Readingsblock4

ARTSII

ARTSSCHEDULEBLOCK4

Description

DueDate

CompletethePlanningofyourMagazine

Workinclass
September

Reading

ExplanationofBlock4Schedule
WorkonArticle1:PillarsofExposureand2:PortraitPhotography

October13

Class
Participation

ComereadingArticle3:UrbanLandscapePhotography
WorkontheMagazine
:Studentsdraftastory#1formagazineproject.

October15

Class
Participation

ComereadingArticle4:Culinaryphotography
WorkontheMagazine
:Studentsdraftastory#2formagazineproject.

October20

Individual
Homework

TakesixPORTRAITpicturesandcreateacubewiththepictures.
(2points)Thesizeofthecubeshouldbeatleast
10cmoneachside.
(2points)Bringingitontime
(2points)Thequalityofthepicturesareclear
(2points)ChristmasGiftpapertowrapcubeor
Christmasbag.
(2points)Peerevaluation

Workitat
homeand
bringit
October22nd.

Class
Participation

Quiz(basedonArticles14)
Peerevaluationofthecubes
WorkontheMagazine
:Studentsdiscussandagreethelayoutaboutfront
cover,backcoverproject.

October22nd.

Class
Participation

ComereadingArticle5:WildlifePhotography
WorkontheMagazine
:Studentsdiscussandagreethelayoutaboutfront
cover,backcoverproject.

October27th.

Individual
Homework

Createa3monthcalendar
(November2015,December2015,January
2016)using
threeURBANLANDSCAPE
picturesthanyouhavetaken.
Add
abriefexplanationofeachofthepictures
(2points)Bringingitontime
(2points)Thequalityofthepicturesareclear
(2points)Grammar
(2points)Creativity
(2points)Printedwork

Workitahome
andbringit
October29th.

GroupActivity:
Magazine
PlanningII

ComereadingArticle6:DesignandLayoutMagazine
WorkontheMagazine
:StudentDesign5advertisementsfortheMagazine

October29th.

GroupActivity:
Magazine

CreateaMagazinewiththefollowingelements:
FrontCoverdesigned
BackCoverdesigned
Eachstudenthastowritetwoarticlesforthemagazine
5advertisementsinthemagazine
Criteriatobeevaluated:
(2points)BringingitontimeandprintedWork
(2points)Thequalityofthepicturesareclear
(2points)Grammar
(2points)Creativity
(2points)Peerevaluationaboutowncontribution

Workitahome
andbringit
November5th

GroupActivity:
Magazine
Planning

Readingsblock4
ARTSII

ARTICLE#1:PILLARSOFEXPOSURE

Photographyisbuiltonthethreepillarsofexposure:shutterspeed,apertureandsensitivity
(ISO)

ShutterSpeed
shutterspeedistheamountoftimethattheshutterisopen.Indigitalphotographyshutterspeedisthelengthoftime
thatyourimagesensorseesthesceneyoureattemptingtocapture.

Shutterspeedismeasuredinseconds
orinmostcasesfractionsofseconds.Thebiggerthedenominator
thefasterthespeed
(ie1/1000ismuchfasterthan1/30).
Inmostcasesyoullprobablybeusingshutterspeedsof1/60thofasecondorfaster.Thisisbecauseanything
slowerthanthisisverydifficulttousewithoutgettingcamerashake.

Ifyoureusingaslowshutterspeed(anythingslowerthan1/60)
youwillneedtoeitheruseatripodor
somesometypeofimagestabilization(moreandmorecamerasarecomingwiththisbuiltin).

Tofreezemovementinanimage(
likeintheshotsofthebirdsaboveandthesurferbelow)youllwantto
choosea
fastershutterspeed
and
toletthemovementblury
oullwanttochoosea
slowershutterspeed.
The
actualspeedsyoushouldchoosewillvarydependinguponthespeedofthesubjectinyourshotandhowmuch
youwantittobeblurred.

http://digitalphotographyschool.com/shutterspeed/

Aperture
Aperturereferstotheopeningofalens'sdiaphragmthroughwhichlightpasses.Itiscalibratedinf/stopsandisgenerally
writtenasnumberssuchas1.4,2,2.8,4,5.6,8,11and16.
Thelowerf/stopsgivemoreexposurebecausethey
representthelargerapertures,whilethehigherf/stopsgivelessexposurebecausetheyrepresentsmallerapertures
.
Thismayseemalittlecontradictoryatfirstbutwillbecomeclearerasyoutakepicturesatvaryingf/stops.Besureto
checkyourmanualfirsttolearnhowtosetyourcameraforAperturePriority,thentryexperimentingtogetcomfortable
withchangingtheapertureandrecognizingtheeffectsdifferentapertureswillhaveontheendresultimage.

