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New Maniual Lab One 1 PDF
New Maniual Lab One 1 PDF
ENVIRONMENTAL
MEASUREMENTS
Prepared By/
Alaa Edden R.A. Aljubb
Oct.2015
General Requirements:
1. Ensure that all sampling equipment is clean and quality-assured
before use.
2. Fill sample containers without prerinsing with sample; prerinsing
results in loss of any preadded preservative and sometimes can
bias results high when certain components adhere to the sides of
the container. Depending on determinations to be performed, fill
the container full (most organic compound determinations) or
leave space for aeration, mixing, etc. (microbiological and
inorganic analyses).
3. Special precautions are necessary for samples containing organic
compounds and trace metals. Since many constituents may be
present at low concentrations(micro-grams or Nano grams per
liter)
4. Composite samples can be obtained by collecting over a period of
time, or at many different over a period of time, depth, or at many
different sampling points.
5. Record of sample shall be as follows :( Sample identification
number - Location - Sample collector - Date and hour - Sample
type (Grab or composite).
6. When samples are collected from a river or stream, observed
results may vary with depth, stream flow, and distance from each
shore.
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Collection of Samples:
1. Types of samples (Grab samples - Composite samples - Integrated
(discharge-weighted) samples )
2. Chain-of-Custody Procedures (Sample labels (including bar-code
labels)- Field log book:- Chain-of custody record - Sample analysis
request sheet - Sample delivery to the laboratory - Receipt and
logging of sample - Assignment of sample for analysis Disposal ).
3. Sampling Methods (Manual sampling - Automatic sampling )
4. Sample Containers (The type of sample containers used is of utmost
importance. Containers typically are made of plastic or glass, but one
material may be preferred over the other.)
5. Number of Samples (Because of variability from analytical and
sampling procedures (i.e., population variability), a single sample is
insufficient to reach any reasonable desired level of confidence.
6. Sample Volumes (Collect a 1-L sample for most physical and
chemical analyses. For certain determination, larger samples may be
necessary.)
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2. Field Measurements:
A. pH measurement:
The pH of a solution is measured as negative logarithm
of hydrogen ion concentration. At a given temperature,
the intensity of the acidic or basic character of a solution
is indicated by pH or hydrogen ion concentration. pH
values from 0 to 7 are diminishing acidic, 7 to 14
increasingly alkaline and 7 is neutral.
ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANCE
Measurement of pH in one of the most important and frequently
used tests, as every phase of water and wastewater treatment and
waste quality management is pH dependent.
The pH of natural water usually lies in the range of 4 to 9 and
mostly it is slightly basic because of the presence of bicarbonates
and carbonates of alkali and alkaline earth metals.
pH value is governed largely by the carbon dioxide/ bicarbonate/
carbonate equilibrium. It may be affected by humic substances,
by changes in the carbonate equilibriums due to the bioactivity of
plants and in some cases by hydrolysable salts.
The effect of pH on the chemical and biological properties of
liquid makes its determination very important.
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Procedure:
a. Before use, remove electrodes from storage solutions
(recommended by manufacturer) and rinse with distilled water.
b. Dry electrodes by gently blotting with a soft tissue paper,
standardize instrument with electrodes immersed in a buffer solution
within 2 pH units of sample pH.
c. Remove electrodes from buffer, rinse thoroughly with distilled
water and blot dry.
d. Immerse in a second buffer below pH 10, approximately 3 pH units
different from the first, the reading should be within 0.1 unit for the
pH of second buffer. (If the meter response shows a difference greater
than 0.1 pH unit from expected value, look for trouble with the
electrodes
or pH meter)
e. For samples analysis, establish equilibrium between electrodes and
sample by stirring sample to ensure homogeneity and measure pH.
f. For buffered samples (or those with high ionic strength), condition
the electrodes after cleaning by dipping them into the same sample,
and read pH.
g. With poorly buffered solutions (dilute), equilibrate electrodes by
immersing in three or four successive portions of samples. Take a
fresh sample and record the pH.
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Environmental Significance:
Electrical conductivity measurements are often employed to
monitor desalination plants
It is useful to assess the source of pollution
In coastal region, conductivity data can be used to decide the
extent of intrusion of sea water into ground water
Conductivity data is useful in determining the suitability of
water and wastewater for disposal on land.
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Procedure:
1. For testing the given water sample first the calibration reagent
are to be prepared (Potassium chloride solution 0.1N)
2. Adjust The conductivity of the 0.1N potassium chloride
solution to 14.12 millisimens /cm at 30C
3. Rinse the electrode thoroughly with deionized water and
carefully wipe with a tissue paper
4. Measure 200 ml of water sample and transfer it to a beaker
5. Dip the electrode into the sample solution taken in a beaker
and wait for a steady reading.
Procedure:
1. Rinse the electrode thoroughly with deionized water and carefully
wipe with a tissue paper
2. Measure 200 ml of water sample and transfer it to a beaker
3. Dip the electrode into the sample solution taken in a beaker and
wait for a steady reading.
MEASUREMENT:
D.O. can be measured by a fairly tricky wet chemical procedure
known as the Winkler titration. The D.O. is first trapped, or "fixed",
as an orange-colored oxide of manganese. This is then dissolved with
sulfuric acid in the presence of iodide ion, which is converted to
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F. Turbidity Measurement:
Turbidity in water is a measure of water clarity (or murkiness).The
lack of clarity resulting from suspended materials such as clay, sand,
silt, plankton, and other inorganic and organic matter; as such, it is
related to both run-off and phytoplankton productivity. This
suspended material causes light to be scattered instead of being
transmitted directly. Attempts to correlate turbidity with the weight
concentration of suspended solids are not practical because it is the
materials optical properties (particle size and shape) that prove to be
more important than the concentration. Increases in turbidity have the
effect of decreasing the percentage of light transmitted, which results
in a decrease in photosynthesis. The EPA recommends that the depth
of light penetration in a water body not be reduced by more than 10%
as a result of turbidity and suspended solids.
High turbidity levels in marine coasts refer to; in coastal waterways
can result from the input/influence of fine sediments caused by gully
and stream bank erosion and sheet wash, and algal blooms are often
indicative of excessive nutrient loads. Other causes of turbidity in
coastal waters include: dissolved organic matter from sewage
treatment plants and wash from construction sites, shoreline erosion;
dredging; and humus substances.
MEASUREMENT:
Portable Turbidity meter are used to measure the turbidity of water
samples.
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Measurement:
Portable Free chlorine meter are used to measure the residual
chlorine in water samples.
1. Before the measuring process, the free chlorine meter was
calibrated using zero samples (distilled water + DPD reagent).
2. The sample was gently shaken and
3. The cuvette was filled of sample add the DPD reagent and
recapped.
4. The cuvette and sample was gently shaken and
5. The cuvette is then placed in its position and the led was closed.
6. Reading key was pressed on, waiting few second till the
appearance of turbidity value.
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pH
EC
S
TDS
mg/l
DO
mg/l
Turb.
FTU
TC
Free
chlorine
mg/l
RESULTS INTERPRETATION:
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