KINGDOM : ANIMALIA

SUB-KINGDOM : PROTOZOA

PHYLUM : SARCOMASTIGOPHORA

CLASS : LOBOSEA

NAME

MORPHOLOGY LIFE CYCLE

CLINICAL
ASPECTS

DIAGNOSIS

PREVENTION DISTRIBUTION HOSTS

Entamoeba
histolitica (3)

Cyst, trophozoite
forma minutaforma
magna

Diarreha, blood in
stool, mucus
+ chronic form.

Stool
examination,
trophozoites,
cyst in the stool,
sometimes blood

Boiling water,
iodinstion...

KINGDOM : ANIMALIA

Food/Watercyst
trophozoiteforma
magna inestinal
wall organs

SUB-KINGDOM : PROTOZOA

NAME

MORPHOLOGY LIFE CYCLE

Ballanditium
colli (8)

Cyst, trophozoite, 2
types of nucleous

KINGDOM : ANIMALIA

Food/water cyst
trophozoites

SUB-KINGDOM : PROTOZOA

PHYLUM : CILIOPHORA

Tropical countrys
With poor sanitary
conditions.

Human

CLASS : KINETOFRAGMINOPHOREA

CLINICAL
ASPECTS

DIAGNOSIS PREVENTION DISTRIBUTION HOSTS

As in
amebiasis but
less severe

Stool
examination

Personal hygiene,
risk group people
who work at meat
factories.

PHYLUM : SARCOMASTIGOPHORA

Tropical zones
In human :
Philippines
But found anywhere
in the world.

Human

CLASS : ZOOMASTIGOPHREA

NAME

MORPHOLOGY LIFE CYCLE

CLINICAL
ASPECTS

DIAGNOSIS PREVENTION DISTRIBUTION HOSTS

Tryponosoma
(4)
Rhodiense
(faster death,
human to
human)

Epimasigote,
promasigote,
trypomast Amast.

FlyepimastigotCSF
CNS.

High fever,
daytime
sleeeping, head
ache, limph.
Nodes,
convltion.coma

Parasite in the
blood.
CSF biopsy.

Kill fly.
Clothing.

Equatorial Africa.
(Gambian)
East africa
(rhodesiense)

Final tsese,
intermediate
Hum.
Reserve
antelopes

Promasigote
(flagella), amastigote
(noflagella).

Mosq bitepromasg.
enter blood phagocytic
cells amastigote
asexual infect other
cells mosq
promastig.

Visceral (kalaazar), low fever,

weakness,
sweating, liver +
splin enlarge +
limph nodes.
After 1,2 y. Skin
lessions.
Cutaneous
painless dry/wet
papule.

Skin biopsy,
blood test low
WBC + anemia,
Antibodies,
spleen bone
marrow biopsy.
Cutaneous
ulcer biopsy

Destroy flies,
control animal,
food, clothing

World wide.

Final
sandfly
Intermediate
human,
domestic
animals

Tryponosoma
Gambiense
(zoonosis)
Lieshmania
tropica (5)

Giardia
Lamblia (5)

Trophozoite (4 pairs
flagella, 2 nuc), cyst
(4 nuc.)

F&BCysttroph.
asex. Stool.

Giardiasis, GI
symp. Esp.
Schildren,
vomiting, flatul.
diarrhoea

Trichomonas
Vaginalis (5)

Trophozoite 4
flagella, 1 nuc.

Sexual transmited

In women
vaginitis, men
urethrities +
prostatis

KINGDOM : ANIMALIA

NAME
Plasmodium
(ovale,
flaciparum,
malarie,
vivax) (6)

Toxoplasma
gondii (7)

Stool check,
doudenal
aspiration. Cyst
seen more often
than the
trophozoite
Biopsy.

SUB-KINGDOM : PROTOZOA

MORPHOLOGY LIFE CYCLE

Mosqsporozite blood
liver
pre-erithrocytic schizonts
merozoite eryth
schizonts. hemog. meros.
x3-4, microgam + macroga.
mosq zygote ookinete
oocyst sphor.
Oocyst sphorozoite
merozoites via blood
destroy cells merozoites in
organs pseudocyst cyst
in the cat macro gam +
microgam zygote
oocyst

Food hygiene.

