:

ENOTHTA 4

- :
:

2 , 3 8


4: ....................................................................................................................... 3

................................................................................................................................. 3

.................................................................................................... 3
............................................................................................................................. 3
4.1: Family and social rules ...................................................................................... 4
4.2: Modal verbs for obligation and permission ....................................................... 5
4.3: Our Europe ......................................................................................................... 6
4.4: that clauses and linking words ......................................................................... 8
4.5: The world ........................................................................................................... 9

............................................................................................................................... 13

............................................................................................................................... 13

................................................................................................................. 15
...................................................................................................... 16
.............................................................................................................................. 17
............................................................................................. 17

 4:

,
.

,
,
.

.

,
. ,
(modal verbs) .

- Family and social rules
- Obligation and permission
- Describing people
that clauses and linking
words
- Describing countries
3

 4.1: Family and social rules

1.: Answer the questionnaire by yourself.
A QUESTION OF ATTITUDE
What are your attitudes on the importance of rules?
Write T (true) F (false) or ? (maybe)
Rules arent important nobody follows them anyway.
Rules are necessary, even if theyre sometimes inconvenient.
Many of our national heroes were and are rebels.
Its important to follow the rules because it shows respect.
Its often exciting to break the rules.
We only have rules because some people love authority.
People like to have rules thats why we have them.

2.: Look at what people in a family of five children said about rules in
their house. Match what they say with the rule and say if its the parents or the
children talking.
Who says these things? a parent (P) a child (C )
a. If youre not here when were ready to
start, then you dont get pudding __
b. You mustnt interrupt when somebodys
talking youve got to wait till theyve
finished __

What theyre talking about

1. Helping with the washing-up

2. Arriving on time for meals

c. After dinner, weve got to help with the

washing-up, cause with seven of us,
theres a lot to do __

3. Rules in friends houses

d. Television is banned in the week and

theyre only allowed to watch it at
weekends __

4. Talking at mealtimes

e. You dont let us watch the news, even at

weekends __
f.

The trouble is, theyre reaching an age

where nobody else ever has to do the
washing-up __

5. Watching the news on TV

6. When
they
television

can

watch

3.: Match the different ways of talking about obligation and permission
with the appropriate form of the verb. Some forms are not used.
1. We mustnt

argue

2. They dont let us

arguing

3. Were never allowed

to argue

4. Were banned from

helping

5. Weve got

help

6. They have

to help

7. We can

stay up

8. They let us

to stay up

9. They make us

staying up

4.2: Modal verbs for obligation and permission

1.: How old do you have to be to do these things in your country?
go to school
drive

marry

work for money

drink alcohol
buy cigarettes

pay on public transport

leave school

vote

: Now read what the law says in England and Wales

about these things. Do you find any of them surprising or unfair?
At what age can I / do I have to ?
at 5 You have to go to school! You have to pay to go on trains, busses, etc. You can
drink alcohol in private for example at home.
at 10 You can be convicted of a criminal offence.
at 12 You can buy a pet.
at 13 You can get a part-time job, but you cant work for more than two hours on a
school day or on a Sunday.
at 14 You can go into a pub but you cant buy or drink alcohol there.
at 16 You can leave school. You can marry but you must have your parents consent.
A boy can join the armed forces with his parents consent. You can buy cigarettes and
tobacco. You can have beer, cider, or wine with a meal in a restaurant.
at 17 You can have a license to drive most vehicles. You can go to prison.
at 18 You reach the age of majority you are an adult in the eyes of the law. You can
vote in election. You can open a bank account. You can buy alcohol in a pub.
at 21 You can become a Member of Parliament.

2.: Complete the sentences with the correct verb or phrase.

1. You can / must have a driving license when youre 17.
2. You have to / cant vote until youre 18.
3. You mustnt / dont have to be 18 to drink alcohol at home.
4. You are allowed to / cant leave school when youre 16.
5. They dont let / make you open a bank account before youre 18.
6.

You dont have to / mustnt drink alcohol in public if youre under 16.

4.3: Our Europe

1.: Read this survey about what Europeans think of each other. Choose
from the three country options what you think.
What do Europeans really think of each other?
Which country do you think ?
1. has the best quality of life

Austria

France

Sweden

2. is the best place for a holiday

Spain

Greece

France

3. has the most attractive people

Italy

Sweden

Greece

4. has the most trustworthy people

Germany

Denmark

Italy

5. has the nicest, most fun people

Germany

Italy

Greece

6. has the highest standard of living

Britain

Germany

Belgium

7. produces the best quality goods

France

Germany

Britain

8. has the worst food

Britain

Portugal

Holland

2.: Look at what the people sitting next to you wrote. Do any of their
answers surprise you? Now look at what the actual survey results were. Do any agree
with yours? Do any of them surprise you?
1. Sweden 2. France 3. Italy 4. Denmark 5. Greece 6. Germany 7. Britain
8. Britain
3. : In pairs decide if these people adjectives are
Positive (+), Negative (-) or Neutral. (n)
old-fashioned

attractive

reserved

distant

lively

racist

tolerant

sophisticated

arrogant

down-to-earth

suspicious

welcoming

modest

polite

cosmopolitan

forward-thinking

intense

open

conformist

narrow-minded

romantic

superficial

easy-going

trust-worthy

genuine

melancholy

narcissistic

behind-the-times

provincial

egalitarian

individualistic

sensitive

4.: How easy was it to agree?

