Insights Secure - 2015 Compilations: General Studies - 3

Insights Secure 2015 Compilations: General Studies - 3
Insights Secure 2015

General Studies Paper 4
5th January 2015 to 9 January 2015
[THE UNDERCOVER GROUP]

Compiled By:
Urstruly KArtheek
Deepak Thurwal
Anand Singh
Hatas Engineer
Devil Baba
LuV
Source:
http://www.insightsonindia.com
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General Studies 3
Topic: money-laundering and its prevention
Q) What are Global Depository Receipts (GDRs)? Recently GDR was in news related to
black money in India. Examine the issue. (200 Words)
The Hindu
Ans:
GDRs are financial instruments used by domestic companies to raise funds from
abroad. Recently SEBI has highlighted that through GDR black money is being
routed in India . They argue that such GDRs are used for round tripping activities
and are often not backed by real investors.
The likely modus operandi is as follows- investor A in India invests in an institution
in one of the tax haven nations. The domestic company issues funds by issuing GDR
to the same institution. However, by the time, the money reaches the domestic
company, it has changed hands several times and therefore is detect its source.
SEBI's report has shown links between investor A and the company raising GDR.
GDRs are an important source of funds for domestic companies. They have gained
importance as the domestic sources of funding are few and costly. Rates of interest
in India have been very high. Banks are reeling under high NPAs and therefore, are
exercising caution in lending to private sector. In such a scenario, they have no
choice but to raise funds from abroad using instruments like GDR.
Given the importance of GDR in fueling domestic growth, SEBI needs to strike a
balance between curbing sources of black money and at the same time ensuring that
licit financial flows are unaffected. Various approaches include- strengthening
international cooperation, specific targetting of financial instruments like
participatory notes which are used for routing black money
Topic: Infrastructure- Airports; Effects of liberalization on the economy

Q) The mess that we witness today in the Indian aviation sector is thus not only a
consequence of flawed government policies but also constant meddling and complicit
silence of some private Indian carriers. Critically examine. (200 Words)
Business Standard
Ans:
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Indian aviation industry is crippling for a long time with Indigo as the only profit
making airline. For current state of the industry, although
government and regulatory authorities are responsible, carriers themselves are as
much responsible. The aviation business is one of the biggest facilitator and victims
of crony capitalism.
Apart from the general factors like aviation infrastructure and high volatility of
Rupee vs Dollar in the past the role of two primary stakeholders is discussed below:
Governments role:
i) Fuel surcharge and sales tax imposed by state governments are one of the highest
in the world and also varies from state to state from 4 to 30%.
ii) 5/20 policy: It barred all those who did not possess five years of domestic flying
experience and a fleet of 20 aircraft from taking to international skies. The current
ministry is planning to scrap this policy as it only being profitable to one airline and
was the contributing factor for the decay of Kingfisher airlines.
iii) Tata-Singapore Airlines proposal for rejuvenation of Air India by acquiring 40%
of stake was also not approved even though the airline has been unprofitable since
1997 and has received government bailouts of $625 million.
Role of carriers:
i) The fare war: started by Air India and followed by rest, nobody cared to check
impact of same on their balance sheet. Same was repeated when Air Asia started its
operations.
ii) Silence of private airlines when seats were being recklessly given out to foreign
airlines and the policy destined to harm them too, not just Air India.
iii) The airlines didnt oppose much even knowing that the Jet-Etihad combination
and the accompanying huge quantum of seats would take away their business and
harm their long-term interests.
Hence it is required that instead of blaming each other for the critical condition of
aviation industry concrete actions should be taken on the respective problem areas
as there are many silver linings to look for.
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Topic: environmental pollution and degradation
Q) The United Nations Environment Programme, through the Stockholm convention on
POPs, listed 12 organochlorine pesticides as persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Most of
them are used in India by farmers and are found at alarming levels on vegetables and
fruits. Examine the magnitude, implications of and reasons behind blatant use of these
pesticides and insecticides in India. (200 Words)
The Indian Express

