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Analog Dialogue, Vol42, n3, 2008
Analog Dialogue, Vol42, n3, 2008
A forum for the exchange of circuits, systems, and software for real-world signal processing
In This Issue
2 Editors Notes
3 Fingerprint Sensor and Blackfin
15 Product Introductions
www.analog.com/analogdialogue
Editors Notes
FINGERPRINTS, BLOOD, AND DEFECTIVE RAILS
FOURSCORE
temperature-measuring ICs (and their corollary: temperatureinsensitive voltage references) and inspired publication of the
Transducer Interfacing Handbook.
The watershed books mentioned above are out of print (but
perhaps yet available via Amazon.com). ADIs applications
engineers continue to produce timely books in support of our
technologies. You can find them at analog.com/analogdialogue;
click on Potpourri, and then on Books. And watch for possibly
new books to promote seminal technologies that, as in the past,
introduce unanticipated useful tools.
Fingerprint Sensors
TPP
FPL
VDDA
RST
PIXEL ARRAY
(232p 8p)
ARRAY
CTRL
RST
FAST SERIAL
INTERFACE
SPI
8MHz TO 16MHz
ACQUISITION
SCK
NAVIGATION
ALGORITHMS
MISO
OSCILLATOR
(420kHz)
CLICK PIXELS
(12)
CLICK
CTRL
SLOW SERIAL
INTERFACE
SPI
(200kHz)
+
CONTROL
REGISTER
CLICK
ALGORITHMS
MOSI
SSS
WATCHDOG
HEATING
IRQ
SCANEN
TESTA
TEST
MISO
Modes of Operation
SCK
SPISS
SPI
INTERNAL
CLOCK
GENERATOR
SPI_CTL
SHIFT REGISTER
SPI_RDBR
RECEIVE REGISTER
SPI_TDBR
TRANSMIT REGISTER
16
PAB
SPI_ST
SPI IRQ
OR DMA
REQUEST
FOUR-DEEP FIFO
16
DAB
Hardware Interface
10k
10k
PF4
10k
SPI
10k
VDD
ADSP-BF533
AT77C104B
IRQ
MISO
MISO
MOSI
MOSI
SCK
SCK
PF1
SSS
PF2
FSS
PF3
RST
SCANEN
10k
GND
NC
TESTA
VDD
TPP
VDDD
GNDD
VDDA
GNDA
FPL
10F
VDD
VDD
10F
GND
Application Software
SETUP SLAVE
SLECT SIGNALS
PF1: SSS; PF2: FSS
4-bit to 8-bit conversion: Each sensor pixel is 4 bits wide, but the
IRQ (PF3)
ASSERTED?
CLEAR NAVIGATION
INTERRUPT
READ STATUS REGISTER TO
DE-ASSERT IRQ (PF4)
YES
DE-ASSERT RST
RST (PF3)
IRQ (PF3)
ASSERTED?
OSCILLATOR IN
ACTIVE MODE
WRITE INTO MODECTRL:
CLEAR ANALOGRST BIT
YES
SETUP SPI
ENABLE FAST SPI MODE
DATA ACQUISITION
YES
NO
The sensor sends data in the form of frames. The start of each frame
is marked by the dummy column, which contains a synchronization
word. The pixel array is read top to bottom, column by column,
from the top left to the bottom right.
ENABLE NAVIGATION
INTERRUPT
WRITE INTO ENCTRL
SENSOR INITIALIZATION
RST (PF3) = 1
SWITCH TO NAVIGATION
MODE
WRITE INTO MODECTRL
SETUP NAVIGATION
PARAMETERS
WRITE INTO NAVCTRL:
NAVFREQ = 01 (2.9Hz)
NAVV = 01; CLICKV = 10
Data Rearrangement
GND
ADSP-BF533 INITIALIZATION
SETUP PLL
SETUP INTERRUPTS
Data Acquisition
NO
COMPLETE?