Tropical and subtropical parts of the

world.

Human, dogs,
roddents

Condoms

World wide
distribution.

Human

PHYLUM : APICOMPLEXA

CLASS : SPOROZOEA

CLINICAL
ASPECTS

DIAGNOSIS PREVENTION DISTRIBUTION HOSTS

Fever low,
high, sweating.
Atypic. no
fever, diarrhea,
abd. Pain. Halluc.

Blood test,
schizonts in
RBC. Clinical.

Destroy fly

Tropical area of the

world.

Final
Anophelis
mosq.
Interm
human,
domest.
animals

Choroids, uveitis,
limphadenopathy.
Miocarditis
rarely.
Conj. Form more
sever.
misscarrege,
blindness

Blood test, bone

marrow, limph
node tissue

Hygiene with cats,

cookiing, pregnant
woman = no cats.

1/3 of adult
population have this
disease.

Final
cats
Inetrm
human,
dom &
wild
animals.

KINGDOM : ANIMALIA

SUB-KINGDOM : METAZOA

PHYLUM : PLATYHELMINTHES

CLASS : TREMATODA

NAME

MORPHOLOGY

LIFE CYCLE

CLINICAL
ASPECTS

DIAGNOSI PREVENTI
S
ON

DISTRIBUTI
ON

HOSTS

Fasciola hepatica
(9)

large trmatode 40X13

mm.
cuticle, two suckers oral
and ventral.
reproductive organs:
occupy most of the body,
extensive branching of the
vitelline glands and testes.
digestive system: opening
of the oral sucker
muscular pharynx
simetrical chanels
caecca. Caecca do not
have anal pour. The rest
of the food is discharged
from the mouth.
excretory system: flame
cells all over the body
connected by large central
chanel through small
branches. The central
chanel has an oppening at
the end of the body.
nervous system: ganglion
node and pair of
longitudinal nerves.

: adult fluke in the gall

blader, biliary duct, liver
eggs to gall blader
intestine pased in
stool get to water
25-30 degrees the eggs
ciliated larva
(miracidium) water
snail (int. Host) looses
cillia sporocyst
asexuall repruduction
rediae/doughter
sporocyst radiae
leaves snail single
tailed ceracaria water
plants encyst
adolescaria (infrctive
stage) animal eats
plant/infected water
lavra excyst in duodenum
penetrates inestinal
wall abdominal cavity
liver, bille tract, gal
bladder

fascioliasis. Adult
faciolla feeds on cells
(liver, epithelium),
spoils gall blader
walls mechanicaly,
poisons the host.
Biliary collic,
jaundice, generalized
abdominal pain,
bleeding,
cholecystitis,
cholelithiasis,
inflamation pf gall
blader.

dtetection of
eggs in stool.
Examination
of duodenal
contents.
Repeat test 2-3
times

water and
vegetable
control. Boiling
water. Cure sick
anomals and
person

water and
vegetable control.
Boiling water. Cure
sick anomals and
person

Main
host:
human,
sheeps,
cows.
Intermedi
ate host:
snail,
waterplant

Dicrocoelium
Dendriticum (10)

small 1-15 mm length.

digestive system: oral
sucker, muscular pharynx,
two symmetrical
intestines, o anal pore.
excretory system: flame
cells all over the body
connected by large central
chanel through small
branches. The central
chanel has an oppening at
the end of the tale.
nervous system: made of
the main ganglion node in
the frontal part of the
body and nerve trunks.
repruductive system:
male and female organs,

eggs in stool enter snail

miracidium
sporocyst redia
cercaria leave the
snail and atached to plants
eaten by Formica ants
metasercariae
(infective stage)
human swallwos ant
adult stage in the liver.

Dicrocoeliasis.
Common weakness,
jaundice, generalized
abdominal pain,
inflamation of the
gall blader,
cholelithiasis.

detection of
eggs in the
content of
duodenum and
gall blader,
sometimes
may be found
in stool (repeat
examonation).

Don't eat ants.