Ans:
The use of insecticides and pesticides far crosses the safe limit in India, due to the
following reasons:
1. Ignorance and lack of awareness amongst farmers about the safety levels
2. Illegal, unauthorized and easy access to these insecticides and pesticides,
especially at the grassroots level
3. No standardized testing before packaging of the food product that informs
consumers of the levels of pesticides and insecticides
4. Inadequate support from the state for irrigation, fertilizers, fair market price and
most important storage facilities that forces farmers to use higher levels of pollutants
to maximize their yield and also make them resistant to spoilage.
5. No stringent mechanism to check that levels prescribed by the Government are
adhered to
6. Global taste preferences, which demand the availability of off-seasonal produce
requires long storage and transportation, and hence higher use of chemicals.
The implications of consuming such high levels of toxins are as following:
1. Disturbs the food chain and hence the entire ecosystem
2. It can cause mild to severe health concerns, including neurological disorder,
immunity damage and cancer. Sustained usage of the pesticides will make the
human body immune to the treatment of their resultant diseases, thereby further
enhancing the danger
3. The diseases caused by these are transferable to infants through mothers, and
hence directly affect the birth rates, infant mortality, education levels and the
productivity of the region
4. It makes the agricultural produce unfit for exports, thereby creating a surplus in
the domestic economy and hence lower prices. This further pushes the farmer into
poverty and fuels into the cycle.
The problem is neither solely of the farmer nor of the consumer nor of the
Government. The farmer needs to be assisted in getting out of conditions that force
him to use higher level of pesticides. The consumer needs to be made aware of his
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rights and responsibilities. The Government needs to play the role of a facilitator in
the market, also protecting the interests of the farmers.
Higher consumption of such toxins, in addition to other forms of pollution, is a silent
epidemic spreading across the world and needs to be checked in time
General Studies 3
Topic: indigenization of technology and developing new technology

Q) The defence ministry needs to focus keenly on Made in India projects without being
distracted by Make in India slogans. In the light of the the categorisation into Buy and
Make and Buy and Make (Indian) in the Defence Procurement Policy and its
implications on indigenisation of defence products in India, critically comment on the
statement. (200 Words)
Business Standard
Ans:
India, being the worlds largest arms importer, has often used its position to coax
arms exporters into parting away with sensitive technologies which would have
taken years and required immense capital investment to develop indigenously. The
procurement of Su-30MKIs from Russia alongwith technology transfer is a case in
point. However, this strategy has not always been beneficial.
Often, foreign exporters associate such technology transfers with numerous riders
such as exclusive procurement of raw materials from the originating country and
long-term deals for maintenance and spares which invariably makes us dependent
on the exporter. In this backdrop, the governments focus on Make in India is
unlikely to benefit the defence industry as foreign countries would continue to add
pre-conditions for defence deals even if they shift the manufacturing base to India.
However, the necessity of this initiative cannot be undermined as it is envisaged to
bring in numerous employment opportunities for the people. Also, even though the
technology transfers under this programme may be minimal, it will be sustained and
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later can be scaled up to develop complex machinery. This strategy may be beneficial
in the long run as countries are becoming more apprehensive towards technology
transfer since it is leading to job losses in their own country.
Presently, the government should try to focus on increased R&D of defence
equipment to reduce our dependence on foreign exporters. Also, diversifying our
procurement sources will enable us leverage our position into cutting better deals. A
balanced approach is necessary here to ensure that we gradually reduce our
dependence on foreign manufacturers without compromising on the quality of our
defence equipment.
Topic: Infrastructure: Energy

Q) Recently the Advisory group for integrated development of power, coal and
renewable energy suggested that the power supply for 24 hours should be a norm and
not a scheme. Discuss the challenges and solutions that lie ahead in realizing this goal.
(200 Words)
Business Standard
Ans:
Continuous power supply is a sine qua non for continuous development. However,
the sector is grappling with a lack of initiative. Integrated development is needed to
bring all the sectors simultaneously upwards thereby increasing the capacity.
Challenges
-lack of coordination between the different ministries
-different prioritization by different ministries
-coal sector stuck in deep malaise, needs to be liberalized
-distribution and transmission are devoid of private sector competition
-usual monopoly in it has bred inefficiency
-citizens are devoid of choice of their own transmitter
-lack of research and development in renewable sources till now
-renewable energy sector only in infant stage
-FDI has not been allowed in the power sector (not sure of this)
-old problem of inefficiency in every sector, owing to lack of transparency and
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accountability
-bureaucratic hurdles, widespread corruption and red tapism
Way ahead
-introduce FDI, liberalize the sectors
-include more private sector participation, as government has proved inefficient
-end monopolies and bring in more competition to increase efficiency
-give citizens choice in the service delivery, like in transmission and distribution of
electricity
-robust transmission infrastructure and better targetting in it
-reform the coal sector and auction in transparent way
-introduce PPPs in different sectors and sub sectors
-have a long term strategy and also a short term within the overall strategy
-research and development in renewable sources to increase their share and mpve
along international norms of climate change
-integrated development with overall coordination in all power sectors
-curb corruption by having transparent transactions, with due accountability to the
providers
-de-bureaucratization and roll back of the state
- A proactive state govt is the ultimate necessity for any reform to occur
Topic: Infrastructure: Energy