NO
NO
YES
RECONSTRUCTION
JOIN FRAMES TO FORM
A COMPLETE IMAGE
FINGERPRINT
RECOGNITION
SWITCH TO
ACQUISITION MODE
WRITE INTO MODECTRL
INITIALIZATION
HEAT CONTROL
WRITE INTO HEATCTRL
SENSOR SETUP
SENSOR CONTROL
ACQUISITION
PROCESSING
Conclusion
FURTHER READING
REFERENCES
1
www.authentec.com.
www.zvetcobiometrics.com/Documents/Trueprinttechnology.
ppt#303,1. TruePrint Technology The Fundamentals.
3
www.atmel.com/dyn/resources/prod_documents/doc5347.pdf.
4
ADI website: www.analog.com (Search) ADSP-BF533 (Go)
5
w w w. a n a l o g . c o m / s t a t i c / i m p o r t e d - f i l e s / p r o c e s s o r _
manuals/892485982bf533_hwr.pdf.
6
www.analog.com/en/embedded-processing-dsp/blackf in/
VDSP-BF-SH-TS/products/product.html.
2
THE AUTHORS
Jayanti Addepalli [jayanti.addepalli@analog.com] is a DSP
applications engineer with the India Product Development
Center (IPDC) Applications Group in Bangalore, India.
She joined Analog Devices in June 2006 after graduating
from National Institute of Technology, Warangal, with a
BTech in electronics and communications engineering.
She works primarily on application development involving
Blackfin processors.
A see m Va sudev [aseem.v@ a n a log.com]
joined ADI in 2002 as a processor applications
engineer, located in Bangalore, India. Previously
he worked as a senior system design and VLSI
engineer at Tata Infotech, Wipro Technologies,
and Force Computers. He received a BE in
electrical and electronics engineering in 1997.
This article is available in HTML and PDF at www.analog.com/analogdialogue. Click on archives, then select volume, number, and title.
Impedance Measurement
Monitors Blood Coagulation
AVDD
DVDD
DDS
CORE
(27 BITS)
OSCILLATOR
SCL
REAL
REGISTER
DAC
ROUT
I2C
INTERFACE
SDA
VOUT
TEMPERATURE
SENSOR
IMAGINARY
REGISTER
Z()
AD5933
RFB
1024-POINT DFT
VIN
ADC
(12 BITS)
LPF
GAIN
VDD/2
AGND
DGND
3.3V
CLOCK
DIVIDING
CIRCUIT
MCLK
AVDD
DVDD
10F,
0.1F
VBIAS
DDS
CORE
(27 BITS)
OSCILLATOR
ADuC7020
SCL
ROUT
I2C
INTERFACE
SDA
REAL
REGISTER
0V
DAC
AD820
1M
RSENSE
0.1F
0.1F
AD5933
RFB
GROUND
IMPEDANCE
100k
ADM3202
VCM
U1A
VOUT
TEMPERATURE
SENSOR
IMAGINARY
REGISTER
1024-POINT DFT
AD8221
LPF
VDD/2
0V
1M
RGAIN
VCM
VSS
VIN
ADC
(12 BITS)
TO PDA
VDD
VDD VDD
10F,
0.1F
10F,
0.1F
100k
GAIN
VDD/2
AGND
DGND
NONCLOTTING
CLOTTING
0
0.02
(Z ZMAX)/ZMAX
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
50
100
200
POLYMER
MICROCHANNEL
REAGENT
CHEMISTRIES
0
PSA
0.01
IMPEDANCE
MEASUREMENT
CLOTTING TIME
SCREEN PRINTED
Ag/AgCl
ELECTRODES
AD5933
(Z ZMAX)/ZMAX
0.02
150
TIME (s)
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
Figure 3. A schematic illustration of the impedancemeasurement system with the polymer microchannel that
contains the blood sample to be measured. It allows the
sample to interact with the specific reagents that modulate
the clotting event, and creates the interface between the
sample and the AD5933 instrumentation.
