Mech. Eng.

Sci 5
ThermoFluid B58EE

Thermodynamics Lecture 2:
Thermodynamics State and processes
Work done and heat
Baixin Chen
E Mail: b.chen@hw.ac.uk
Tel: 451 4305
Room 1.22 James Nasmyth Building

Timetables Updated
Lectures, weeks 2 to 8
Monday,
Tuesday,
Wednesday,
Wednesday,

09.15 in LT4
12.15 in PGG01
10:15 in LT1
13:15 in PGG01 (?)

(Thermo from week2)

(usually Thermo)
(usually Thermo)
(Fluid from week 2)

Thursday,

16.15 in LT3

(usually Fluid)

Tutorial classes, weeks 2 to 12

1 hr per week on Wednesday 13:15 in EM244 (wks 2 9)

Laboratory classes, weeks 9 to 12

2

One Thermodynamics laboratory

One Fluid Mechanics laboratory

Last week:
Basic definitions:

Thermodynamic systems
Closed System and Open System
Thermal properties

Ref: Chapter 1.1 1.3 of Applied Thermodynamics by Eastop & McConkey, 5th Edition

Today:
Description of system

Thermal State and processes

Work and Heat

Ref: Chapter 1.3 1.5 of Applied Thermodynamics by Eastop &

McConkey, 5th Edition
3

2.1. States and Processes

State of a system: Condition of the system that
can be described completely by
thermal properties (P, T, v, ..)
boundary

m = 2.0 kg
T2 = 350 K
V2 = 2.5 m3

The state 1 of the

thermal system

The state 2 of the

thermal system

m = 2.0 kg
T1 = 300K
V1 = 1.5 m3

2.1 (b) Thermal Equilibrium State

Equilibrium: No unbalanced
potentials within the system
20OC

State 2

P2

25 OC
30 OC

35 OC

40OC

P1

Sate 1

42 OC
T1

Non-TE state
20OC

21 OC

20 OC
20 OC
P1 20OC
20 OC
Quasi-TE state

50OC

T
T2
P-T diagram
51 OC

50 OC
50 OC
P2 50OC
50 OC
Quasi-TE state

2.1 (b-II) Thermal Equilibrium (TE) State

Equilibrium state: Can be
described, in general, by
two properties, such as P
and T, or P and v, or .

State 2

P2

P1

Example:

Sate 1

State1: P = 1.0 bar and T = 20 oC

T1

State 2: P = 5.0 bar and T = 50 oC

20OC

21 OC

20 OC
20 OC OP1 = 1.0 bar O
20 C
20 C
Quasi-TE state 1

50OC

T
T2
P-T diagram
51 OC

50 OC
50 OC O P2= 5 bar O
50 C
50 C
Quasi-TE state 2

10

2.1 (c) Other Equilibrium

Mechanical Equilibrium:
Forces (P, ..) balanced in the system
Phase Equilibrium:
No changes in Phases in the system at given
state, but changes in phase may occur from
state to state

Chemical Equilibrium:
No change in components in the system at
given state, but changes in components may
occure from state to state

11

2.2 Thermal Process

Definition of a Thermal
process:
Changes that a system
undergoes from one
equilibrium state to another
due to interactions
(heat/work) crossing system
boundary.

State 2

P2
Process 2

P1

21 OC

Heating 2

Sate 1

T1

Note: Direction & interactions

20OC

Process 1

50OC

T
T2
P-T diagram
51 OC

20 OC
50 OC
20 OC
P1 20OC
50 OC
P2 50OC
Heating 1
20 OC
50 OC
Quasi-TE state
Another Quasi-TE state

Summary of 2.1 and 2.2

State:
The condition of the system is called state. The state
of a system is described by a set of thermodynamic
properties.
Is independent of processes and interactions

Equilibrium state,
No unbalanced potential within the system at given
state
T = 0; Thermal Equilibrium
P=0; F = 0; Mechanical Equilibrium
Yk = 0 Chemical equilibrium

Thermal process
Change in TE states due to interactions (W, Q)
crossing system boundary. (direction;
interactions dependent)

13

2.3 (a) Interactions of a Thermal System I: Work

Interactions across the boundary of system:

Work:
Form of mechanical energy
Definition: Work is done by a system if the
sole effect on the surrounding could be the
raising of a weight.
(Note: raising of a weight means mechanical energy)
Q Surroundings, Tsurr

m, V, Tsys, P,
Paddle Wheel

W
1
4

2.3 (a) Interactions of a Thermal System I: Work

1). Work done by a
closed system:
Moving boundary work

2). Work done by an

open system:
Shaft work

Surroundings, Tsurr

m, V
P, Tsys, ..

