Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Đơn Ánh, Toàn Ánh, Song Ánh Trong Bài Toán Phương Trình Hàm
Đơn Ánh, Toàn Ánh, Song Ánh Trong Bài Toán Phương Trình Hàm
PHNG TRNH HM
TRN NGC THNG
GV THPT CHUYN VNH PHC
I. M U
Ton hc khng phi l mt quyn sch ch gi gn gia nhng t ba
m ngi ta ch cn kin nhn c ht ni dung, ton hc cng khng phi l
mt vng m qu m ngi ta ch cn c thi gian khai thc; ton hc cng
khng phi l mt cnh ng s b bc mu v nhng v thu hoch; ton hc
cng khng phi l lc a hay i dng m ta c th v chng li c. Ton
hc khng c nhng gii hn nh khng gian m trong n cm thy qu
cht chi cho nhng kht vng ca n; kh nng ca ton hc l v hn nh
bu tri y cc v sao; ta khng th gii hn ton hc trong nhng quy tc hay
nh ngha v n cng ging nh cuc sng lun lun tin ha.
Sylvester
Vic quan trng l khng ngng suy ngh. Tnh t m c l do ring ca
n. Con ngi s b lo s khi suy ngm v cc b n ca v tn, i sng, v cu
trc tuyt vi ca thc t. Nu ngi ta mi ngy ch thu hiu mt cht v
nhng b n ny, th cng . Hy ng bao gi mt i s t m thing ling
Abert Einstein
C th ni ton hc l khoa hc ca mi khoa hc, ton hc l cng c ca
cc mn hc khc, ton hc c vai tr rt quan trng trong i sng thc tin. Do
cc lnh vc ca ton hc c quan tm c bit. Ton hc bao gm nhiu lnh
vc khc nhau v n u c vai tr v tm nh hng khc nhau trong ton hc.
Mt trong nhng lnh vc rt quan trng trong ton hc l lnh vc lin quan
n hm s, c th ni hm s xut hin v ng vai tr quan trng trong cc lnh
vc ca ton hc nh: gii tch, hnh hc, xc sut, phng php tnh, ton ng
dng...Trong cc lnh vc lin quan n hm s th cc khi nim v n nh, ton
nh v song nh ng mt vai tr rt quan trng. Chnh v vy m cc bi ton v
hm s lin quan n song nh thng xut hin trong hu ht cc thi olimpiad
ca cc nc, khu vc v quc t. Cc bi tp loi ny thng rt a dng v
phng php gii, v mc kh, tnh mi m. V vy phn chia thnh cc
dng ton c th l rt kh khn. Tuy nhin trong bi vit ny ti c gng a ra
mt s bi tp vi mt s phng php gii tng ng. Do trnh v thi gian c
hn bi vit khng th trnh khi nhng sai st v mt ni dung v hnh thc trnh
K hiu
f og a f g a .
p n p o p o... o p
1 42 43 .
n
5. Mt s k hiu
: Tp cc s t nhin
* : Tp cc s nguyn dng
: Tp cc s hu t
: Tp cc s hu t dng
: Tp cc s nguyn
: Tp cc s nguyn dng
: Tp cc s thc
: Tp cc s thc dng.
3
B. PHN BI TP MINH HA
BI T11/409 (THTT, THNG 07-2011). Tm tt c cc hm s f : , lin
tc trn v tha mn iu kin
f xy f x y f xy x f y , x, y .
(1)
LI GII
Thay y 1 vo (1) ta c:
f x f x 1 f 2 x f 1 , x
(2)
f x f x 1 f 2 x f 1
f x f x 1 f 2 x f 1 f x 1 f x 2 f 2 x 2
f 2 x 2 f 2 x f x 2 f x , x .