ISO
ThelettersISOonyourdigitalSLRcamerareferstofilmspeed.Eventhoughyourcameraismostlikelynotfilmatall,but
ratherdigital,theISOcamerasettingstillhasthesamefunctionasolderfilmcameras.ISOdetermineshowsensitivethe
imagesensoristolight.ThemostcommonISOcameraspeedsettingsare:100,200,400and800.

GeneralrulesforusingISO
Thelowerthenumber,themorelightrequired.Themorelightthat'srequired,themorelikelyaslowshutter
speedwillhavetobeused.ThatmeansuseanISOof100or200whentakingphotographsoutsideinsunny
conditions.
Iftheskyisovercastoritiseveningtime,thenuseanISOwithintherangeof400to800.
NighttimeorincasesoflowlightyoumightneedtosetyourdigitalcameraISOto1600ifphotographingmoving
subjectslikepeopleorifyouarehandholdingthecamera.
AnotheralternativeistoputyourcameraonatripodanduseamuchlowerISOwithalongerexposure.Thisis
therecommendedmethodforlandscapenightshots.

http://www.slrphotographyguide.com/camera/settings/iso.shtml

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ARTICLE#2:Portraitphotography
DifferentTypesofPortraitPhotography
http://myportraithub.com/differenttypesofportraitphotography/
July6,2012by:
Prad

Portraitphotographyiscertainlyanart.Thereisnootherwaythathumanemotionsexpressthemselvesandnoother
mediumthatmaypreserveyousmileandyourdazzlinglooksforsolong.Nowitistimeto
exploreportraitphotography
,
soyoumaygetahintofwhatexactlytowishforandwhattoexpectfromyourphotographer.
Oneoftheoldestmeansoflookingyoung,vibrantandevenauthoritativeisportraitphotography,withtheexceptionof
paintingoffcourse.Portraitphotographycanbeofasmanykindsasyounamethem,buttwobroadcategoriesgenerally
sufficetheneedtofindanyother.
Thereisnohardandfastruleforthissectionofphotographythough,buttomakeitsimplerandeasiertounderstand,we
dividetheminthreecategories:
Onthebasisofsubject
Onthebasisofthenumberofpeopleintheframe
Onthebasisoftheframe/shot

A:Onthebasisofsubjectwefurtherclassifythemas:

01.CandidPortraitPhotography
Candidportraitsaretheonewherethesubjectmaybeawareorunawareofpresenceofa
photographer.However,insuchportraits,thephotographerdoesnothavemuchlibertytochange
theenvironmentoremotionsofthepersonbeingphotographed.Thingsarenaturaland
spontaneous.Photoby:
JakubOstrowski

02.PosedPortraitPhotography
Aposedportraitissimplyaportraitwherethesubjectisfullyawareofyourpresenceandselects
acertainbodypostureorcostumeforthepicture.
Photoby:
AnitaBrenchleyPhotography

03.FormalPortraitPhotography
Thistypeofportraitisaposedportraitpreparedforbusinessorotherformaloccasions.
Photoby:
BoardroomPhotographyCanberra

04.EnvironmentalPortrait
Anenvironmentalportraitnormallyfocusesontherelationofthesubjectwithhisenvironment.
Therelationbetweenthesubjectandhisenvironmentismoredominantthanthefacial
expressions.Photoby:
ThanhTran
SportPortraitsandChildrenPortraitscanalsobeincludedhere.However,theyareclassified
separatelyonlybecauseoftheirexclusivity.Asportingportraitisonlyaboutsportsandachildportraitallaboutthatchild.