5. : Read the texts. Think of an adjective to describe each

person.
Paul Segersvaro 39, optician, Helsinki(Finland)
Our seasons are good for the soul. When spring comes after the dark days of winter
you feel you are being reborn. Because summer is so short there is a sense of
desperate living before winter closes in. The darkness gives you time to spend leisure
time with your friends. I also love the birdlife.
Favourite alternative
Costa Rica because its good for birds.
Ria Vandenhaute 47, bank teller, Berg(Belgium)
Openness to new things and people is the best thing. And I like our family values: we
are very attached to our houses and gardens. There is a saying that each Belgian has a
brick in him.
Favourite alternative Australia because you can change
jobs, location, lifestyle really easily, while here our lives are quite rigid.
Tina Joyce 19, student, Liverpool(England)
People are much more friendly and welcoming in the north. In Liverpool, which used
to be a great port, the population is so mixed that people arent racist. I would say
that were not sophisticated, but we are very tolerant and down-to-earth, which is
more important.
Favourite alternative New York for its job
opportunities and nightlife.
7

Camilla Bratntas 24, policewoman, Stockholm(Sweden)

As a woman, I can get a job and earn my own living. I also appreciate our social
security system. Its difficult to become homeless in Sweden.
Favourite
alternative Britain, especially London. Its a beautiful city and I love the language.
Ana Pinto-Coelho 23, accountant, Lisbon(Portugal)
I like the fact that the sea makes us melancholy. The Atlantic makes you dream of faroff places. It makes you look outwards. The Mediterranean makes you narcissistic
Favourite alternative Rome or Milan because they have open minds.

:
.
.
. ,
.

4.4: that clauses and linking words

1.: Do you agree with the following statements?

You cant be both successful and nice.

People usually have to choose between professional success and their personal
life.

There are many different types of success not all of them are professional.

In the end, only money and power really matter.

It isnt possible to be rich and still have real friends.

Your family is the most important thing in life.

Every successful person stands on their familys shoulders.

Power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely.

2. : Choose some of the above statements and tell the

person next to you how you feel about them using the following introductions to
opinion. Agree or disagree with the others opinions.
I ( absolutely / definitely ) agree that
I ( really ) think that
I ( certainly / really ) dont agree that
I dont ( really / necessarily ) think that
8

That clauses
That .

That

I think

that

you are right.

That , .
I believe that you cant be both successful and nice.
I am really shocked that you believe that.
I dont agree with the idea that only money and power really matter.
That
It is true that

Its worrying that

Im sure that

Its a fact that

I hope that

It is believed that

Linking words because / so / although / despite etc

/
/ .
I dont agree because it doesnt make any sense.
I think the law is right despite being so unpopular / its unpopularity.
3.: Choose the correct linking word / phrase to complete the sentences.
1. A lot of people still smoke despite / although its bad for their health.
2. A lot of people still smoke in spite of / even though knowing the risks.
3. A lot of people still smoke so / because its so hard to quit.
4. A lot of people still smoke so / because the costs of healthcare remain high.
5.

A lot of people still smoke because / because of its addictive power.

4.5: The world

1.: What has changed in the last year? Think of these topics.
your life
your family
your country
the world

How do you hope that these things will change in the next two to ten years?
2.: Do you know where Thailand is? Describe where it is using these
phrases: near / next to / close to / north of / between etc.
3. : Read the article and make notes about

the most surprising thing

similarities between Taiwan and your country

differences between Taiwan and your country

how Taiwan is changing

TAIWAN the difference

Asia is different, they say. But Taiwan, for example, has a successful, modern,
capitalist economy. It is now the worlds third largest exporter of high-tech goods like
computers. It believes in doing business and making money. So how is it different?
One major difference, according to Professor Jessica Lu from the Psychology
Department of Kaohsiung Medical School, is that here, in the West, we keep work
and family life separate. But in Taiwan there is no difference. So, for example they
have the ground floor of a building as a shop or office, and the family lives on the
second floor.
Also, in Taiwan, family businesses stay in the family. But as family firms get
big, they need more people (i.e. sons) to run them. So where do all the sons come
from? In the words of Professor Lu, from wives without a title: a rich man decides
how many sons he will need to run his business, and then he finds a number of wives
10

to provide them. And the wives all live in the same house, calling each other sisters.
There is only one official wife, recognized by the law, says the Professor Lu, but the
others dont mind.
This is still true today, and there will be a conflict when more multi-national
companies come into Taiwan to invest. And it is changing, but very very slowly, and
these Taiwanese businesses will survive because they have survived for thousands of
years.
4.:
1. Describing the world. Put the words / phrases in the box under the appropriate
topic.
an island
modern
religious

humid

socialist

traditional

a social security system

mountainous

geography

hard-working

to export

capitalist

to produce

conservative

the mainland

a democracy

densely populated open spaces

people / culture

politics / economy

2.What are the nationalities and languages of these countries?

