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Bridge Deck Design
Bridge Deck Design
Bridge Deck Design
Bridge
g Deck Design
g
4.2
S
n equal spans @ S
Overhangs:
LRFD 9.7.2.2
1. Empirical method not applicable to overhangs.
2. Strip method or refined method must be used in the cantilever
overhang to account for wheel loads between the railing and the
exterior grider, and for collision loads applied to the railing.
4.3
REINFORCING DEFINITIONS
Railing reinforcement
Slab ( "Deck" )
Horizontal
Longitudinal slab
reinforcement
[ 2 layers ]
Vertical
Railing
Overhang
Transverse slab
reinforcement
[ 2 layers ]
Interior region
4.4
gravity loads
collision (rail) plus
reduced gravity loads
collision (rail)
Problem Definition
Live Load:
4.5
HL-93
Deck Concrete
fc = 4 ksi
wc =150 pcf
Mild Steel (Non-Prestressed)
fy = 60 ksi
Es =29,000 ksi
Dimensions
Thickness =
8.0 in.
Cover
=
2.5 in. (Top)
= 1.0 in. (Bottom)
Deck Design
4.6
4.7
S
n spans @ S
Effective length: Le
Le
Le = S (bf + bw)
S - bf
bw
bf
Empirical Method
z
4.8
Flexure
Arching Action
z
FEM verification
Factor of safety
No analysis required
Isotropic reinforcement
4.9
Uniform depth
Effective length
6 to 18
4.10
fc - 4 ksi, minimum
Deck is composite
4.11
G d 60 steel
Grade
t l
4.12
longitudinal steel
transverse steel
Slab thickness:
longitudinal steel
Wearing surface
Design depth: ts
(excluding wearing
surface)
Top cover
Core depth: tc
Bottom cover
transverse steel
4.13
Strip Method
z
LL moments:
4.14
Moving
M i
load
l d analysis
l i
Truck axles moved laterally
Multiple presence factors
Dynamic load allowance
Total moment divided strip width
LRFD Table A4.1-1 (used in this design example)
4.15
STRIP METHOD
Applicability:
The strip method (also called the approximate method in the LRFD Specification)
provides for selecting all transverse and longitudinal reinforcing in the slab, and
the reinforcing required to connect the railing to the slab.
The deck is subdivided into 1-ft-wide strips perpendicular to the supporting girders. The strips are
treated as continuous beams. The span length is taken as the center-to-center distance between
the girders. The girders are assumed to provide rigid point supports for the continuous-beam strip.
1 width
S
n spans @ S
4.16
main slab
railing (parapet)
wearing surface
wearing surface
4.17
16k 16k
6'
8'
6'
16k 16k
6'
4'
6'
One truck
16k 16k
6'
spacing varies
4.18
16k 16k
One truck
120% of the
moment caused
by one truck:
m = 1.20
6'
8'
16k16k 16k16k
6'
4'
Two trucks
100% of the
moment caused
by two trucks:
m = 1. 0
6'
16 kips
16 kips
vary position and
spacing of truck(s)
6
1 width
4.19
16 k
16 k
Position of inner wheel relative to
support depends on grider spacing.
0.4 S
4.20
16k 6
16k
S < 10 feet
S > 10 feet
In all cases, the truck load moments must be increased by the impact factor:
MLL = MTruck ( 1 + IM ) = MTruck ( 1 + 0.33 )
4.21
Mdesign
1 width
4.22
4.23
Positive
Moment
k-ft/ft
4.68
4.66
4.63
4.64
4.65
4.67
4.71
4.77
4.83
13-0
13-3
13-6
13-9
14-0
14-3
14-6
14-9
15-0
8.54
8.66
8.78
8.90
9.02
9.14
9.25
9.36
9.47
11.31
11.55
11.79
12.02
12.24
12.46
12.67
12.88
13.09
10.43
10.67
10.91
11.14
11.37
11.59
11.81
12.02
12.23
9.55
9.80
10.03
10.27
10.50
10.72
10.94
11.16
11.37
8.67
8.92
9.16
9.40
9.63
9.85
10.08
10.30
10.51
7.79
8.04
8.28
8.52
8.76
8.99
9.21
9.44
9.65
6.38
6.59
6.79
6.99
7.18
7.38
7.57
7.76
7.94
5.86
6.01
6.16
6.30
6.45
6.58
6.72
6.86
7.02
4.24
Moment computed at dc
when girder is treated
as a point support
dc
4.25
dc
From LRFD 4.6.2.1.6:
The design section for negative moments in precast I-shaped and T-shaped concrete beams
may be taken at one-third the flange width
width, but not exceeding 15.0
15 0 inches
inches, from the centerline
of the point support assumed at the centerline of the girder.
dc
bf
3
15.0"
Table A4.1-1 gives values of negative live load moment at distances dc = 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24
from the girder centerline. Moments at other dc locations can be found by interpolating moment
values at adjacent tabulated distances.