Cure infected
people and
animals. Destroy
ants.

worldwide, only
few cases reported

final host
sheep,
goats,
human,
cows.
Intermedi
ate host:
Formica
ants and
snail
Halicellata

behind the ventral sucker

two testes and small
ovary. Large coiled uterus
occupies the midal and
the distal part of the body.
Yolk glands in the middle
third of the body.

Opistorchis
felineus (10)

Adult fluke 1 cm.

is the same like all
termatodes.Difference:
terus ctive system:
behind the ventral sucker
a large branched terus is
located, parallels to
terus on both sides
yolk glands. Two bean
form testes are clearly
seen in the anterior end of
the body

KINGDOM : ANIMALIA
Taenia Solium
1) the worm usually
(the pork tapeworm)
less than 3 m. And
(11)
the number of
proglotids is usually
less than 1000.
2) Scolex (head) has
4 suckers and crown
of hooks at the top.
3) Mature
proglotids both
male and female
organs. Male testes
vas defferens
cirrus pouch cirrus.
Female single three
lobed ovary

Cericariae leave snail

swin in the water
terus ct trugh fish skin
trave to fish muscule
become metacercariae
(infective stage)
human eat fish adult
stages of metacercariae
develop.

as in fascioliasis and
docrocoeliasis.

detection of
eggs in
contents of
duodenum

Cook fish

Intermedi
ate host:
snail
Bithynia
Laechi &
feshes
(roach,
bleak).
Final:
humans,
animals

SUB-KINGDOM : METAZOA
PHYLUM : PLATYHELMINTHES
CLASS : CESTODA
mature proglotids detach
Taeniasis. Majorety
1) Detection of 1) water, food,
worldwide where
Final host
from worm crowl out of
of casses are
gravid
vegtables
porks are raised.
human.
rectum proglotids
symptomless.
proglottids and control.
Intermedi
destroyed by bacteria eggs
Common weakness,
eggs in the
2) Treatment of
ate host
develop to oncospheres
intestinal discomfort, faeces.
person infected.
Pigs.
(larval form, 6 hooks) eaten vomiting, diarrhoea,
2) serological
3) pork control,
Human
by pigs enter pigs muscles
bulimia, warm takes
reactions, Xcook the meat
can
cyst (Cysticerus cellulosae) human food and
ray
properly.
become
(scolex with 4 suckers and
poison him.
examination
4) treatment of
intermedia
crown of hooks) human eat Apendecitis,
sick people.
te host
meat cyst destroyed in the
intestinal obstraction.
5) control of
too. This
intestine young tapeworm depend where the
sewage system
form is
attach to intestine wall
cyst is located.
6) public health.
called
grow and produce eggs.
Muscle pain,
cysticercos
headache, dizzines,
is
eye complaints
Infection In Human:

oveduct ootype
utreus.
4) gravid proglotids
cuboid shape.
Utreus all of the
proglitids volume.

Taenia Saginata
(the beef tapeworm)
(11)

Adult worm 5-7 m.

Scolex 4 suckers,
no hooks. Behind
scolex
unsegmented neck,
non mature
proglattids, mature
and gravid
proglattids.
The mature proglattid
has two parts ovary
and not one like in
Taenia Solium.

DIPHYLLOBOTHRI
UM LATUM
(FISH TAPEWORM)
(12)

L: 20(m), 4000
proglottids
scolex: no suckers,
no hooks, containing:
ventral & dorsal
groove with small
suckers inside them.
small intestine.
Proglottids have both
male& female
reproductive organs.
Gravid proglottids
are wide and short.

HYMENOLEPIS
NANA (DWARF
TAPEWORM) (12)

25-40 (cm) + 200

segments.
Scolex : 20-24 hooks
+ 4 suckers.
Gravid proglottid
sack uterus full of
eggs.

eggs (food/water)/ in person

harbouring the adult worm
gravid proglotids travel to
stomach during vomiting and
produce there large number of
eggs oncospheres
migrate to muscles, eyes, lung,
liver, brain cyst
(cysticerci).
adult worm are in the small
intestine gravid
proglattids migrate out of
anus dastroyed by bacteria
eggs eaten by cattle
oncosphere penetrates
intestine muscle cyst
stage (cysticerus bovis)
human eat meat scolex
invaginates atached to the
intestine wall adult worm.

