.

2
1

,
, .

,
, .
.
, ,
:
{x | x }
x , x .
.

, .
= .

,
.
. :
i) , .

ii) , .
iii) , = .

.
.

, ;

,

.
:
= {x | x x }

, ;

,
,
.
:
= {x | x x }

.
:
= {x | x}

 1 -

1.1 -
9

,
( ) .
.

10

,
.
1,2,..., ,
:
={1,2,...,} .

11

. .

12

13

,
, .

14

,
, .
.
. .

15

, ;

, AB= . .

16

, ;

, AB= . .

1.2
17

fA .

18

,
:
N(A)

P(A) =
N()
:

 P() =

( )
=1
( )

P() =

()
0

=0
( ) ( )

: 0 () ()

19

0
N ( A ) N ( )

0 P() 1
N ( ) N ( ) N ( )

: :
P(AB)=P(A)+P(B)
: , ,
N(A B) N(A) N(B)

() = ()+()

()
( ) ( )
P() = P()+P()

20

: , :
P(A)=1P(A)
: , ,
:
P(A)=P(A)+P() P()=P(A)+P()
1= P(A)+P() P(A) = 1P(A)

21

: :
P(AB)=P(A)+P(B)P(AB)
: ,
() = ()+()()
N(A B) N(A) N(B) N(A B)

P() = P()+P()P()
()
() ()
()

22

, , ;
.

: P(A) P()
() (B)

: N() N()
P() P()
( ) ( )

23

; .

: :
P(AB)=P(A) P(AB)
: B
() (B) = ,
:
P[() (B)] = P() P() + P(B) = P() P() = P() P(B)

2 -

2.2
24

, >,
.
<.

25

( > > ) >

> + > +
> 0 > >
< 0 > <

 ( > > ) + > +

, , , >0 ( > > ) >
, >0 : > >

2.3
26

|| :
0
,
| | =
, 0

27

:
i. || ||, ii. || ||, iii. ||22

i. || = ||,

28

iii. ||2 = 2

ii. || ||,

:
i. >0 |x|= , ii. |x|=||

i. >0 |x|= x= x=,

29

ii. |x|=|| x= x=

) | | = || ||
)

||

||

) | + | || + ||
:

) | | = || || | |2 = (|| ||)2 ( )2 = ||2||2 2 2 = 2 2

()

||
)

||

| |
2 2
| |2

()
2 2
| |2
||

) | + | || + || | + |2 (|| + ||)2 ( + )2 ||2 + 2|||| + ||2

( + )2 ||2 + 2|||| + ||2 2 + 2 + 2 2 + 2|||| + 2
2 2|||| |||| || ()

30

, ;

, ,
d(,) ||. :
d(, ) = | |

2.4
31

, .
:

32

, 0

2 | |

, , 0

33

- .

, 0 >0

-
, .
:

34

- .

, 0

) | | , IR

)
:

, , 0

, 0 >0

, 0

, 0

()
)

35

> 0, , :

()

 3 -

3.1 1
36

1 ;

x + = 0 x + = x = (1)
:
0 :
(1) x = x =
, 0 , x =

= 0 , :

- 0 (1) ,
- = 0 (1) 0x = 0
x, .

3.2
37

x=

x= ;

x=, :

>0

<0

x=
x=

x = ||

3.3

38

, ;
.

2 :

x2 + x + = 0, 0

= 2 - 4

>0

x 1, 2

x0 =

=0

IR .

<0

x 2 x 0 x 2 x 0 x 2 x 0 x 2 2 x -

x2 2

2 4

x - x

2
2
2
4 2
2

= 2 4, : x
2
2
4

> 0, :
2

x
2 x
2
2
2
2 2
4
4

.

x
2
2

0x
= 0, (2) : x
0 x
2
2
2

<0 , .

39

Vieta.

x +x+=0 (0) x1, x2

, :

S = x1 + x2 =
P = x1 x2 =
( Vieta)

S = x1 + x2 =
P = x1 x2 =
=

40

2
+
=
=
=
2

2
2
2
( ) ( ) () 2 ( ) 2 2

=
=
=
=
2
2
4 2
4 2
4 2
2 ( 2 4) 2 2 4 4
=
= 2=

4 2
4 2
4

x2 +x+=0 (0)
Vieta, : x2Sx+P=0.

P = x1 x2 =

x 2 x 0 x 2 x 0 x 2 x 0 x 2 S x P 0

: S = x1 + x2 =

4 -

4.1 1
41

1 ;

x + = 0 x + > x > (1)

:
> 0 :
(1) x >
< 0 :

x>

(1) x >

x<

= 0 , (1) 0x > :

- > 0 xIR,
- 0 .

4.2 2

42

x2+x+ (0) :
2

2
2

- 2 4

x2+x+ = x 2 x = x 2 2 x 2 2 = x
=

4
4
4

2
2

2 4

= x
=

2
2
4
4

:
>0 :
2

x +x+ = x
=

2 = x

2
2 2
2 2
4

= x
= x
=(xx1)(xx2)

2
2
2
2

( x1, x2 )

=0 :
2
2

x +x+ = x
= x x 0
2 = x

2
2
4

( x0 )
2

<0 :

x2+x+ = x
2 ,

2
4

, .
:
>0 : x2+x+ = (xx1)(xx2)
=0 : x2+x+ = (xx0)2
<0 :

43

, ;

x2 + x + , 0 :
>0 x1, x2

=0 x0

<0

5 -

5.1
44

1,2,3,,,
.
1
1, 2
2 ...
- .

5.2
45

,
.

46

,
, .

47

- ; .

O 1 :
=1+(-1)

-
1 , : :
1=1
2=1+
3=2+
4=3+

1=2+
=1+

:
= 1 + (-1)

48

; ;

,, :

2
, .

49

, , :

, , , :
=+ = (1) ,
=+ = (2)

(1) (2) : = 2=+

.
2

, ,
, :
2

2=+ = , , ,
2
.

50

:
S =

1 21 1

2
2

5.3

51

,
.
, .

52

, , .

53

- ; .

O - 1 :
=11

-
1 , : :
1=1
2=1
3=2
4=3

1=2
=1

:
= 1 -1

54

;
;

,, :
2=
, .

55

, ,
2 =

, , , :

= = (1) ,

= = (2).
(1) (2) :
= 2=

, , 2= :

2= =
, , .

56

1, :
S = 1

1
1

=1,
Sv = 1 1.

6 -

6.1
57

()
.
.

58

f;

x, f,
, y, x,
.

59

f;

, f(x) x, f
f() .

6.2
60

M(x, y) y=f(x),
M(x, f(x)), xA, f Cf .

61

,
, .

62

f f ;

f f xx.

6.3 f(x)=x+
63

x'x.
. .

64

,
xx , , , .
90,
x'x, .

65

f(x)=x+;

f(x)=x+, .

67

(1): y=1x+1 (2): y=2x+2. :

1 // 2 1 = 2

68

(1): y=1x+1 (2): y=2x+2. :

1 2 1 2 = 1