0.08
0.09
40
80
120
160
TIME (s)
50
y = 0.998x
R2 = 0.9767
45
40
35
30
25
20
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
1
3
4
www.dcu.ie
Guest, M.M. Circulatory Effects of Blood Clotting, Fibrinolysis, and
Related Hemostatic Processes. Handbook of Physiology, Circulation
III, American Physiological Society. Washington, DC. 1964.
7
Brummel-Siedins, K., T. Orfeo, Jenny N. Swords, S.J. Everse, and
K.G. Mann. Blood Coagulation and Fibrinolysis. Chapter 21 in
Wintrobes Clinical Hematology. 11th edition.Volume 1. M.M.Wintrobe
and J.P. Greer, eds. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2004.
8
ADI website: www.analog.com (Search) AD5933 (Go)
9
Ur, A. Changes in the electrical impedance of blood during
coagulation. Nature 226. 1970a. 269270.
10
Ur, A. Determination of blood coagulation using impedance
measurements. Biomedical Engineering 5 (7). 1970b. 342345.
11
Ur, A. Detection of clot retraction through changes of the
electrical impedance of blood during coagulation. American
Journal of Clinical Pathology 56 (6). 1971. 713717.
12
Ur, A. Analysis and interpretation of the impedance blood
coagulation curve. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 67 (5).
1977. 470476.
13
Theiss, W. and A. Ulmer. Comparative and direct measurement
of the electrical impedance in blood coagulation. Thrombosis
Research 13. 1978. 751765.
6
THE AUTHORS
This article is available in HTML and PDF at www.analog.com/analogdialogue. Click on archives, then select volume, number, and title.
The track gauge, or distance between two rails, affects the side-to-side
motion of the train. This motion keeps the spot where the wheel and
rail meet constantly moving to minimize wear-out.
Variation in the track inclination can make passing trains shake and
shudder. Typically caused by yielding of the railway foundations,
inclination defects can also be caused by surface irregularities such
as corrugations and holes. Some systematic inclination profiles,
such as banking, are necessary, however, to minimize passenger
discomfort caused by acceleration forces when a train is riding
into and out of a curve.
The correct track-to-track spacing prevents any chance of collision
when trains are passing one another at high speed.
CORRECTING DEFECTS
When new rail- and tramways are laid out properly, quality
assurance verifies correct track positions prior to concreting.
Inevitably, as time passes after installation, defects may start
to creep in during daily operation. These defects are caused
by the stresses of mechanical contact between the wheels and
the rails as part of a highly complex spring-mass model, with
dynamics ranging from the trains chassis and loading to the
railway foundations. In Europe, the critical parameters and
tolerance windows of the defects are classified according to
railway engineering standards.416 The goal of rail maintenance
programs is to discover and measure the irregularitiesand
keep them at acceptable levels.
10
Cracks and breakouts are among the most feared defects, since
they can lead to catastrophes such as derailing. Corrugations
wavy irregularities with a characteristic wavelength from
20 mm to 100 mmare annoyingly noisy when their amplitudes
exceed 0.05 mm. With 0.3-mm peaks, on the other hand, the
vibration can cause irreversible damage to the railway bed.
Corrugations move along the rails, and science is still not clear
on where they originate. Single holes are mostly generated by
turning or jumping wheels and can be described mathematically
with polynomials. Theyre responsible for the sudden bumps on
a tramway ride. Regular bumps that are often experienced on
older railways are due to the welding interfaces of the 18-meter
railway sections.