(blurred vision),
personality changes,
photophobia,
anaesthesia, aphasia
() , amnesia,
severe epileptical
attack.

Taeniarchinchiasis.
Simmilar to that of
teniasis. Intestinal
discomfort, vomiting,
diaorrhoea, anaemia,
common weeakness.

detection of
eggs or
proglotids in
the stool.

beaf control,
proper cooking,
treatment of sick
person

worldwide
wherever beef is
eaten.

Intermedi
ate host Cattle
Final Human

Unembryonated
eggsfaeces water (11
15)days(coracidium))1-2
days + eated by crustacea (first
intermediate) eaten by fish
(second intermediate host)
migrates to muscles eaten
by predacious fish (reserver
host) enter muscles /
reproductive human
(infected by eating
raw/uncooked fish/caviar
small intestine adult worm (up
to 25 years)
Embryonated eggs ingested by
human from contaminated
food/water/ hands small
intestine (villus) adult
wormdisintegrate
(reinfection may occure) ,
eggs discharged in faeces.

Disease =
diphyllobothriasis.

Finding eggs
in the faeces.
(proglottids
disintegrate)

Proper sewage
disposal,
treatment
infected persons.
Prepare fish/food
properly.
Avoid eating
fresh-salted
caviar.

Far east + south

east ASIA

Reserve
host
predacious

May remain
Asymptomatic.
Abdominal pain,
diarrhea, common
weakness, anemia
because parasite
uptake B-12.

Disease =
hynenolepiasis.
Light infection =
Generally doesn't
produce any
symptoms.
Heavy infection =
anorexia,vomiting,
diarrhea ,
weaknees,insomnia,
dizziness.

Intermedi
ate
1)crustace
an
2) fish
Definitie
Human +
fish eaters

Identification
of eggs in
faeces.
High
eosinophilia
may be also
present.

Personal hygiene
Health
education,
treatment of
infected children,
proper sewage
disposal.

World wide =
cosmopolitan

Intermedi
ate
=1)human
Definitie
= Human

(Children usually
infected)

ECHINOCOCCUS
GRANULOSUS
(SHEEP WORM)
(12)

3-6 (mm) + 3-4

proglottids.
Scolex : 2 rows of
hooks + 4 suckers.
Gravid proglottids
contain 5000 eggs.
Small intestine of
dogs.

Eggs in faeces sheep

oncosphere hatches in the
duodenum ()
penetrates the intestine wall
blood stream liver
grows to hydatic cyst fluid
fills the cyst cavity daughter
cyst are floating in the fluid
(and have 1000's scoleces
inside them) dogs/fox
scoleces liberated
intestinal tissues develop to
adult.
Man might ingest accidentally
the eggs (patting
dogs)(unlikely because of
parasite size)

KINGDOM : ANIMALIA

Disease =
echinococciasis

X-RAY
exsemination.
Ultra-sound.

Depends on the
location and numbers
of cyst.
Usually liver

Preventing dogs
from having
access to raw
offal and dead
animals.
Treatment of
dogs against the
adult worms.

South America,
middle east, north
India, east Europe.

Intermedi
ate =1)
sheep,
human,goa
te,
Definitie
= dogs,

Rearly brain, eye,

kidney, muscles,
bone, heart.
Rearly death may
occure (when cyst is
inlarged).

SUB-KINGDOM : METAZOA

PHYLUM : NEMATYHELMINTHES

CLASS : NEMATODA

NAME

GENERAL

MORPHOLOG
Y

LIFE CYCLE

CLINICAL
ASPECTS

DIAGNOSIS

PREVENTI
ON

DISTRIB
UTION

HOST
S

Ascarris
Lumbricoides
(13)

L: few mm to 30cm.
Lack well defined
head, elongated,
round in cross
unsegmented body.
Have both male &
female individuals.
the body has 3 layer:
external cuticle,
hypodermis, muscles.
This 3 layers formed
the body cavity
(hemocoel) which the
internal systems are
located, and it is

Color: creamy whit

to light brown.
Size: (F): 20-35cm
long, 3-6mm wide.
(M): 12-30cm long,
2-4mm wide and has
a curved tail.
It's cylindrical with
tapering ends.
Male: has 2 broad
spicules which may
protrude from the
cloaca.
Female: has vulvar
waist.

