prepared by Grand Rapids
Community College and revised by Nicole
Porter, Modesto Junior College
Emotional Development
Overall, emotional
development is the
foundation that enables
all the other forms of
development.
(Campos et al, 2004, cited on p.

285 in textbook)
Our experiences early on

are shaped by the way
we feel and interpret
things. For example, a
baby gets satisfaction by
being fed and held. We
begin to learn what
stimulus equals which
emotion or feeling.
Berger: The Developing Person Through Childhood and Adolescence, 7th Edition, Chapter 10
Initiative Versus Guilt And Pride
Erik Eriksons third

stage (3-6 yrs)
A
child wants to
complete things
successfully, and feels
guilt at failure.
A child tries
to pour juice into a cup
and spills.
Example:
Pride
Self Esteem
Self-Concept
They overestimate their

abilities.
Example: Every
preschooler believes
he/she is the brightest,
smartest, fastest, most
liked, best at games, etc.
Intrinsic Motivation
Intrinsic motivation
comes from within the
individual; it is the joy of
personal
accomplishment.
Adults can encourage this

by not promising rewards
for a task that is already
enjoyable; instead,
praise a job well done.
JULIA SMITH / GETTY IMAGES
Emotional Regulation
Emotional
regulation is
learning to cope
with and direct
ones emotions.
It develops as a
result of brain
maturation and
experiences.
PHOTODISC
What can occur if a

child isnt taught
how to regulate
their emotions or
feelings?
LAURA DWIGHT
Aggression
All children experience the emotion of

anger, but aggression involves hostile
attitudes and hurtful, destructive behavior
towards others.
Some types of aggression are more

troublesome and long-lasting than others
(see next slide).
Types of Aggression
Instrumental: Used to obtain

an object such as a toy
This is common among
young children, and
becomes less prevalent
with age.
Reactive: Retaliation for an
act, whether or not it was
intentional
This indicates a lack of
emotional regulation.
Relational: Insults or social

rejection intended to hurt
another
Example: You cant come
to my party.
Bullying: Unprovoked,
repeated attack to inflict
physical or mental harm
Emotional Intelligence
Emotional Intelligence involves

learning how to interpret and
express emotions.
As the prefrontal cortex

develops, childrens ability to
regulate emotions improves
Caregivers also play a role in

teaching emotional
intelligence.
Empathy-understanding
anothers feelings or concerns
Antipathy- dislike or hatred of
people
Preference and Prejudice
Young children are

able to show pride
in their own group
while avoiding
prejudice of others.
KATE BYERWALTER
The Importance of Play
It is natural and beneficial for young

children to PLAY!
Jean Piaget said Play is the work of the

child.
Children LEARN through play (and also

relieve stress).
Types of Play
Solitary = play alone
Cooperative = play together, with common

goal, taking turns (e.g., Checkers)
Onlooker = watch others
Rough and tumble = mimics aggression,

but is in fun (play face)
Parallel = play with similar

toys in similar ways, but dont
interact
Associative = interact and
share emotions, but not in
same game (e.g., outdoor
play)
It usually requires social experience

among participants, and enough
physical space to play.
Sociodramatic Play = Pretend play in

which children act out self-created
roles and themes
Examples: Playing house, doctor,

superheroes, or school
Think: why might children enjoy this

type of play? What benefits might
there be?
Quiz: How do you know this

isnt an aggressive encounter?
LAURA DWIGHT
Quiz: What type of play is this?
FELICIA MARTINEZ / PHOTOEDIT, INC.
Make it Real: Parenting
Based on your
knowledge about
development, how
influential is a
parent to a childs
development?
PHOTODISC
Parenting Styles
Diana Baumrind found that parents differ

on four dimensions of parenting:
Expressions
Strategies
Quality
of warmth
for discipline
of communication
Expectations
for maturity
Authoritative Style
High Warmth
High level of communication
Moderate expectations for maturity
Discipline strategies involve much

discussion, firm but fair limits
Authoritarian Style
Little Warmth
Communication is one way (commands of

parent)
Very high expectations for maturity
Strict, often physical discipline strategies
Permissive Style
High warmth
High amount of communication
Few to no expectations
Little to no discipline
Outcomes of Parenting Styles
Which parenting style would you guess is

associated with the following outcomes?
Children
are obedient, not happy

Children lack self-control, are not happy
Children are successful, articulate, intelligent,
and happy
Make it Real: Discipline
Anyone working with

young children needs
to have a set of tools
in mind for discipline.
What discipline
strategies have you
heard about or used?
LAURA DWIGHT
THE NEW YORKER COLLECTION 2002 BARBARA SMALLER FROM CARTOON

