General Chemistry 1121 Lab-Review Questions

Qualitative Analysis of Anions (SO42-, CO32-, PO43-, Cl-, I-, NO3-)

1. Based on the solubility table given in Table 1, which cation (or cations) will form soluble
salts with all six anions (SO42-, CO32-, PO43-, Cl-, I-, NO3-)? Can this cation be used to identify
potential presence of any of these six anions in an unknown solution? Why or why not?
2. When a student added nitric acid to an unknown anion solution, he observed bubble being
formed, which of the six anions might be present in this unknown solution? Write out an
ionic equation for the potential reaction occurred.
3. Which cation you may use to identify potential presence of I- and Cl- in an unknown
solution?
4. What would you do and how would you know that a precipitate contained either AgCl, or
AgI or both?
5. When you added 6M ammonia to a precipitate of silver chloride or silver iodide, which one
of these salts dissolved?
6. Brown ring test was performed to identify which of the six anions? List the reagents you used
for brown ring test and describe the procedure.
7. Which cation you may use to identify the potential presence of PO43- and SO42-? How can you
distinguish PO43- and SO42- if they are present in the same solution?
8. Does a precipitate form when Barium (Ba2+) is added to an acidified PO43- anion solution?
Does a precipitate form when Ba2+ is added to an acidified SO42- anion solution?
9. Why should a person test for the presence of NO3- first before testing for the presence of Cland I- ions in that solution? Give specific reasons.
Freezing Point Depression
1. Name three types of colligative properties of solutions. What do they have in common?
2. Which should be lower, the freezing point of a pure solvent A, or the freezing point of a
solution made with solvent A and solute B? why?
3. What solvent is used in this experiment? What two solutes are used in this experiment?
4. Molality, m, is defined as (moles of solute / kilogram of solvent). Calculate the molality of a
solution made of 300gram of t-butanol (solvent) and 5 gram of n-proponal (solute). The
molecular weight for t-butanol is 74.1g/mol, and molecular weight for n-proponal 60.0g/mol.
5. The freezing point depression, T, may be predicted by this equation: T = Kfm, where m is
the molality of solution (see problem 4), and Kf is called freezing point depression constant
and its value is dependent on the solvent type. For t-butanol, Kf=8.2 Kelvin/m . Use these
given information, predict the expected freezing point depression T for the solution given in
problem 4.
6. What value is the freezing point depression constant Kf you have got in this lab?
7. Is it important in this lab to avoid water entering your sample? Why or why not?
8. Identify some potential sources of error in the determined Kf value in this experiment?
Disturbing chemical reaction at equilibrium
In this lab, we studied the a reversible exothermic reaction,
Fe3+(aq) + SCN- (aq) Fe(SCN)2-(aq) + energy
colorless
colorless
Amber
Answer the following questions pertaining to this reaction.