Eggs in the
intestineeggs
outside in
faecesspread on
the surface of the
soilbecome
mature in 14-21
daysmature eggs
infect new hosts
eating vegetables,
fruit without
washing
themmature egg
developed into
larvae (small

Nutritional
problems
which can turn
hinder the
normal
development
of the children,
fever,
urticaria,
malaise,
intestical colic,
nausea,
diarrhea or
central
nervous

1) Detecting
eggs in the
faeces.
2) Adult worms
are visualized in
the intestines
during barium
meal X-ray
examination.

1) Eating cooked
food.
2) Avoiding
eating in places
where there
sanitary is poor.
3) Wash hands
after the toilet
and before
eating.
4) Health
education.
5) Sewage
system control.
6) Fly and beetle

Cosmopolita
n warm
climates
more
common in
children

Definiti
ve:
human
Interm
ediate:
human
Reserv
oir:
flies and
blackbeetles

filled with fluid.

The systems are
digestive, excretory,
nervous and
reproductive.

Toxocara canis
Toxocara cati (13)

It has 3 lips and

minute teeth or
denticles along their
margins.
In the body wall 2
excretory channels
and 2 nerve trunks,
somatic muscle cell
are large and
elongated.

intestine)penetra
te the
wallcarried by
blood
streamliver,
lungs,
heartneeds
oxygenbreaks
outalveolibro
nchi
Epiglottisdigesti
ve tract.

Male: 4-6cm long.

Female: 6-15cm long
The same like
Ascaria lumbricoides
but it's a parasite of
cats & dogs.
May be eaten by
children which play
in places cat & dogs
made their faeces

Gravid female
produces 200,000250,000 eggs daily.
They live 1 year.
The same like
Ascaria
lumbricoides but
it's a parasite of
cats & dogs.
Larva may be
arrested in any
tissue of any organ.
They do not mature
into adult worms in
humans.
After some time a
granuloma forms
around the larvae.

system
disorders.
In the lungs:
pneumonitis,
bronchospase
m.

Asymptomatic
.
Muscular pain,
fever,
anorexia,
cough and
urticarial
rashes
The liver may
be
enlargedpul
monary
involvement.
Change in the
blood structure
May cause
blindness
epileptiform
attacks.

control.

1) Liver biopsy.
2) Blood
examination.
3) Serological
tests.

1) take care for

the dog & cat
faeces.
2) personal
hygiene.
3) public health.

Children
between 1-3
years old.

Accide
ntal
host:
human.

Trichuris Trichiura
(WHIPWORM)
(14)

Enterobius
Vermicularis
(PINWORM) (14)

Trichinella Spiralis
(14)

Children
are more
often
involved
then adults.
Tends to
occur in
groups
living
together
like:
family,
inmates of
hostels,
army
camp.

Male adult=3045 (mm).

Female
adult=35-50
(mm).
Anterior 3/5 of
body is thin and
2/5 posterior is
fleshy and
bulbous.
-Internal organs
are similar to all
nematodas.
-The posterior
end hangs free in
the intestine.

Eggs (from female)

passed in faeces 3
weeks in soil (mature
egg)infection by
ingestion of mature
egg
(larvated)penetrates
gut wall (for short
period) return to
bowel to mature into
the adult stage.

Male adult=5
(mm).
Female
adult=13 (mm).
The anterior end
has 3 small lips
without
dentation.
The female
gravid has 2
distant uteri
witch fills almost
the hole boody.
The male has a
single curved tail
and a spicule.

Adults mainly located

in the caecal region
female put eggs in
anus eggs mature
after 6 hours back
to mouth by fingers.

Male adult=1.4
1.6 (mm).
Female adult=
duble (mm).
The anterior
contain a row of
stichocytes.
The male lack
spicule.
But has 2
prominent
conical papillae
on the sides of
the cloaca
opening.

Eating improper
pork larva released
in small intestine
adult in small
intestinelarva
deposited in mucusa
encysted larva in
striated muscles

Worms can survive

for several years.

Complete Life cycle =

6 weeks.