Do ta thu c:
x
x
x
x
2 f ... f
2 f k , k 1
k
2
2
2
2
x
x
f x 2 f x lim f k 2 f
f 2 f 0 . T suy ra:
k
k
2
2
f x 2 f x f 2 f 0 , x
f x 2 f x f
(3)
f x 2n f x 2n 2 f 2 f 0
f x 2n 2 f x 2n 4 f 2 f 0
..............
f x 2 f x f 2 f 0
f x 2n n f 2 f 0 f x , n 1, x
(4)
f x 2n 1 n f 2 f 0 f x 1 , n 1, x
(5)
2n 1 x f 2n f 2nx f x 2n f 2n 1 x f 2nx f x 2n f 2n
f 2n 1 x f 2nx n f 2 f 0 f x 1 n f 2 f 0 f 1
f 2n 1 x f 2nx f x f 0
Tng t ta c ng thc:
f 2nx f
2n 1 x f x 1 f 1
f 2nx f
2n 1 x f x 1 f 1
4
(6)
(7)
2n 1 x f 2n 2 x f x f 0
..............
f 2 x f x f x 1 f 1
f 2nx f x n f x 1 f 1 n 1 f x f 0
(8)
f 2 2 f 1 f 0 2 f 1 f 0 f 2 f 0 f 0 f 1 f 1 2 f 0 f 1
f n. nf
n
1
n 1 f 0 f
n
1
n 1 f 0
n
1
1
a b
n
n
1
1
f a b
n
n
m
, trong m * , n nn
n
1
f r f m. mf n 1 f 0 a b ar b f r ar b
(9)
n
n
n
Vi mi x , tn ti dy s hu t xn hi t n x nn t ng thc (9) v tnh
lin tc ca f suy ra f x ax b . Th li thy tha mn.
f n f 1 n 1 a an b ; trong b f 1 a .
f 2 n f 2 n 1 f 2 n 1 f 2 n 2 a
f 2 n 1 f 2 n 2 f 2 n 2 f 2 n 3 a
....
n f n 1 f 2 2 f 2 1 a n 2
f 2 n 1 f 2 n 2 f 2 2 f 2 1 a n 3
....
f
2 f 1
2
f 2 2 f 2 1
a n 1 n 2
2
f 2 n bn 2 cn d .
Mt khc phng trnh ban u cho m n ta c:
f 3 f 2 n 3n 2
(2)
(3)
(4)
f m 2 2n 2 f m 2 f n ,
2
vi mi m, n . Tnh cc gi tr ca f 2 v f 2011 .
vi mi x, y .
Li gii.
D thy nu a 0 khng tha mn. Do a 0 , thay y 0 vo ng thc trn ta
c:
f f x
x f 0
a
(1)
f f x f x f x x,
Vy f x 0, x hoc f x x, x .
f f 0 f y y f y f f f 0 f y 2 y
f y f 0 f f f 0 f y 2 y
(4)
T (4) ln thay y bi y1 , y2 ta c
f y f 0 f f f 0 f y 2 y
f y1 f 0 f f f 0 f y1 2 y1
2
x f x
x.
2
f 2 x f 2 x f 2t f 2t 0
(1)
T (1), (2) v do f l n nh nn ta c:
f 4t f 2t 4t 2t t 0
Vy f x x , vi mi x .
(2)
x f x
x 0 f x x .
2
(1)
+) Ta chng minh g l n nh. Tht vy vi x1 , x2 sao cho g x1 g x2 suy ra
g g x1 g x1 g g x2 g x2 x1 x2 hay g l n nh.
+) Ta chng minh g l ton nh. Tht vy vi mi x ta c:
f x 2.
f x
f x
f x
f
f
f l mt n nh ta thu c:
2
v kt hp vi
2
2
f x
f x
f x
f
g
. ng thc ny chng t g l mt ton nh.
2
2
2
(i) f x y f x f y , vi mi x, y U 0
10
Li gii.
+) Ta chng minh f l ton nh. Tht vy, thay y f x vo phng trnh ban
u ta c:
f 0 2 x f f f x x f f f x x f 0 2x ,
suy ra f l ton nh.