Cross Sections
Longitudinal Profiles
MAGNETIC
ENCODER
10011011
D
EDDY
CURRENT SENSOR
MEASURING
WHEEL
SLEDGE
MOVING
DIRECTION
Track Geometry
Cross Profiles
DIGITAL
FILTER
COORDINATE
TRANSFORMATION
AND ROTATION
RESAMPLING
PATTERN
MATCHING
PEAK
DETECTION
PLAUSIBILITY
CHECKER
VECTOR
MAPPING
DIGITAL
FILTER
Figure 4. Measuring the track-to-track distance (horizontal and vertical) demands high-performance
digital-signal-processing algorithms in real time.
11
Measuring Machines
12
54
52
50
HEIGHT (mm)
48
46
44
R = 6.4mm
42
40
38
36
34
32.8
10
10
15
20
25
30
WIDTH (mm)
13
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
1
THE AUTHORS
This article is available in HTML and PDF at www.analog.com/analogdialogue. Click on archives, then select volume, number, and title.
14
CW, FOX, ION, NBC, PBS, and independent stations, they will
be able to receive free high-definition broadcasts on their HD
television sets or standard-definition pictures on their converterbox-equipped analog TVs. Multicasting will increase the number
of digital programs that can be received. In Bostons suburbs,
for example, more than 40 channels are available with a modest
antenna and an HDTV or converter box.i
MUX/
SWITCH
COMPOSITE
S-VIDEO
COMPONENT
RGB
FILTER
Antenna Web
www.antennaweb.org/aw/welcome.aspx
ii
Advanced Television Signal Chain
www.analog.com/en/video--imaging-solutions/advanced-television/
applications/index.html
iii
Advantiv Advanced Television Solutions
www.analog.com/static/imported-files/
overviews/898928192AdvancedTV_BrochureFinal.pdf
COMPONENT
INTERFACE
AMP
COMPOSITE
INTERFACE
AMP
IMAGE
PROCESSOR
LCD PANEL
PLASMA PANEL
OLED PANEL
PROJECTION ENGINE
DISPLAY
ELECTRONICS
DISPLAY SUBSYSTEM
ANTENNA
CABLE
DVI
HDMI
SPLITTER
TUNER
DIGITAL
DEMODULATOR
VIDEO
ENCODER
AMP/
FILTER
DIGITAL
VIDEO IN
DIGITAL
VIDEO OUT
ANALOG
COMPOSITE
S-VIDEO
COMPONENT
RGB
AMP
I2S
AUDIO
PROCESSOR
S/PDIF
Data sheets for all ADI products can be found by entering the model
number in the search box at www.analog.com.
July
ADC, SAR, 8-channel, 14-bit, 250-kSPS ............................................AD7949
ADCs, SAR, 4-/8-channel, 16-bit, 250-kSPS ......................................AD768x
Amplifier, RF Driver, 2.3-GHz to 4.0-GHz ....................................ADL5321
Driver, Pin, dual, 4-Gbps data rates . ............................................ADATE209
Multiplexer/Demultiplexer, quad 2:1, 6.5-Gbps ................................ AD8158
Sensors, Temperature, trip-point switch ........................................ ADT640x
Transceivers, RS-485, isolated .....................................................ADM248xE
August
ADC, SAR, dual, 12-bit, 1-MSPS .......................................................AD7262
Amplifier, IF, dual, 20-MHz to 500-MHz ........................................ADL5534
Amplifier, Variable-Gain, RF, 250-MHz to 2400-MHz .................ADL5592
Modulator, Sigma-Delta, isolated . ................................................. AD7401A
Multiplexer, iCMOS, 4:1, 1.5- ......................................................ADG1404
Switch, CMOS, dual SPDT, 0.8- . ................................................... ADG854
Switch, Crosspoint, 8 8, asynchronous, 4.25-Gbps .....................ADN4600
Switch, iCMOS, dual SPDT, 1.5- ..................................................ADG1436
September
Accelerometer, Configurable, iMEMS, high-g . .............................ADXL180
ADCs, SAR, 6-channel, 16-/14-/12-bit, 250-kSPS ...........................AD765x-1
AMP
DVI
HDMI
SPEAKERS
15
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