Disease =
trichuriasis.
Light infection=
asmptomatic.
Heavy infection=
1) abdominal pain.
2)finding mucus or
blood in faeces
3)inflammation of
caecum/colitis.
In children=
1)anaemia
2)cardiac failure
3)appendicitis

1)finding eggs
in faeces.
2)proctoscopy
can show worm
attached to
mucous.

Disease =
enterobiasis.
Symptoms:
1)Pruritus ani
(itching in anus)
2)Appendicitis
3)Weaknees
4)Anemia
5)Gastrointestinal
disorders
After 3-6 weeks the
disease stops itself.

Disease =
trichinosis.
Invasion : in first
week, abdominal
pain, nausea,
vomiting, diarrhea
of varying intensity.
Fever .
Migration: after
the first week,
larvae blood
systemmuscles
muscular
tenderness and

1)personal
hygiene
2)sewage
control.(stop
spreading the
eggs into soil)
3)preparing
food properly.
4) wash
vegetables.
5)kill flies and
beetles.

World wide
(but most
common in
tropical regions
like south-east
Asia)

Human

1)Eggs around
the anus
2) worms in
faeces .
Easily
recognized by
size and shape.

1)personal
hygiene
2) change bed
clothing every
night.
3)children
maintain short
and clean
finger nails.
4) furniture and
toys should be
kept clean.

World wide.

Human

1)Clinical and
epidemiological
pictures.
2)serological
tests

1)inspection of
pork and other
meat.
2)distraction of
rats.
3)cooking of
garbage fed to
pigs
4)proper
cooking

World wide,
where pork is
consumed.
And also in
arctic regions
because of
infected bear
meet.

Intermediate
and final =
Humans and
animals.

Sometime
intact worm
may be found
in the faeces.

fever.
Encystment: after
the 3 week
gradual recovery or
cardiac failure

KINGDOM : ANIMALIA

PHYLUM : ARTHROPODA

NAME

GENERAL

MORPHOLO
GY

LIFE CYCLE

Ixodes Ricinus
Ixodes
persulcatus

Ixodes Ricinus
is one of the
representative
of ticks.

Has a dorsal
shield.
2 body regions:
1)capitulum
(mouth+legs)
2)hypostome
(recurved spines)

Female produces
eggs(on
skin)larva(6 legs)
hatches
Attacks small
animals=nymph
(8 legs)wild
animals
=Adult(whole
period takes 6 week
-3 years)
Ticks can withstand
starvation for 16
years.
Life span = 21
years.
Ixodes Ricinus is
caused by virus
witch lives in the
tick .

Produces a
contagious
disease

Body=rounded.
No eyes.
Mouthparts have
chelicerae and
pedipalps.
Legs = very short
+ with claws on
the end.

Scabies mites mate

on the skin of the
host (male
inseminating
immature
female)getting
inside the hosts skin
and forming tortuous
tunnels for 2 months
and scatters her eggs
eggs hatch in 3
8 days larve
nymphs emerge to
the skin surface.

Are main vectors

of: Lyme
Disease. (16)

Sarcoptes scabiei
(itch mite) (16)

The mites have a

pair of respiratory
spiracles
Witch are located
in the sides of an
abdomen.

CLASS : ARCHNIDA

CLINICA
L
ASPECTS

Asymptotic
until case is
well advanced
intense
skin itching
And rash
(particularly
in interdigital
areas :
axilla,genitali
a, forearms
and wrist)
This may
occur in 4-6
weeks after
inection.
Transmission:
physical
contact
/common bed
covers and
towels

DIAGNOSI PREVENTI
S
ON

1)Usually
made on
clinical
grounds.
2)Skin
scrapings may
show mites.
(not always
successful)

DISTRIBUTI
ON

1)individual
precautions.
2)proper clothing
3)inspect body
surface after
walking in
woods
4)pets should be
routinely
"deticked"
5)important:
move the tick
intact \ use
insect repellent.

Wrold wide

1) Treatment of
sick persons !

A 17-20 years
cycle of resurgence
of scabies infection
in the world.
(possibly because
of a changing
immunity in the
human population)

2)personal
hygiene
( avoiding of
direct contact
with the skin of
sick person.
Do not use
common
clothing, gloves,
bed covers and
towels.