+) Do f l ton nh nn tn ti a sao cho f a 0.
+) Thay x a vo phng trnh ban u ta c:
f y 2a f f y a f f y a a f y a
(1)
+) Do f l ton nh nn vi mi x tn ti y sao cho x a f y . Do t
ng thc (1) ta thu c: x f x a f x x a, x . Th li ta thy tha
mn iu kin. Vy f x x a.
Bi 14. Tm tt c cc hm f : tha mn iu kin:
f f x 2 f y f x y f y ,
vi mi x, y . (17)
Li gii.
Vi y1 , y2 sao cho f y1 f y2 f f x 2 f y1 f f x 2 f y2 suy ra
f x y1 f y1 f x y2 f y2 y1 y2 . Do f l mt song nh.
Thay y f x vo phng trnh ban u ta c:
f f x 2 f f x f f x
f x 2 f f x f x
f f x f x , x
f f f y 2 f y f f y y f y
f f y f y y f y y , y
(1)
(1)
f f f x y f x f y f x y f x f y
(2)
(3)
12
an an 3 2n 3 an 3 n n 3 an 4
an an 3 0 mod 3 nu n 0 mod 3 .
T ta suy ra:
an an 9 an an 3 an 3 an 6 an 6 an 9 0 mod 3 , n 10 .
f s f b f f s b
13
Tnh tng
f k .
k 1
f x f x 2 y x f f x 2 f y ,
vi mi x, y . (9)
Bi 23 (Olimpiad o Balan 1997). Chng minh rng khng tn ti hm s
f : sao cho vi mi s nguyn x, y ta c f x f y f x y .
Bi 24. Xt tt c cc hm f : tha mn iu kin:
f x f x y x f x 2 f y ,
vi mi x, y . Chng minh rng f l mt song nh. (8)
Bi 25. Tm tt c cc hm f : tha mn iu kin:
f f x f y x f y f x y ,
vi mi x, y . (13)
f f x f y 2x f x y ,
vi mi x, y . (14)
Bi 27. Tm tt c cc hm f : tha mn iu kin:
f x f x 2 f y x f x y f y ,
vi mi x, y . (15)
Bi 28 (Olimpic 30-04-2009). Cho hm s f : * * tha mn iu kin:
14
2009
m n
chia ht cho f m f n , vi mi m, n * . Chng minh rng
f 1 , f 2 , f 3 ,... lp thnh mt cp s cng vi cng sai dng.
vi mi x, y U 0 (23).
x f x
y f x y ,
2
vi mi x, y U 0 (24).
Bi 37. Tm tt c cc hm s f : tha mn iu kin:
f f f x f y z x f y f f z ,
vi mi x, y, z . (29)
Bi 38 (Morocco 2011). Tm tt c cc hm s f : tha mn iu kin:
x 2 f y f y 2 f x f x yf x ,
vi mi x, y .
15
vi mi x, y U 0 . (44)
Bi 40 (Shortlist IMO 2007). Tm tt c cc hm s f : tha mn iu
kin:
f x f y f x y f y ,
vi mi x, y .
Bi 41 (Macedonia NMO 2008). Tm tt c cc hm n nh f : * * tha
n f n
, vi mi n * .
2
Bi 42 (Macedonia NMO 2007). Cho n l mt s t nhin chia ht cho 4. Xc
nh s song nh f : 1, 2,..., n 1, 2,..., n sao cho:
mn iu kin: f f n
f j f 1 j n 1 ,
vi mi j 1, 2,..., n.
Bi 43. Tm tt c cc hm s f : * * tha mn iu kin:
f f n 2n ,
vi mi s nguyn dng n .
Bi 44. Cho X l mt tp hu hn, cho cc song nh f , g : X X tha mn iu
kin vi mi x X ta c: f f x g g x hoc f g x g f x hoc c hai
f f g x g g g x .
n 1
1
k 0
Cnk n k .
m
16
17