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Pneumatic Construction Applied To Multistory Buildingsadf
Pneumatic Construction Applied To Multistory Buildingsadf
Pneumatic Construction Applied To Multistory Buildingsadf
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forward and may indeed appeal to
the progressIve architect and engineer due to its simplicity, its practical application will nevertheless require the solution of a number of
complex, technical problems:
(a) Physiological effects of the
compressed air environment.
(b) Performance of suitable membrane materials.
(c) The nature of the relationship
of internal pressure to loadbearing capacity (Le., pressure-utilization efficienc~r).
(d) Safety, in respect to maintenance of design pressure
and fire hazard.
(e) The mechanical problems associated with entry and exit"
from a pressurized environment.
The physiological aspects of ambient,
hyperbaric conditions and the performance of membrane materials
have been dealt with' extensively;'3.4 so that a brief summary
of the conclusions reached will suffice here. According to medical research reports, it seems likely that
there will be no long-range physiological effects after subjection to
pressures below h"lo atmospheres absolute, regardless of duration or rate
of decompression. For this reason a
tentative pressure range of 1 to 2 atmospheres absolute (Le., 0 to 14 psi
internal pressure, above external athas been
mospheric pressure)
adopted for the design of multistory,
pneumatic buildings.
The most distinguishing characteristic of membrane buildings is undoubtedly that structure and enclo-
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which is in itself supported by internal pressure.
Objection to a pressurized building environment does not necessarily rule out pneumatic construction
systems. Two systems that do not require pressurization of the building
environment are illustrated (5,6). In
the cellular membrane-network building (5), a pressurized annulus
(which may be of a cellular nature)
provides structural support for 10
suspended floors. In fact this is basically a: double-skin system carrying
with it the advantage of thermal and
acoustical insulation. The extra expense of cellular systems may be
warranted when design considerations, such as minimum heat
transfer,
indestructibility,
etc.,
predominate.
Normally, in this type of building
the crosssectional area of the annulus would be equal to the floor
area, so that our assumptions regarding pressure"utilization would
still apply. However, this is not the.
case when a high-pressure column is
situated at the center of the building
and annular floors are suspended
from a cantilever beam system (6).
~ere we may expect a pre;>sure-utilization of as low as 40 percent.
Thus, a column of cros's-s.ectional
area A c sq ft (slenderness ratio less
than 60), pressurized to 100 psi, may
be capable of supporting 10 floors of
4A c sq ft area each. While benefits
that are fundamental to the fully
pressurized; flexible, membrane-network buildings (3) are sacrificed in
the high-pressure system, the h.tter
may nevertheless provide a convenient compromise solution to the
conservative investor and building
authority.
Erection Techniques
Pneumatic structures of the type described will require new proced ures
for erection, new sequences of assembly, and different allocations of
manpower. The suspension scheme
depends upon a framework of Vierendeel-type trllsses or a beam sys-
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FIRE-PROTECTION INSTA!.LU'ON
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STRUCTURE TO FIRST FLOOR
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FABRICATION OF MEMBRANE
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INSTALLATION OF
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CONSTRUCTION OF S'TAIRCASES,
SERVICE DUCTS, PERIMETER
PARTITIONS.
FIX CURTAIN WALL OR
MEMBRANE.
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SCHEMATIC ERECTION SEQUENCE AND FLOW-CHART FOR FOUR VARIATIONS OF PNEUMATIC BUILDINGS
Membrane
Building
Conventional
Building
500.000
237,000
1,060,000
324,000
340,000
22.000
110,000
22,000
1,922,000
693,000
Thus, the heat gain of this membrane building at the worst time is
about three times that of a conventional building. The radiant heat
gain through the membrane can be
substantially reduced by coating all
but the "vision strips" with an
opaque, reflecting surface such as a
metallic coating or a high!;r reflective
white paint. Using a reflectivity to
solar radiation of 0.80 over threequarters of the surface reduces the
total external heat load of the membrane building to about twice that of
a comparable conventional building.
In the example taken above, an
air-supply at the rate of six air
changes per hour (at atmospheric
pressure, Le., three changes per hour
at two atmospheres) \vould permit a
heat exchange of 700,000 Btu/hr
with a temperature difference of 20
.degrees between inlet and outlet. For
the peak cooling condition, it would
be necessary either to increase the air
supply to about 12 changes per hour
at 1 atmosphere, or to use secondary
cooling such as chilled-water fan-coil
units within the building. If additional air-handling is used, it should
be carried out in a high-pressure circuit with the acceptable minimum of
make-up air, since the energy required to compress the make-up air
to building pressure could otherwise
add greatly to the energy needed for
cooling the building.
Although the thermal performance
of the pneumatic membrane building
in its simple form is substantially inferior to that of a conventional
building, the situation could be
greatly improved by the addition of
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(incl. pressurization)
Greater protection
needed for membrane.
No wall finishes
, reqUired.
The type of pressurized building envisaged here has obviously' not yet
been developed to the stage of practical construction, although a design
has been prepared for an experimental three-storied prototype.
Therefore, any attempt to estimate
costs will be largely intuitive, based
on the assumption that some previous experience had in fact been
gained in erecting a building of this
type. The principal differences are
listed (see table).
Apart from the direct savings
which tend to favor the membrane
building, there will undoubtedly be
considerable indirect savings in re, speet to labor and erection time. The
desirability of predetermining lifespan on the basis of a dynamic, replacement policy will become a necessity for this type of multistory
building. We may in fact treat pneumatic structures as mechanical buildings, designed for specific' requirements and governed by critical
performance standards on par with
aeronautical engineering concepts.
References
ILanchester; "Lecture On Span"; Special Publication of the Manchester Association of Civil
En>!i"eer Manchester; (Butterby and Wood.
1938).
2pohl. J. G.; "Multi-storey Pneumatic Buildings
as a Challenge to the Plastics Industry": Australian Building Science and Technology. Jour
nal of the Building Science Forum of Australia
(June. 1967).
3Lantier, E: "Man In High Pressures"; Handbook
of Physiology, ed. D. B. Dill. Section 4; Wash
ington: American Physiological Society; (1964)
'Dewey. A.W.; "Decompression Sickness, an
Emerging Recreational Hazard": The New Eng
land Journal of Medicine; Vol. 267, Nos. 15 "nd
16 (1962).
SPohl, J.G.; "Pneumatic Structures"; Architecture in Australia (August, 1968).
'''Principles of Modern Building"; D.S.I.R.Building Research Station; Vol. 1; H.M.S.O.,
(1962): p. 4-6.