HOST
S

KINGDOM : ANIMALIA

NAME

GENERAL

Blatta orientalis
Blatella germanica
(ORDER:
Dictyoptera
Beetles)

They act as
vectors of
different
pathogenic
bacteriae, which
cause dysentery.
Transmit cysts of:
entamoeba
histolytica,
giardia lamblia as
well eggs of:
ascaris
lumbricoides,
trichuris trichiura
Flea-transmitted
pathogens to
survive long
period when
vertebrate hosts
are absent.
On ingestion of
bacteria, they
multiply in such
large numbers in
the stomach that
the esophagus
becomes blocked.
"blocked" fleas
transmit the
infection from
person to person.

Pulex irritans
Ctenocephalides
canis
Ctenocephalides
catis
(ORDER:
Siphonaptera
Fleas)

They are
intermediate host
of some
tapeworms.

PHYLUM : ARTHROPODA

MORPHOLO
GY

LIFE
CYCLE

The cocoon (on

fertilized female)
separates after 5
days(56 eggs
inside) larvae
are hatching
become adults
(may take 2
years)

Body: laterally
flatted and without
wings.
In the head region
there is a groove
and inside of it lie
antennae.
Legs: ling and
muscular
They have peculiar
sensor organ on the
abdominal
segment, it calls
pygidium. it is
function to detect
air currents.
Canis but not pulex
irritans has the
ctenidia on the
mouth and on the
first thoracic
segment.
The male have
claw-form
copulatory organ.
Female have a
spermatheca wich
function in sperm
accumulation.

Feeds by
sucking
blooddon't
stay on the host
permentlylaye
s about 400
eggseggs in
burrowslarvae

adulthatching
(19-200 days)
* The life span is
about 500 days.
* Fleas can
survive long
period as adults
without food.

CLASS : INSECTA

CLINIC
AL
ASPECT
S

DIAGNOS PREVENTI
IS
ON

DISTRIBUTI
ON

HOST
S

Human:
Pediculus Capitis
Pediculuse
Vestimenti
Phthirus Pubis

Head lice: most

founded on the
neck and behind
the ears. The body
of the lice stay
close to the body.
Pubic lice:
founded in the
pubic region but
also may be found
in the armpits,
beard, eyebrows
or eyelashes.

1) Adult lice are 34mm long.

2) Color: white to
gray-black.
3) Wingless
flattened bodies.
4) Sucking mouth
parts in the head.
5) The mouth is
used to penetrate
the skin and suck
the blood.
6) Eyes, if present,
are small.
7) Antenna are
short, clearly
visible.
8) The legs have
large claw (as
adaptation for
clinging to the
hairs of the host.

NAME

GENERAL

Cimex lectularius
Cimex hemipterus
(Hemiptera Bugs)

8 (mm) long , flattened boody and coverd

by bristlets.
Head antenna + compound eyes.
Mouthpart adapted to suck blood.
No wings.
They can run very rapidly.
They do not stay on the host more then 510 minutes.
Scent glands in the side.
Female lays 200-500 eggs per blood feed.
The eggs take 7-9 days to hatch.
Each Nymphal must have at least 1 blood
meal.
Time from egg maturity is : 37-128
days.
Adult commonly live without food for 4
month. And cal survive up to 18 months.
Peak activity just before dawn.
One bite can cause sever skin irritation.
*in nature they are not known to be a

(the common bed

bugs)

MORPHOLOG
Y

Eggs (nits) on
hair (9-10 per
day, 300
lifetime)cap at
one end to admit
air and to
facilitate
hatchingeggs
hatching for a
week 3
nymphal
stages8-9 days
to grow.

DISEASES
:
1) louseborne
epidemic
typhus
2) louseborne
relapsing
fever

* The life-span
is 40 days.
* Without a host
they die
instantly.
* They travel
from one host to
another.

LIFE CYCLE
GENERAL(more)
:
The Triatominae
bugs,
"triatoma
infestans" :
Is important as a
vector for
trypanosome cruzi,
the causative of
"Chagas" disease.
(south and central
America)
Also known as
"kissing bugs"
because they often
bite the face or lips
of sleeping persons

vector of any disease.