From LRFD Commentary 4.6.2.1.6: This reduction in negative moment replaces the
use of reduced span length to compute moments as done in the standard specification.
Strip Method
z
4.26
Limit states
Service: crack control
Fatigue: need not be checked
Strength: factored moments
Extreme event: vehicular collision
4.27
M =
z
z
z
DL / LL ratio
C = 10 or 12
Self weight = 8(150)/12
= 100 psf = 0.1 ksf
M DL =
wl 2
c
0. 1 x 9 2
= 0.81 kip ft . / ft .
10
M FWS =
0.03 x9 2
= 0.24 kip ft . / ft .
10
4.28
Table A4-1
Span = 9 ft.
neg
M LLI
= 3.71kip - ft . / ft .
4.29
Positive Moment:
Mpos = (0.81+0.24+6.29) = 7.34 kip-ft. / ft.
4.30
Positive Moment:
Mpos,str = 1.25x0.81 + 1.5x0.24 + 1.75x6.29
= 12.38 kip-ft. / ft.
10
4.31
As = (12/10)(0.31 in.2/bar)
= 0.372 in.2 / ft.
Mn =
a=
Asfy
a
d
b
2
a=
(0.372)(60)
= 0.547 in.
(0.85)(4)(12)
As f y
0.85 fc' b
c=
a
0.547
=
= 0.65 in.
0.85 0.85
t =
c
0.65
Therefore, tension - controlled section
4.32
M n =
As fy
a
d
b
2
( 0.90 )( 0.372 )( 60 )
0.547
) = 8.23 kip
ki - ft./ft.
ft /ft
( 5.19
(12 )
2
O.K.
4.33
fM neg =
4.76 * 12
= 0.45 ksi > 0.38 ksi
12 * 8 2
11
4.34
700 e
2d c
s fs
where ,
e = 0.75 for Class 2 exposure
dc
2.81
=1+
= 1.77
0 .7 ( h - d c )
0.7 ( 8 - 2.81 )
4.35
Calculate fs
1kd
3 s
c
kd s
fc
ds
Neutral
Axis
jds = (1 - k)ds
3
Elevation
Section
fs
Strain
Stress
T
Resultant
Forces
M
As jd s
4.36
where:
M = -4.76 kip-ft./ft.
As = No. 5 at 10 o.c. = 0.31/10*12 = 0.372 in.2/ ft.
ds = 8 2.5 0.625/2 = 5.19 in.
=
=
k
3
As
bd
0.372
= 0.00597
(12 )( 5.19 )
j =1-
k = 2 n + (n ) - n
2
j = 1 0.265 / 3 = 0.912
fs =
( 4.76 * 12 )
= 32.4 ksi
( 0.372 )( 0.912 )( 5.19 )
12
4.37
700 e
s fs
2d c =
700 * 0.75
1.77 * 32.4
O.K.
OK
4.38
LONGITUDINAL STEEL
Secondary longitudinal reinforcement (parallel to the girders ) in the bottom of
the slab is required as a percentage of the primary positive-moment transverse
reinforcement perpendicular to the girders:
Longitudinal steel percentage of primary reinforcement
220
Le
67%
where:
Le = effective length (feet) is the distance between the flange tips
plus the flange overhang:
Le = S (bf + bw) / 24
S
temperature steel
Le
SbL
bw
bf
longitudinal steel
(bottom of slab)
S - bf
4.39
(LRFD 9.7.3.2)
z
z
z
At bottom
In secondary direction
Percent of reinforcement for Mpositive
220
67%, where S = 108 - 6 = 102 in. = 8.5 ft.