B:Onthebasisofnumberofpeopleintheframe:

01.IndividualPortraits
Onlyonepersonintheframe.
Photoby:
LarsKrogsgaard

02.CouplePortraits
Twopeopleandtheirrelationship.Itisalittlecomplexastheinterpretationhastobesetrightorthewhole
portraitmaygowrong.
Photoby:
OvidiuBastea

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03.GroupPortraits
Afamilyphotograph,classphotos,batchphotosetc.qualifyforthiscategory.Itmayfeaturethreeto
hundredsofpeople.Suchapictureportraysthefeelingsofunityandisveryfamouswithinstitutionsasa
memorabilia.
Photoby:
ReneeHindmanPhotography

C:OnthebasisoftheShot/Frame:

01.Closeups
Picturestakenataveryshortdistanceorwiththehelpofazoomormacrolens.Thecameraonly
capturesasmallportionofyourface.Itnormallycoversthefaceatitedges.
Photoby:
raulonet

02.FacialShots
Afacialshotcoversthefullfaceofthesubject.Itmayeitherbeuptothenecklineorthebust.
Photo:NataliaCiobanu

03.UpperBodyShots
Upperbodyshotscoveronlytheareaabovethewaist.
Photoby:
Tenko

04.FullBodyPortraits
Theycover3/4thportiontothewholebody.
Photoby:
NataliaCiobanu

Assaidabove,thereisnoclearmarginfortheclassificationofportraitpictures.Acandidportrait
mightbeanindividualportraitwithacloseupshot.Thepointisthattheremaybeobjectivesciencebehindthe
developmentofcamerasandphotographyitstillremainsasubjectiveanddynamicart.
Itisthewillandtheperceptionofthephotographerthatmakesapicture.Sogoaheadandpickyourcamera,packallthe
lensesandlookforabeautifullocationtostartclicking.

ARTICLE#3:Urbanlandscape
PhotographingUrbanLandscapesAPostBy:
DarrenRowse
http://digitalphotographyschool.com/photographingurbanlandscapes/

Ilovecities.WhileIenjoygettingoutintothewideopenspacesofthecountrysideIamalsoabigfan
ofthehustleandbustleofinnercitylife.ItsnotforeveryonebutIfindthatsuchareasareso
interestingtospendtimeinbothonapersonallevelbutalsophotographically.
Somepeoplemightbealittledepressedbythegreynessofconcrete,toweringskyscrapersand
graffiticoveredwallsbutIfindthemfullofphotographicpotential.
UrbanLandscapePhotographylooksforthesephotographicpossibilitiesinthecitiesandandurban
areaswhereweliveandwork.
Followingare11tipstohelpyouimproveyoururbanlandscapephotography:

1.TakeaVarietyofLenses
Ifindthattakingtwolenseswithmeisusuallyenoughforurbanphotography.Iprefertotakeonewideanglelensanda
zoomwithafairbitoflengthtoit.Longerfocallengthsareusefulforcapturingthedetailsofbuildingandstreetscenes
(beawarethattheyalsotendtoflattenpictures)butwideanglelensesaregreatforcapturingthebigpictureandthey
tendtogiveabiggerdepthoffieldwhichcanaddinterestandanicefeeltoyourshots.

2.OtherGeartoTake

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Thegearyoutakeonanurbanlandscapeshootwillofcoursereflectyourownstyleofphotography(andbudget)butin
additiontotheabovetwolensesandDSLRItakeamonopod(ortripodifImgoingtoshootintotheevening),polarising
filters,UVfilters(forwhenImnotusingthepolarisers),slingstylecamerabag(IuseaCrumplerbagwhichIfindgives
metheaccessIneedaswellasbeingreasonablyinconspicuous,sparebatteriesandIgenerallytakemyexternalflash
withme(althoughIdontuseitasmuchforlandscapeshotsitstheremoreifIfindagoodportraitopportunity).

3.LookforContrasts
OneofthethingsthatIloveaboutcitiesisthediversitythatyoucanfindtherebothintermsofthepeople(itswhereall
typescometogether)aswellasvisualdiversityinthesitesyoullseethere.Lookforandcapturethecontrastsbetween
architecturalstyles,buildingmaterials,coloursetcandyoullendupwithsomeveryinterestingshots.