Britain

Egypt

Korea

Portugal

Thailand

China

France

Mexico

Russia

Turkey

Czech

Germany

Netherlands

Spain

Cyprus

Japan

Poland

Switzerland

Israel

Republic
Denmark

11

 :

:
politics

culture

people

economics

how it has changed

what you think of it

12



, .

(modal verbs)

4.1
questionnaire -

authority -

its a question of

pudding ,

attitude -

interrupt

follow -

washing-up

necessary -

banned

inconvenient -

allowed

national hero

even

rebel -

reach

respect ,
4.2
marry

consent

public transport

join the armed forces

vote
law
age
have to ,
in private
convict
criminal offence

cider
license ,
age of majority
adult
elections
bank account
member of parliament

13

 4.3

narrow-minded

survey ,

behind-the-times

quality

sensitive

attractive

season -

trust-worthy

soul

fun ,

reborn

standard of living

sense

goods ,

desperate

old-fashioned

close in

lively ,

darkness

arrogant

birdlife

modest

favourite ()

intense ,

alternative

genuine

values-

provincial /

attached

racist

brick

down-to-earth

location

polite

rigid ,

superficial ,

port

egalitarian

population

reserved ,

opportunity

tolerant

nightlife

suspicious

a living

conformist ,

appreciate

easy-going ,

social security system

individualist

homeless

distant

comforting,

sophisticated - ,
,

welcoming
forward-thinking

predictable
group pressure

4.5
exporter

conflict

14

high-tech

multi-national

major ,

invest

according to

humid

medical school

traditional

separate -

produce

ground floor

conservative

firm

hard-working

i.e.

mainland

run ,

religious

provide

mountainous

official

densely populated

recognize

open spaces ,

not mind /

4.1
2. a. 2

b. 4

c. 1

d. 6

e. 5

f. 3

3. 1. argue 2. argue /stay up 3. to stay up / to argue 4. arguing / staying up

5.to help 6. stay up / help 7. stay up / help 8. stay up / help 9. Help
4.2
2. 1. can 2. cant 3. dont have to 4. are allowed to 5. dont let 6. mustnt
4.3
3. Suggested answers
Positive (+) lively, modest, romantic, genuine, attractive, down-to-earth, polite,
open, egalitarian, tolerant, cosmopolitan, easy-going, sophisticated,
welcoming, forward-thinking, trust-worthy, sensitive (aware of others
feelings)
Negative (-) old-fashioned, arrogant, racist, superficial, reserved, suspicious,
conformist, narcissistic, distant narrow-minded, behind-the-times,
sensitive ( over-sensitive, easily hurt /offended)
Neutral (n)

provincial (can be negative), intense (can be negative), melancholy,

individualistic
15

5. Suggested answers
Paul (Finland)
Ria (Belgium) down-to-earth, tolerant
Tina (England) tolerant, lively
Camilla (Sweden) individualistic, serious
Michiko (Japan) genuine
Ana (Portugal) romantic, melancholy
4.4
3. 1. although 2. in spite of 3. because 4. so 5. because of
4.5
4. 1. Geography: an island, humid, the mainland, mountainous, densely
populated, open spaces
People / culture: traditional, modern, conservative, hardworking, religious
Politics / economy: socialist, to produce, conservative, modern,
a social security system, a democracy, to export, capitalist.
2.

British, Chinese, Czech, Danish, Egyptian, French, German,

Japanese, Korean, Mexican, Dutch, Polish, Portuguese, Russian,
Spanish, Swiss, Thai, Turkish, Cypriot, Israeli

Grammar Link 4, Maria Karyda, Pearson Education Ltd. ISBN 0-582-50467-8
Face2face Intermediate, Chris Redstone & Gillie Cunningham, Cambridge University
Press. ISBN 978-0-521-60061-3
Practical English for Adults 2, C. N. Grivas, Grivas Publications. ISBN 13 978-960409-568-1

16


Clockwise Pre-intermediate, Bruce NcGowen & Vic Richardson, Oxford University
Press. ISBN 0-19-434074-0
Clockwise Intermediate, Will Forsyth, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-434078-3
Clockwise Upper-intermediate, Jon Naunton, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19434082-1
English 365 Book 1, Bob Dignen, Steve Flinders, Simon Sweeney, Cambridge
University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-75362-3
English 365 Book 2, Bob Dignen, Steve Flinders, Simon Sweeney, Cambridge
University Press. ISBN 0-521-75368-8

. 1974
.
York University. 1985
1988 .

17