BANK.COM. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
The Challenge of Media
Question: The Challenge of Media

Take a guess:
How much time a day do you think the
average child under 8 years old spends
watching TV or playing video games or
computer?
Techno HomesThe Typical

Childs Home Contains:
The Challenge of Media (cont.)
Several U.S. organizations have issued

statements imploring parents to reduce
childrens exposure to violent media.
Longitudinal studies have established a

link between TV violence in childhood and
grades in high school.
Question: Boy or GirlSo What?
Are males really from Mars, and females

from Venus?
If yes, what makes males and females

think, act, and feel differently?
If no, are gender differences simply

exaggerated?
Boy or Girl: So What?
Sex differences = biological differences

between males and females
Gender differences = culturally imposed

differences in the roles and behaviors of
males and females
Developmental Progression of
Gender Awareness
By age 2 cognitive awareness of gender;

gender-related preferences and play patterns
are apparent
By age 3 rudimentary awareness that gender

distinctions are lifelong
By age 4 awareness of gender-appropriate

toys and roles
By age 6 well-formed ideas and prejudices

about own and other sex
Theories of Gender Differences
Psychoanalytic Theory (Freud)

stage = third stage of psychosexual
development
Phallic
= defense mechanism that lets a

person symbolically take on behaviors and
attitudes of someone more powerful than
himself or herself
Identification
= personality part that is self-critical

and judgmental
Superego
Theories of Gender Differences (cont.)
Oedipus (boys), Electra (girls) complexes

of phallic stage
Child
develops sexual feelings toward oppositesex parent, wants to replace same-sex parent
Child
cannot replace same-sex parent, so wants

to be like that parent
Guilt
and fear are resolved by genderappropriate behavior
No
longer a popular theoryoften same-sex

parent not present
Behaviorist Theory of Gender
Gender roles are

learned through
observation and
imitation.
Who
takes out the
garbage? Who
writes thank you
notes? etc.
Examples:
RONNIE KAUFMAN / CORBIS
Cognitive Theory of Gender
Gender schemas organize the world into

male and female activities.
This is guided by an internal motivation to

conform to sociocultural standards of
gender.
Example:
Is this a (boy/girl) thing to do?
Sociocultural Theory of
Gender
Children learn the preferred behavior for

men and women in their society.
Androgyny = a healthy balance of male

and female psychological characteristics
Is
considered a psychologically healthy way

to be, and will most fully occur if society
supports it
Epigenetic systems theory

of gender
Gender typed behavior is shaped by

BOTH genetic differences between
male and female brains, and
environmental influences

CH 10

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CH 10

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The Developing Person Through Childhood and Adolescence

by Kathleen Stassen Berger

The Play Years:

(Campos et al, 2004, cited on p.

Our experiences early on

Initiative Versus Guilt And Pride

Erik Eriksons third

They overestimate their

Adults can encourage this

What can occur if a

All children experience the emotion of

Some types of aggression are more

Instrumental: Used to obtain

Relational: Insults or social

Emotional Intelligence involves

As the prefrontal cortex

Caregivers also play a role in

Preference and Prejudice

Young children are

The Importance of Play

It is natural and beneficial for young

Jean Piaget said Play is the work of the

Children LEARN through play (and also

Solitary = play alone

Cooperative = play together, with common

Onlooker = watch others

Rough and tumble = mimics aggression,

Parallel = play with similar

It usually requires social experience

Sociodramatic Play = Pretend play in

Examples: Playing house, doctor,

Think: why might children enjoy this

Quiz: How do you know this

Quiz: What type of play is this?

FELICIA MARTINEZ / PHOTOEDIT, INC.

Make it Real: Parenting

Diana Baumrind found that parents differ

High level of communication

Moderate expectations for maturity

Discipline strategies involve much

Communication is one way (commands of

Very high expectations for maturity

Strict, often physical discipline strategies

High amount of communication

Outcomes of Parenting Styles

Which parenting style would you guess is

are obedient, not happy

Make it Real: Discipline

Anyone working with

THE NEW YORKER COLLECTION 2002 BARBARA SMALLER FROM CARTOON

The Challenge of Media

Question: The Challenge of Media

Techno HomesThe Typical

The Challenge of Media (cont.)

Several U.S. organizations have issued

Longitudinal studies have established a

Question: Boy or GirlSo What?

Are males really from Mars, and females

If yes, what makes males and females

If no, are gender differences simply

Boy or Girl: So What?

Sex differences = biological differences

Gender differences = culturally imposed