4.RegardingPeople
Aconstantchallengeforurbanlandscapephotographersisthatcitiesareplaceswherepeoplenaturallygather.Theres
nothingwrongwithpeoplebutinurbanphotographstheydotendtobecomethefocalpointofshotswhetheryouwant
themtobeornot.Mythoughtsonpeopleinurbanphotographyisthatyoueitherworkwiththefactthattherearepeople
intheshotsandusethemasafocalpointorifpossibletheyneedtobeeliminatedfromtheshottheresnotreallytoo
muchmiddleground.Onewayofeliminatingpeoplefromshotsistoshootonweekendsorafterworkhours.Ultimately
whenitcomestowhethertoincludepeopleinashotornotIaskmyselfthequestionsaretheyrelevanttotheshot?and
dotheyaddortakeawayfromthecomposition?.Iftheyaddsomethingincludethem.Iftheydistractgetridofthem.

5.EvidenceofPeople
Ifyouchoosetotaketheapproachofeliminatingpeoplefromyourshotstheyalmostalwaysstillliveintheshotsbythe
thingsthattheyleavethere.Urbanlandscapesdontalwaysincludepeopledirectlybutspeakaboutthewaywelive(both
goodandbad).Itcanbeverypowerfultolookfortheevidenceofpeopleinalandscapeandtofeaturethisinyourshots.
Indoingsoyouaddlayersofinterestandmakeyourphotosmoredynamic.

6.ResearchYourLocations
Urbanlandscapephotographymightseemlikeaprettyspontaneousthing(andattimesitcanbe)
butmanyofthemostspectacularshotsarearesultofcarefulplanning.Itsamazinghowa
locationcanchangedependinguponthetimeofday(asaresultofanglesoflightespecially)so
scoutoutpotentiallocationsatdifferenttimesofthedayandconsiderreturningtothesame
locationovertimetoseewhatelseitmightoffer.Intermsofwhattimeofdayisbestto
photographImnotsurethereisonebutmypersonalpreferenceislateafternoonorondays
whichareovercastbutwhereitdnottoodark.

7.LookforThemes
Whilethereisrealdiversityinurbanareastherearealsomanyrecurringthemesoflife.ForinstanceIrecentlysawone
exhibitionofurbanlandscapesthatexploredtheplacespeoplelivedinacityitwasaseriesofpeopleshomeranging
fromparkbenches,toconvertedwarehouses,tooldperiodhomes.Seeingthemsidebysidewasquitepowerful.

8.LookforMirrors
Manybuildingsthesedaysarebuiltwithhighlyreflectivesurfaces.Thesecanbothpresent
themselvesasanopportunityandachallenge.Somestunningeffectscanbeachievedby
shootingthereflectionsinsuchbuildingstofindtheperfectwaytodothisoftenmeansyou
needtotrylotsofanglestofindthebestreflection.Ifyouwanttoeliminatetheglareor
unwantedreflectionsfrommirrorsorshinywindowsitisworthinvestinginandusinga
polarisingfilter.

9.ShootintotheEvening
Citieschangeincrediblyaseveningcomesandthelightsgoon.Whatcanbeadraborfeaturelessscenecanquickly
becomesomethingwithalotofcharacterandmood.Ienjoyshootinginthetwilightzonebetweendayandnightasthere
isstilllightintheskybutyoualsogettheimpactofcitylights.

10.ExploreDifferentCityZones
Onethingthatfascinatesmeaboutcitiesisthedifferencesinthefeelandsitesthatyoucanwitnessfromareatoarea.
Withinablockortwoyoucanmovefromabusinessdistrictorcommercialzonetoagritty,rundownindustrialzoneora
trendyinnercityresidentialorshoppingarea.Manyurbanlandscapephotographershaveapreferenceforoneormoreof

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thesetypesofareasbutifyourejuststartingoutitcanbeworthexperimentingwithexploringthepossibilitiesthateach
oftheseareascanpresentyouwith.Keepinmindthatnotallareasofcitiesarealwayssafesometimesforthisreason
itcanbewisetoshootwithothers.

11.FindingtheUrbanintheSuburbanorRural
PerhapsIvebeenalittlecitycentricwiththispostbutmostofwhatIvewrittenaboutcanbeexploredinthesuburbs
ofourcitiesandevensmallertownsasreallyurbanlandscapesdocumentandexploretheplaceswherepeopleliveand
gatherbidorsmall.

