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ALIMARIN1
ALIMARIN1
DEFINITION OF TERMS
CHITIN main component of crab shell.
CHITOSAN a derivative of chitin and used in water waste treatment.
CRAB SHELL major material used in this experiment. It is the hard part of the crab
which is known as the carapace.
DEACETYLATION process of removing the shells from crabs and the shells are then
grounded into a pulverous powder.
FLOUR it is the finely grounded bolted of meat and wheat, as that used in baking.
POLYMER a compound of high molecular weight derived either by the addition of
many smaller molecules, as polyethylene, or by the condensation
of many
the like, as
nylon.
the
entirely
hidden
under
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CHAPTER III
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to test the effectiveness of chitin on crab shells as an
alternative source of flour. Flour is known to be a good substitute for rice. The global
economic crisis became the major cause of price hike of flour in the world market. Thus,
there is a need to find an alternative source of flour which is affordable and safe for
human consumption.
Crab shells which were collected from the different households in Batangas City,
were pulverized. I had only encountered one problem while performing this project. I had
the difficulty in pulverizing the crab shells using the mortar and pestle but by the aid of
my father, the crab shells were pulverized easily.
It was found out that the crab shells which were grounded into pulverous powder
or deacetylated powder could be a good substitute for flour by using this flour from crab
shells in making hot pancake.
Efficacy of Guava
Leaves Extract in
Preserving Bananas
RYAN DERICK P. ESQUIVEL
Holy Trinity School
RESEARCHER
Requirement in Chemistry
A.Y. 2012-2013
OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this study are:
1. To make a natural preservative to lengthen the shelf-life of fruit like bananas.
2. To lessen the burden of some consumers who undergo financial difficulties in buying
commercialized preservatives.
3. To produce an alternative preservative from guava leaves which is more affordable,
more available and safer to use.
To the small farmers and vendors of bananas, this may be a help for them in
maintaining the texture of bananas until these were delivered and consumed. To the
families without refrigerators and cannot afford commercial preservatives, this may cause
them not to buy retail bananas or that which will be consumed for a short span of time
anymore. Instead, they can buy more bananas which can stay in shelves for longer time.
To the entire population, this may be the answer in its search for available, affordable and
safer-to-use preservative.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Carotenoids- are tetraterpenoid organic pigments that are naturally occurring in the
chloroplasts and chromoplasts of plants and some other
photosynthetic
fungus.
Cineol (eucalyptol) - C10H18O, is very widely distributed. It is the principal
constituent of the oil of Eucalyptus Globulus, of cajeput
oil,
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Ethanol- also called ethyl alcohol, pure alcohol, grain alcohol or drinking alcohol, is a
volatile, flammable, colorless liquid. It is a psychoactive drug and one
of the
Guava- is a tropical fruit, cultivated mainly in the Asian countries. It is quite similar in
shape to pear and has a rind that is green in color and changes to yellow
when it
becomes over-ripe.
plants.
Myrtaceae Family- are a family of dicotyledon plants, placed within the order
Myrtales. Myrtle, clove, guava, feijoa, allspice, and
eucalyptus
belong here.
Phytonutrients- are nutrients derived from plant material that have been shown to be
necessary for sustaining human life.
Polyphenols- are a structural class of mainly natural, but also synthetic or semi
synthetic, organic chemicals characterized by the presence of large
multiples of phenol structural units.
Saponins- are a class of chemical compounds, one of many secondary metabolites
found in natural resources, with saponins found in particular
abundance in
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. Title Page ........ i
II. Table of Contents ...... ii
III. Abstract ........ 1
IV. Research Plan
Materials ........ 2
General Procedures ........ 2
Research Plan ..... 3-7
V. Introduction ....... 8
Background of the Study ....... 8
Statement of the Problem ...... 9
Objectives ...... 9
Significance of the Study ...... 9-10
Scope and Limitations ..... 10
Definition of Terms .... 10-11
Review of Related Literature ..... 12-17
VI. Results and Discussions ... 18-21
VII. Conclusions ...... 22
VIII. Recommendations ....... 23
IX. Bibliography . 24-25
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ....... 26
ii
CHAPTER IX
BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/phytochemicals/carotenoids/
http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB03852
http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/ethanol.shtml
http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/154/2/453.full
http://www.theplantlist.org/browse/A/Myrtaceae/
http://www.webmd.com/diet/phytonutrients-faq
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioxidant_effect_of_polyphenols_and_natural_phenols
http://www.phytochemicals.info/phytochemicals/saponins.php
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308814609006955
http://www.imm.ac.cn/journal/ccl/1602/160222-223-04-0047-p2.pdf
http://www.aferp.univ-rennes1.fr/aferpnouveau/athens/poster/PA163-Nancy.PDF
http://www.organicfacts.net/health-benefits/fruit/health-benefits-of-guava.html
http://www.nutrition-and-you.com/guava.html
http://www.lifeplusvitamins.com/guava-fruit-nutrition.html
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21167812
http://www.raysahelian.com/saponin.html
http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/toxicagents/saponin.html
24
http://www.cineol.net/
http://www.livestrong.com/article/541967-eucalyptus-cineol-for-pain-relief/
http://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/ethanol_fuel_basics.html
http://www.ethanol.org/
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-carotenoids.htm
25
D. Bibliography
http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/phytochemicals/carotenoids/
http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB03852
http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/ethanol.shtml
http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/154/2/453.full
http://www.theplantlist.org/browse/A/Myrtaceae/
http://www.webmd.com/diet/phytonutrients-faq
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioxidant_effect_of_polyphenols_and_natural_phenols
http://www.phytochemicals.info/phytochemicals/saponins.php
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308814609006955
http://www.imm.ac.cn/journal/ccl/1602/160222-223-04-0047-p2.pdf
http://www.aferp.univ-rennes1.fr/aferpnouveau/athens/poster/PA163-Nancy.PDF
http://www.organicfacts.net/health-benefits/fruit/health-benefits-of-guava.html
http://www.nutrition-and-you.com/guava.html
http://www.lifeplusvitamins.com/guava-fruit-nutrition.html
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21167812
http://www.raysahelian.com/saponin.html
http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/toxicagents/saponin.html
http://www.cineol.net/
http://www.livestrong.com/article/541967-eucalyptus-cineol-for-pain-relief/
http://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/ethanol_fuel_basics.html
http://www.ethanol.org/
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-carotenoids.htm