Q) A target of installing 63 Gigawatts of nuclear capacity by 2032 has been reduced to
27.5 Gigawatts and none of the landmark deals under Ind0 US nuclear deal envisaged
has been struck. The Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage (CLND) Act, 2010 which contains
a speedy compensation mechanism for victims of a nuclear accident has been deemed
responsible for this deadlock. Analyse why. (200 Words)
The Hindu
Ans:
The civil nuclear agreement with US was expected to be a long leap forward for
Indias
civil nuclear energy sector and for our energy security. But some provisions of
CLND act with its noble intention of quick and adequate compensation of victims,
has failed to allay many fears generated by it.
This act makes both the operator and supplier liable to provide compensation
whereas
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international practice recognizes the liability of operator only. The same provision
(section 17b) places unlimited liability in terms of time and quantum on suppliers
which is unacceptable to them. If an accident occurs because of a small instrument
even after 50 years of installation, then the supplier will have to pay compensation in
millions.
This open-ended liability makes them difficult to find insurer and even if they do
find one, it makes nuclear energy economically unviable. The insurance pool is
about $350 mn recently suggested by India discarded saying insufficient.
Finally there are some ambiguities regarding section 46. Instead of channelizing
liability to operator for victims, the provision opens door for filing any case (civil or
criminal) against the supplier by any law other than CLND act. Moreover, there is no
clarity over the term nuclear damage.
Indian government must realize such provisions are affecting and foreign and
domestic suppliers equally. Finite liability for suppliers, international insurance pool
for suppliers and clarity over section 46 will clear the air of misunderstanding
without compromising on compensation of victims.
General Studies 3
Topic: indigenization of technology and developing new technology; Also

related to Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization of
resources,
Q) Public sector defence firms have not so far enjoyed great success in designing and
building weaponry for the military, except for naval warships. Examine why. Also throw
light on Indias defence expenditure and its impact on military preparedness. (200
Words)
Business Standard
Ans:
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India is the worlds largest arm importer since 2006, when our defense sector
accounts for the major share in budget. This is due to the failure of our nine defense
public sector undertakings (DPSU) and 41 ordinance factories and other PSUs to
provide state-of art weapons.
Reason for failure:
1. Over specification of weapons by defense.
2. High cost
3. Very low labor productivity level
4. Low R&D base
5. Over dependent on external source for production needs.
The share of defense in budget is increasing every year and stands at 2, 29,000 Crore
(2014-15) with an increase of 12.43% from last year. It accounts for 12.76% of
governments expenditure and India holds 16th rank in defense spenders ranking
worldwide. But the recent report of parliaments consultative committee on defense
says that India is critically short of combat platforms and even essentials. As per the
report India is not adequately prepared for any emergency. We must be prepared
well considering the fact that we have a tough neighborhood.
What to do?
1. Promote indigenous research.
2. Allocate more funds especially for modernization.
3. Strengthen the joint ventures with private sectors.
We can hope that the governments initiatives such as Make in India, raising FDI
cap to 49%, setting up of technology development fund of 100 Cr will make our
military strong.
Topic: Land Reforms in India; Effects of liberalization on the economy,

changes in industrial policy and their effects on industrial growth.
Q) How is the new ordinance on land acquisition legislation the Right to Fair
Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement
Act (LARR) is different from its earlier version? Critically examine. (200 Words)
The Hindu
Ans:
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Land is a finite resource and first thing for starting any project. Complication in
acquiring land caused enormous delays hence Govt came up with renewed bill
LARR 2013 which was introduced last year as its earlier version has failed to
achieve any concrete success because of:
1. Longer delay in acquisitions because of Social Assessment Committee formalities.
2. As per the CII, because of the news of doubling and quadrupling of price in urban
and rural areas respectively. Already the price has gone up for land. Hence in future,
any land acquisition will become unviable for public project and uncompetitive for
private projects.
3. The clause of obtaining consent of 80 percent of affected families for private sector
and 70 percent of affected families for Public Private Partnership (PPP) projects
would make the process of obtaining consent a very long drawn out process.
4. The Bill talks of an urgency clause which means that government can acquire a
land it wants by ignoring all the pre-set conditions.
5. The Resettlement & Rehabilitation clause gives no guarantee to jobs.
6. The Bill compensates different categories of affected families at par, not aligned to
their losses. So there could be cases where compensation calculated is lower than the
market rate.
7. State is the ultimate decision maker when it comes to acquiring farm land.
8. The Bill does not guarantee return of unused land if land owner repays
compensation to the state. It only suggests that it should be returned which creates
confusion.
But the newer bill which comes with Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency
clause has following
1. Removal of Social Impact Assessment from the LARR under certain special
condition
2. Enlarged the scope of cases when central govt can take land without 80% consent
clause as compared to LARR by including 13 more categories like Metro project,
Railway, Energy, National Highway etc.
3. New Ordinance is pro-Land-Acquirer, by reducing the time for acquisition by
several years, and thereby reducing the opportunity cost, is a huge benefit. When
this is topped up with the reduction or removal of the cash cost of social impact
assessments and referenda, it becomes a windfall for the acquirers too.
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Newer Ordinance is in the right spirit toward faster land acquisitions but fails to
address the problem of fast rising land prices. Soon we will hit the saturation price
which will make acquisition near impossible.
Topic: Linkages between development and spread of extremism.