1. In this lab, How did you tell which of the two opposing reactions is favored by a disturbance?
(i.e., what kind of observation do you need to make in order to tell)?
2. What reagents did you use that provides Fe3+ ions? What reagents did you use for SCN- ions?
What color are these reagents?
3. In a test tube that contained the mixtures of the above two reagents, you then added
additional 3-4 drops of 0.1M Fe3+ solution, which of two opposing reactions (forward or
backward reactions) will be favored? What color change do you expect to see?
4. If you add additional 0.1M SCN- solution to the mixture, which of the two reactions will be
favored? What color change do you expect to see?
5. Again to this mixture, you add acetate ions, C2H3O2-(aq). Acetate ion can react with Fe3+(aq)
to form colorless ions, acetate ion will not react with other ions. What color change do you
expect when acetate ion is added to the mixture?
6. The above reaction is an exothermic reaction. When the mixture is placed in an ice box, what
color change did you observe? From your observed color change, what would you conclude
about how temperature may affect (favor or disfavor) exothermic reaction? More specifically,
will increase in temperature or decrease in temperature favor the exothermic reaction?
Acids and Bases
1. Give definition of acid/base indicator.
2. Write the name of three acid/base indicators you have worked with in this lab. Give their
respective colors in acidic solution (pH~2) and in basic solution (pH~12) that you have
observed in this lab.
3. What are the colors of these three indicators shown in tap water (pH~7)?
4. Does bromophenol blue (BPB) change its color from acidic color to basic color at pH
blow 7 or at pH above 7? How did you obtain this conclusion?
5. Does phenolphthalein change its color from colorless to pink at a pH above or below 7?
6. A solution is said acidic if its pH is below 7, or is basic if its pH is above 7. Accordingly, is
the following statement, an acid/base indicator can tell if the solution is acidic or basic,
correct? How would you revise the statement to be more accurate in its meaning?
Titrations of Acids and Bases
1. What is the equivalence point in titration? What is the end point of titration? Do they
coincide and how does that influence your quantitative analysis of an unknown concentration
of solution?
2. A student used 22.0mL of a NaOH standard solution (its molarity is 0.11M), to titrate a
25.0mL of unknown concentration of HCl acid solution. What is the concentration of HCl
solution?
3. What is a weak acid, what is a strong acid? Will the pH of a weak acid and strong acid same
if the amount of acids in the solution is the same?
4. How does the titration curve look like if a weak acid is titrated by a strong base? How does
the titration curve look like if a strong acid is titrated by a strong base? Describe how the two
titration curves differ. Also describe how you identify the pKa of the weak acid from the
titration curve.

5. Sketch titration curves for three cases: (a) a weak acid titrated by a strong base; (b) a strong
acid titrated by a strong base; (c) a weak base titrated by a strong acid. Please understand
why each curve is the way they are.
Solubility of Potassium Hydrogen Tartrate
In this experiment, we studied the solubility of potassium hydrogen tartrate (KHT). This salt is
weakly soluble in water, KHT (solid) K+(aq) + HT- (aq). We tried to determine the
solubility constant Ksp= [K+][HT-]
1. How did you determine the solubility constant Ksp?
2. In order to determine Ksp, you must determine equilibrium [HT-] concentrations. Describe
what you did in order to determine [HT-] concentration.
3. What would you predict, the solubility of KHT (solid) in pure water compared with solubility
of KHT(solid) in a 0.1M KCl solution, which one will be higher? Explain your answer.
4. What are all the assigned solvents in this experiment? How did you prepare your solvents?
5. How did you make sure your solution is saturated with potassium hydrogen tartrate? What
did you do afterwards?
6. A student used 20mL of 0.1M KCl solution and diluted that with water to a final volume of
100mL. Calculate the [K+] concentration present in this solution. Are there any [HT-] ions in
this solution at this point?
7. Then this student tried to dissolve KHT in the above solution. After following the procedure,
he found that he used 11.0mL of a NaOH standard solution with molarity of 0.1M to titrate a
25.0mL of saturated KHT solution. Calculate equilibrium [HT-] concentration present in his
saturated KHT solution. Afterwards, calculate equilibrium [K+] concentration present in this
saturated solution.
Qualitative analysis of cations (Ag+, Pb2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Fe3+)
1. What reagents do you use to identify the presence of Ag+ and Pb2+?
2. Given Ksp for PbCl2 in water, Ksp=[Pb2+][Cl-]2 = 210-5. Calculate the minimum chloride ion
concentration needed to initiate precipitation of PbCl2 from a solution that contains 0.01M
Pb2+(aq).
3. In this experiment, what did we use to generate sulfide ion (S2-)? How did we control the
sulfide ion concentration?
4. What explanations can you write to explain why the boxes for CuI2 and FeI3 in Table 1 are
blank? Describe what happened when you add iodide (I-) solution to Cu2+ and Fe3+ solution.
5. What is the reason that AgCl precipitate re-dissolves when you add ammonia? What is a
complex ion?
6. How did you distinguish AgCl and PbCl2 precipitates in this experiment? What procedures
do you follow?
7. How did you distinguish the three metal hydroxides precipitates? (Zn(OH)2, Ni(OH)2,
Fe(OH)2)? What procedures do you use in this lab?