Moving
boundary work:

Surroundings

Shaft work:

Ws

1
5

2.3 (b). Work done +ve or ve?

For system: Work done by a
system on the surroundings is
negative
Surroundings
W+

W_
System

For system: Work done on a

system by the surroundings is
positive
Surroundings
W_

W+
System

16

2.4: Work Done by a close system

A: area of the piston
piston

Process path

F
2
p

dx
Work = W = F dx
F = p A (linked the property of system
(P and A) to surrounding (F) by assumption of no friction
between piston and cylinder), then we have:

W = p A dx = p dV,

V2

V1 V

and

W1,2 =

p(V) dV = m
1

W1,1,2 =

p(v) dv = Area 12V2V11 (in above p-v diagram)

2

p(V) dV p(V) dV = Area 11 2 V2V11 (in above p-v diagram)

1

*: Work is path (process) dependent

17

Example of work done

pw = Mass x Gravity/ Area
= 100 x 9.81 / 0.2
= 4905 Pa
p0 = 101,000 Pa

Metal disc
Mass = 100 kg
Area=0.2m2

p
pw
0

p0
pw

p = pw + p0= 101,000 + 4905

= 105905 Pa (N/m2)
2

Work Done =

P(V) dV
2

= P dV = P (V2 V1)
1

= 105,905 (N/m2) x (3-1) (m3)

= 211819 J (N-m)= 212. kJ

18

2.4 (a). Summary of the work

Path A
o Work Done is path
dependent

o Acting to the system

crossing the boundary
Path B

o Can be only calculated by

state properties by
assumption of no friction
(reversible process)

19

2.4 (b). Interactions of a Thermal System II: Heat

Surroundings, Tsurr

Interactions across the boundary of system:

Heat:
Form of Thermal Energy
Definition: Heat is the energy transferred across
the boundary of a system to another system or
the surrounding solely driving by temperature
difference (T=T2T1 or T= Tsys - Tsurr)

m, V
P, Tsys, ..

Q Surroundings, Tsurr

m, V, Tsys, P,
Paddle Wheel

W
20

2.4 (c). Heat interaction +ve or ve ?

Surrounding

Q+

Heat transferred into the

system is positive

Q_

Heat transferred from a

system is negative

System

21

Note on variables in thermodynamics (1)

There are only two kinds of thermal variables
Property and Interaction
1). The properties of system: P, T, V, v, ., which are the
variables independent of processes.
o Those properties are designated by dx, where x is some
property, and d represents an exact differential.
o

The change of the property (x) from state 1 to state 2 can be

calculated by,
2

dx

= x2 x1

For example: If x represents pressure (P):

2

dP = P

1
2

dT
1

P 1 = P

If X represents temperature (T):

= T2 T1 = T

22

Note on variables in thermodynamics (2)

2: The interaction variable: W and Q
o
o

W and Q are the variable depending on the process

interacting with system.
Work, (W) is designated by W, where W is an
interaction variable dependant on the process. W is
a function of path (processes), and represents an
inexact differential

For example, the moving boundary work can be calculated by:

2

W 1 2 =

W
1

= p ( V ) dV
1

The results depending on what the relation between P and V: P(V)

Same as Heat Q

23

Summary
Sate, Equilibrium, and process
Work interaction is path dependent:
W =

V2

V1

p(V ) dV

Next Lecture
Calculation of work
First Law of Thermodynamics
Note: Wednesday Lecture from week 2:
12:15 13:15 in EC 203
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