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Protein Handout
Protein Handout
Learning objectives
Learning objectives
A chemists perspective
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Amino Acids
Amino Acids
20 different aa
Sequence of aa in each protein which determines its
unique shape & function
Side groups (r group) vary from one aa to the next
making proteins more complex than CHO or lipids
aa share common structure but differ in size, shape,
electrical charge and other characteristics due to diff in
side groups
Examples:
Glycine
Simplest aa
with hydrogen
side group
Amino Acids
Not Essential
Alanine
Aspartic acid
Phenylalanine
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Phenylketonuria
Example of a conditionally essential aa is tyrosine
- essential in PKU
Autosomal
recessive disorder
inherited error of
metabolism
Phenylalaine
normally converted
to Tyrosine which
enters Krebs cycle
PKU results in
elevated blood
levels of
phenylalaine
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Proteins
Transamination
Transfer of the amine group from an essential amino acid
to a different acid group and R group
The acid groups and R groups can donated by amino acids
or they can be made from the breakdown products of CHO
and lipids
This is also the process by which we make non essential
aa
Condensation
reaction
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Proteins
Polypeptide eg insulin small protein 51 aa which
consists of 2 polypeptide chains linked by disulphide
bridges which always involve aa cysteine (r group
contains sulphur)
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4 levels
Primary: sequence of AAs
Protein
which are linked together
Secondary: conformations
of the polypeptide
backbone
Tertiary: folding secondary
structures into a compact
globular protein
Quaternary: arrangement
of subunits into a single
functional protein
Protein
shape
and
function
structure
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What Happens
to the Protein You Eat?
Protein digestion
Proteins in foods do not become body proteins!
They supply aa from which the body makes its own
proteins
Food containing protein
Long polypeptide strands
Shorter strands
Shorter strands
Tripeptides
Dipeptides
Amino acids
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Protein
Digestion in
the GI Tract
Protein absorption
Intracellular peptidases digest absorbed di- and
tripeptides. (90% or more appear in the portal blood as
free amino acids).
Absorption of amino acids and peptides is
developmentally regulated and is influenced by diet,
hormones and growth factors.
A high protein diet - upregulation of peptide and most
amino acid transport. Short term fasting increases
absorption rates, but long term fasting decreases amino
acid transport with little change in peptide absorption.
Absorbed amino acids (especially glutamine, glutamate,
and aspartate) are the major respiratory fuels for the
small intestine. 10% of the absorbed amino acids are
used for protein synthesis within the enterocyte.
Protein myths
Protein synthesis
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Protein Synthesis
Protein Synthesis
Protein Synthesis
Sequencing errors
Functions of proteins
Functional diversity
Cell membrane structure & function
Enzymes
Hormones & other chemical messengers
Immune functions
Fluid balance
Acid-base balance
Transport
Source of energy & glucose
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Enzymes
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Immune function
Hormones
Chemical messengers that are made in one part
of the body but act on cells in another part
Fluid balance
Acid-Base balance
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Transport Proteins
Fluid Balance
Plasma proteins attract water - oedema can result when get
plasma proteins entering interstitial spaces faster than can
be cleared by lymphatic system.
Protein related causes include excessive protein losses eg
kidney disease or large wounds, inadequate synthesis or
inadequate intake or inadequate levels plasma proteins.
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Blood clotting
There are 13 blood clotting proteins (coagulation factor)
found in the blood. If one factor is missing or present at low
levels, this causes hemophilia and other blood clotting
problems and a proper clot will not form.
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Body composition
Homeostasis:Hormones
Acid-base balance
Immunity
Formation of enzymes
Uses of protein
Blood clotting
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Other functions:
Energy
Hair, nails, bones
Synthesis
Transport
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Nitrogen balance
Nitrogen balance
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Learning objectives
List factors that affect the quality of dietary protein.
Define a complete protein.
Describe the health consequences of ingesting
inadequate or excess protein.
Describe marasmus and kwashiorkor. Discuss how
the two conditions can be distinguished, and the
ways they overlap.
List the factors that are considered in establishing
recommended protein intakes.
Protein quality
Kind of amino acids contains
Proportion in which they are present
Amino acid profile relative proportions in which essential
amino acids are present in the protein
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Types of protein
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Complementary proteins
Animal vs Plant
Animal derived protein from meat, fish, poultry, eggs and
dairy
Generally provide high-quality protein
Have high digestibility (90-99%)
Plant derived protein from vegetables, nuts, seeds,
gains and legumes
Often tend to be limiting in 1 or more essential aa
Generally less digestible
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Evaluation of proteins
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AMDR
RDI (g/day)
Males
105
102
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Females
71
71
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70
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NNS 2008/9
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bread
poultry
milk
beef and veal
grains and pasta
bread based dishes
fish/seafood
pork
vegetables
potatoes and kumara
sausages
cheese
8% [f = 8% m = 9%]
11% [f = 11% m = 11%]
13% [f = 14% m = 13%]
9% [f = 9% m = 9%]
4% [f = 3% m = 5%]
5% [f = 4% m = 6%]
4% [f = 4% m = 4%]
4% [f = 4% m = 5%]
5%
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Practical advice
Protein in the diet is provided by a wide range of
available foods, including lean meat, chicken,
seafood, eggs & milk. Bread is also an important
source
Choose low & reduced fat options from the meat
and milk food groups where possible
If vegetarian, include protein from diverse plant
sources (legumes, nuts, breads & cereals). If lactoovo vegetarian, also include eggs and milk
products
Median usual daily intake in NZ children ranges: Males 5-6 years 52g; 11-14 years 88g
Females 5-6 years 52g; 11-14 years 66g
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PEM
Most lethal form of malnutrition by far
Assoc with >50% of the 10.9 million child deaths each year
Globally children who are poorly nourished suffer up to 160
days of illness each year
Malnutrition magnifies the effects of every disease
WHO
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Hunger
In many African languages there are two types of
words for hunger.
The first is hunger that goes away (mild), even
when it is visible. The other is hunger that you
cannot survive (severe).
Examples of hunger words that have become
part of the international lexicon are:
Kwashiorkor--"the disease that the first child gets
when the new child comes"
Marasmus--"to waste away"
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Marasmus
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Marasmus
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Marasmus
Energy intake is insufficient for the body's
requirements, body draws on its own stores.
Liver glycogen is exhausted within a few hours
skeletal muscle protein is then used via
gluconeogenesis to maintain adequate plasma
glucose.
Triglycerides (fat depots) are broken down into
FFAs, to provide some energy for most tissues not nervous system.
When near starvation is prolonged, fatty acids are
incompletely oxidized to ketone bodies, which can
be used by the brain
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Kwashiorkor
African word meaning "first child-second child. First child
develops PEM when the Second child replaces first child
at the breast
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Marasmic-Kwashiorkor mix
Combination of the oedema of kwahiorkor and the
wasting of maramus
It may be 2 stages of the same condition
Some research indicates that marasmus
represents the bodies adaptation to starvation,
while kwashiokor develops when adaptation fails
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Excess protein
Overconsumption offers no benefits and may
contribute to some conditions (?)
Obesity
CVD
Some cancers (e.g. colon, breast, prostrate)
But animal protein also often high in saturated fat
effects of each difficult to separate
May also displace fruits, vegetables and grains in
diet ( micronutrient defic.)
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