ARTICLE#4:Culinaryphotography
10FoodPhotographyTipstoMakeItLookTasty
http://www.photoble.com/photographytipstricks/10foodphotographytipstomakeitlooktasty

Wevealldoneitbefore.Takenaphotoofadeliciousmealonlytohaveitturnoutlookinguglyandnotedible.Hopefully
these10foodphotographytipswillhelpyoutakeamoretastylookingfoodphotonexttime.
1.)Keepthebackgroundclean
Makesurethereisacolorcontrastbetweenthebackgroundandthefood,donthavethetwobethe
samecolororasimilarshade.Forexample,strawberriesservedonaredplateisntgoingtostand
out.Keepthebackgroundsimpleanduncluttered.Ifunsure,sticktoaplainwhitebackground.

2.)Adjustthewhitebalance
Adjustthewhitebalanceonyourcameraaccordingtowhatyoureshooting.
Meatshouldalwaysbeshotinwarmtonesasablueishtingeundersome
fluorescentlightswouldmakeitlookghastly.

3.)Usenaturallighting
Wheneveryoucan,trytoshootusingnaturallighting.Shootduringthedaynearawindowwhere
youwouldgetplentyofnaturalsunlight.Whenyoumustshootatnight,try
avoidusingflashdirectlyonthefoodasitstooharsh.Instead,useaflash
diffuserorhavetheflashbounceoffaceilingorwall.

4.)Useatripod
Mostfoodphotographywillbedoneindoors,wheretheremightnotbeenoughlighting.Usea
tripodwheneveryoucanasitbeatstryingtoholdverystillforlongaamountoftime.
5.)Smalldetailsmakeabigdifference
Dontdisregardthesmallstuff.Keepinmindthatusingnicecutleryandacleanservingplate/bowlcouldmakeallthe
differencetransforminganicephototoafantasticone.

6.)Getupclose
Insteadofonlytakingphotosofafullplateoffood,takesomemacroshots
too.Gettingupclosetoyoursubjectwillbringoutthetexturesandfiner
details,makingitmoreinterestingandintriguing.

7.)Cutit,sliceit,diceit!
Aswithanything,youshouldntjusttakesomethingforitsfacevalue.Withfood,sometimesits
whatsinsidethatcancreateagreatshot.Ilovecuttingupcrumbedfoodsforthecontrasting
textures.IalsolovecuttingupcakesjustsoIcangetthedifferentlayers.

8.)Takephotosfromallangles
Dontjusttakeaphotofromabirdseyeview,trydifferentangles.Left,right,top,
bottom.Feelfreetoevenmovethefoodaroundandcomeupwithdifferent
compositions.

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9.)Useprops
Dontbeafraidtojazzuptheset.Maybeaglassoforangejuicetogowiththosepancakes?Abottleofwineinthe
backgroundwithyoursteakandmashmeal?Ormaybesomehundredsandthousandssprinkledaroundyourcupcakes?
Doremembertokeepitsimpleastoomanypropscanbedistracting.

10.)Cheatifyouhaveto
Aslongasyourenotplanningtoeatthefoodafterwards,therearewaystoenhanceyourfoodbyusingsome
industrytricks.Forexample,makeyourfoodglistenbybrushingonsomevegetableoil.Createthatfreshout
oftheovensteambyplacingsomemicrowavedcottonballsthathavebeensoakedinwater.Ormake
perfectlookingicecreamthatwontevermeltwithsomemashedpotatoes.