S
220
= 75 % > 67 %,
8 .5
67% Governs
13
Eq. 5.10.8 1
0.11 As 0.60
Eq. 5.10.8 2
4.40
42 6 = 510 in
8 in
1.3 * 510 * 8
= 0.085 , therefore As = 0.11
2 * (510 + 8) * 60
12 in
Area = 12 * 8 = 96in 2
8 in
4.41
(LRFD 5.7.3.3.2)
Mcr = fr Sc
OK
4.42
14
4.43
PLUS
Full truck live load
(gravity load)
OR
Critical moment
location
Critical moment
location
4.44
1.0 ft
dc
4.45
continuous railing
WL
1.0 ft
WL = 1.0 kip/ft
15
4.46
discontinuous rail
gap
WL
16k
16k
1.0 ft
1.0 ft
1.0 ft
SW
SW
SW
Overhang
WL =
(inches) =
45
+ 10.0 X(feet)
Pw
SW Overhang
4.47
RAILING DESIGN
Truck load applied to railing:
The primary purpose of the railing (also called the barrier or parapet) is to contain and
redirect vehicles using the structure in order to: (1) protect the occupants of a vehicle
that collides with the railing, (2) protect other vehicles on the structure at the time of the
collision, (3) protect persons and vehicles on roadways and other areas under the bridge.
The railing and deck overhang are designed to survive a vehicle collision force whose
intensity depends on the nature of the highway and the traffic it carries. Design
parameters are grouped into six (6) Test Levels in AASHTO 13.7.2 . Four of the most
common Test Levels are:
TL-1 - Test Level One:
4.48
Ft
H ( to top of wall )
TL-3
TL-5A
TL-5B
13.5
27
54
54
116
124
FL Longitudinal ( KIP )
4.5
18
18
39
41
58
4.5
4.5
4.5
18
50
80
80
Designations
Table A13.2-1
Ft Transverse ( KIP )
TL-1
TL-4
TL-6
175
Lt ( IN ) [ Given in FT in table ]
48
48
48
42
96
96
96
27
27
27
32
40
54
90
16
4.49
Rw
Rw
MCT
VCT
TCT = VCT
TCT = VCT
MCT
MCT
1 width deck strip
4.50
Lc
Rw
Lc =
Rw
Lt
+
2
L t 2 8 H M w
2 +
Mc
( in )
45
L c 2
2H
= 2 L L 8 M w + M c H ( k )
c
t
Rw
Rw
TCT = VCT = L + 2 H
c
( k/in )
Rw H
Lc + 2H ( in-k/in )
MCT =
MCT
VCT
H = height of the railing wall ( inches )
Lt = length along which impact force is assumed distributed to wall ( inches )
Mw = average unit ultimate moment resistance of wall about vertical axis ( in-k/in )
Mc = average unit ultimate moment resistance of wall about horizontal axis ( in-k/in )
Lc = width of failure mechanism that offers the least Rw ( inches )
4.51
Lc =
Rw =
Lt
+
2
L t 2 8 H 2 M w
+
Mc
2
Rw
2H
L 2
8 M w + Mc c
(k)
2 L c L t
H
TCT = VCT =
MCT =
Lc
( in )
Rw H
Lc + H
Rw
Lc + H
45
Rw
( k/in )
( in-k/in )
MCT
VCT
17
Overhang Design
z
4.52
4.53
54 KIP
FL Longitudinal Force
18 KIP
18 KIP
Lt and LL
3.5 FT
Lv
18 FT
32 IN
32 IN
Safety Barrier
4.54
18
Strength of Barrier
4.55
4.56
2
Rw 1 =
2Lc Lt
ML
8M b + 8Mw + c c
4.57
19
Strength of Barrier
4.58
2
Rw 2 =
2Lc Lt
ML
M b + Mw + c c
Strength of Barrier
4.59
Strength of Barrier
4.60
2
Rw 1 =
2Lc Lt
M c Lc
M c Lc
2
Rw 2 =
M b + Mw + H = 61.6 kip, controls
2Lc Lt
20
4.61
P
h d
M
Distribution of Mc and T
4.62
T over Lc+2H
Distribution of Mc and T
4.63
21
4.64
P
h d
M
4.65
T+P
P
h
d
a
M
Strains
Stresses
C
Forces
a
h
a
h a
M n = C d + P d = T1 d P
2
2
2
2 2
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
4.66
T+P
P
h
d
a
M
Strains
Stresses
C
Forces
0.10
8 0.10
M n = 11.1 5.25
6.94
= 30.3 kip in. / ft . = 2.53 kip ft . / ft .
2
2
2
z
z
Mn = 2
2.53
53 < M = 14
14.30
30 kip-ft
kip-ft. / ft.
ft NG
Provide additional No. 7 at 13 in. o.c.
alternating with No. 4 at 13 o.c.
As = (0.20+0.60)/13*(12) = 0.74 in.2 / ft.
T = 0.74x60 = 44.4 kip / ft.
0.92
8 0.92
M n = 44.4 5.06
6.94
= 179.7 kip in. / ft . = 15.0 kip ft . / ft .
2
2
2
z
22
4.67
23