FAMALY:
MUSCIDAE
(House fly)
Musca domestica
Glossina palpalis

They live closely

to human and they
use our food and
water.
House fly are of
medical
importance for 2
reasons:
1) they are
mechanical
vectors of microorganisms,
helminth eggs,
protozoan cysts.
2) they are
causative agents
of
myiasis(infection
by fly aggots),
The eggs and cyst
can collect on the
flys body, stick
pads and mouth
parts.(eggs and
cyst are survived
in flys intestinal
tract.

6-9 (mm).mouse-gray
in color.
Very large compound
eyes.
The terminal
labellum is coverd
with parallel
transverse ridges
(where the food
sucked in).
Per of wings.
The latter are
knoblike appendages
witch function as
gyroscopic balance
organs.
Each leg has 2 little
claws and 2 halftransparent pads that
are covers with sticky
fluid.
Female deposits 120150 eggs at 1 lot of at
list 6.
Eggadult = 10
days.

NAME

GENERAL

MORPHOLO
GY

SNADFLYS

Sandflies are
vectors of visceral
and cutaneous
leishmaniases in
being the
intermediate hosts
of leishmania
tropica and
leishmania
donovani.

Tsetse flies

The medically
important species
are Glossina
palpalis and
Glossina
morsitans.
Because of the
capability of
transmitting the
trypanosomes that
cause "sleeping
sickness".

5 (mm), the body is

covered with hair.
They are weak
flyers (fly only
short distance)
When inactive:
hide in
caves/termite
hills/dark places
with hugh
humidity.
Female: feeds on
plant fluids / blod.
Male: mainly on
plant juices.(never
on blood).
USUALLY at
night/early
morning.
Female lays eggs in
crack and holes in
the ground.
The larval require
2-10 weeks to
become a pupa.
The pupa develops
in 10 days.
6-15 (mm).
yellowish to
brownish-black.
Easily recognized
by a conspicuous
Probosics.
Day-time feeders
(visually attracted
to moving objects).
The labella have
rows of teeth. And
feeds on wide
variety of animals.

LIFE
CYCLE

Giving birth to a
single,
completely
developed larva
at intervals,
producing from
8 20 in all.
Pupa after 1
month adult.

FAMALY:
CULICIDAE
Mosquitoes

Family culicidae
contains about 31
genera.
2 genera
prominent:
anopheles and
culex.
Human plasmodia
are only
transmitted by the
genus anopheles.

3 parts of body.
Head is globular in
shape and bears 2
large compound
eyes, a pair of
antennae, a pair of
palps and elongate
mouth-parts that
form a proboscis.
They inject an
anticoagulant
substance,
preventing the
blood clotting. The
female is the blood
eater and the male
is not. On the
thorax they have a
pair of wings, a
pair of halteres and
3 pairs of long legs.

Egglarvapu
paadult.
Larva and adult
stage can
develop only in
the water.
Female take a
blood meal
every 4-5 days,
after which she
lays thousand
eggs on the
water.
Eggs hatch
within 2 to 6
days and
develop through
four larval
instars in about a
week, followed
by a 3 day pupal
stage.
Eggadult
takes 3 week to
1 month.
Adult female
live from 4-5
months
Adult male live
about a week

Anopheles:
1) The palps of both sexes
are almost long as the
proboscis.
Males have enlargements at
the end of their palp.
2) The eggs deposited
singaly on the water.
3) Larva always lies in
parallel to water surface and
have 2 stigmata for
breathing on the last
segment of the body.
4) The pupa have a pair of
breathing tubes on the thorax
and their shape is funnellike.
5) The wings have four
brown spots.
6) The body is inclined at a
sharp angle from the surface
of the host.

Culex:
1) The palps of the female are less
then half long as the proboscis.
Males palps are equal to or longer
than the proboscis.
2) The eggs are laid in rafts.
3) Larva hangs suspended from the
surface of the water by a prominent
air tube.

4) tubes on the thorax

The pupa have a pair of breathing
and their shape is as cylindricallyshaped.
5) The wings are transparent.
6) They are standing in parallel to
surface.