ARTICLE#5:WildlifePhotography
PhotographyBusiness:TheWildlifePhotography
http://digitalimagesmadeeasy.com/photographers/photographybusinessthewildlifephotography
t
Thewildlife
photographybusiness
isquitefascinatingandatthesametimeveryhard.Itrequires
travelingtothewildandspendinglotsoftimeawayfromcivilizationjustforthesakeofcapturingsome
greatmomentsinanimalslife.Wildlifephotographyservesfordocumentariesinmagazinesand
correspondstowhatisgenerallycalledphotojournalism.NationalGeographicMagazineisthebest
exampleforthisone.Theverysubjectsofsuchphotoshootingareanimalsinaction.
Animalsarecapturedwhileeating,hunting,playing,matingorinflight.Theequipmentrequiredfor
suchphotoshootingisspecializedsinceonehastorelyonaveryquickshutterspeedanduse
featuresthatfreezetheanimalinmotionandblurthebackground.Unlikethesmallaperturesusedinlandscape
photography,wildlifephotographycreatessuchgorgeouseffectsbyusingwideaperturesonly.Telephotolensescanbe
utilizedaswell,dependingonthedistancefromtheshot.
Telephotolensescanonlybeusedwithtripods.Thelongerthelens,theheavierthecamera,whichmakesitdifficultto
holdandshootwell.Therefore,wildlifephotographyreliesonquiteanumberofequipmentsforthevarioustasks.Donot
overlookthepossibilityorthenecessitytocamouflagethecamerabyusingblinds.Whenwecometothinkaboutall
thesedetails,itseemslikeaverycomplexandbusyoccupation,butitisonethatgivesgreatjoys.
Wildlifephotographydoesnotdependonweatherorlocation.Youmaybetakingphotosofaflyorapolarbear,thatisof
littleimportance:thisrealmofactivityisonewhereeverydetailmatters.Wildlifephotographyisforthosethatknowtheir
professionwell,andwholoveadventure.Witherratic,dangerousandelusivesubjectstobecaptured,thejobofthe
photographerisquitehard.
Anyenthusiastouttherewouldsaythattheresultsareworththeeffort,andtheyreprobablyright.Theonlyproblemis
thatsometimesourcarefortheenvironmentcomessecondwhenfollowinganimalsforthebestshotinthewild.But
rememberthatweowenaturegratitudeandrespect,nomatterhowcaptivatingitcouldbe.Foryour
photography
businessplan
,thenaturalaspectsandsituationarequiteimportant,andweshouldntriskanyofthesejustforthesake
ofthepicture.

ARTICLE#6:Designandlayoutofmagazine
Adaptedreading
http://www.dreamtemplate.com/blog/webdesigntips/10reallyusefultipsfordesigningamagazine/

Designingisalwaysachallenge,anditdoesntmatterwhatyouareabouttodesign.Today,wewilltalkaboutmagazine
designing.Magazinedesignishavesomeparticularrulesandboundaries,whichshouldbefollowedwhiledesigning.
Beforegettingintothemainpartyoushouldknowsomeofthebasicprinciples.Someoftheimportantpointswhichmight
helpyouindesigningaperfectmagazinelayout:

1.Differenttemplatesandstyleguidesinthedesigningworld,aconsistentdesignisveryimportantitnotonly
representsyourbrandvalue,butitalsoengagestheuserforaverylongperiodoftime.Consistentdesignsarevaluedin
thisindustry,butthatdoesnotmeannewdesignswontbegettinganyfurtherchance.

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2.KeepaudiencesinmindAgooddesigneralwaysthinksaboutitsaudiencefirst.Thinkaboutthepeopleswhowill
readthisparticularmagazine,thinkabouttheirmentalityandthenonlyyoucancomeupwithsomethingthatwillattract
thosetargetedaudiences.Sportsmagazinesarebasicallymeantforpeoplewhotakeaninterestinsports,therefore,a
designwhichwillattractmoreandmoresportloversshouldbeveryuseful.

3.CaptureideasfromeverythingGenerally,designersdontcomewithspecialideasbecausetheyareconstantly
workingonthesamedesignwhichtheyhaveusedearlier.Thisisacommonproblemfacedbyeverydesigner.Thebest
thingtodoisgooutsideandrelaxforfewhourssoonyouwillnoticethatideasandvariouscreativedesignsarecoming
straightintoyou.Thiswholeworldisfilledwithbeautifulinspirationsfordesigningonemustchangehisorherperception
toseekoutsomeofthebesttoapplyintheircreativity.Youcancarryanotepadwithyourselfandnotedowneach,and
everyideabeforetheyvanishfromyourmemory.

4.GettingtheperfectcoverMagazinecoveristhemostimportantpartofamagazine.Generally,adesignerspends
hoursondesigningaperfectcoverpage.Coverofamagazineshouldbecolorfulwithsomebrandvalueandshortintro
tointerestingcontents.Therearevariousthingsthatshouldbedoneproperlylikealignment,colorselection,textformat,
etc.

5.KeepingthetextinterestingandpresentableSomearticlesareverylongandwithoutanypictures.Inthiscase,
designersshouldkeepinmindthattextshouldhaveproperandattractiveformatotherwisereaderswillgetbored.

Thesetextsshouldhaveaproperheadingformatandothercleverentrypoints,whichmaketheoverallarticleappealing.
Variouspullquotesanddropcapsshouldbeusedwithproperformat.Numberingandalignmentshouldbeusedinsuch
awaythatitshouldattractthereaderinstantly.