Q) In both Afghanistan and Pakistan, a new generation of jihadis is emerging which is
more radical, better educated, and deeply committed to jihad . Critically analyse the
factors that are luring them towards jihad and terrorist activities. (200 Words)
The Hindu
Ans:
Jihad or holy war has transformed from religious battles in medieval history to a
justification for terror mongers to perpetrate violence . This has been largely created
by misinterpretation of holy texts by unscrupulous factions of the society. In recent
years we have seen a rise in educated youngsters falling into the trap of religious
fundamentalism. The following reasons have caused such a trend in Afghanistan
and Pakistan
1 Brainwashing of gullible adolescents and teenagers in schools, places of religious
studies and in some cases at homes of radicalised elders.
2 Due to high unemployment rates, desperate youngsters are made to believe that
death while contributing to jihad is a glorified death and are guaranteed rest in
heaven.
3 Smart youngsters who are loyal to the jihadi cause are provided with funds to
receive foreign education which will help their social standing. This in turn helps
authenticate the ideologies they preach to the common man.
4 Media and technology, especially the internet has provided terror outfits a
platform to access and influence thoughts and minds of the middle and upper
classes through radical material.
5 Educated youngsters with vested interests take a liking to jihad as a means for
attaining power and political influence.
6 Mentally disturbed qualified people use religion as an excuse to plunder masses
and create a situation of violence and havoc.
To curb this tendency the affected states have to study situations at the grass root
level and government needs to gain liking of the common people before hunting
down terror outfits.
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Topic: mobilization of resources
Q) In its bid to mobilize resources by auctioning scarce resources such as spectrum at
steep prices the government might be hurting the common man. In the light of spectrum
auctions held in last five years and governments plan to conduct another auction in near
future, critically comment on the statement. Also examine other criticisms made against
spectrum auction. (200 Words)
The Hindu
Ans:
Auctioning of public resources is a hot potato in public debate. The process,
procedures, policy of auctioning of several scarce resources like spectrum, coal,
petroleum is questioned after plethora of scams (like 2g, coal scam). The rising cost
of spectrum poses following challenges.
1. Increases cost to customer for service availed.
2. Induces monopolistic or oligopolistic market forces where big giants can enter and
rule the market.
3. Challenges government's Telecom policy of providing universal internet and
mobile connectivity.
4.Decreased private investment in Tele com sector.
5.Lesser physical capital formation in the form of infrastructure like towers etc.
6.Decreases returns in investment for consumers
In the last five year, auctioning of 2G and 3G resources, government has rallied
behind in demand and supply policy based on strict market principles. This is
evident from windfall gain by 3G auctioning.It is imperative to understand that
Tcom sector is not merely a mobile communication but is prime catalyst of socioeconomic development. Since the industry is still in developing stage, govt. requires
to adopt policies which are both consumer and market friendly.
Hence, TRAIs recommendation of decreasing licence cost, providing lucrative
incentives and tax benefits for investment in T-com sector and cultivating level
playing field for new entrants needs to be adhered to in near future.
Topic: Issues related to direct and indirect farm subsidies

Q) What are the merits and demerits of direct benefits transfer (DBT) scheme in the
Indian context? Enumerate. (200 Words)
Business Standard
Ans:
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Direct Benefit Transfer is a mechanism to transfer the subsidy amount directly to the
bank account of beneficiaries. Main agendas for DBT is to prevent and address
following
1. Leakages,
2. Delays.
3. Reducing structural expenses in distributing the subsidies in hand.
4. Encouraging everyone to have bank account to get engaged in financial activities.
Right now it is applied to only 4 areas that too in selected districts:
1. LPG subsidies.
2. Jnani Suraksha Yojana
3. Old age pension
4. Scholarships
Merits of DBT:
1. Leakage, Delays are prevented.
2. Reduces Corruptions and black money issue.
3. Reduces economical inequalities in rural areas as everyone gets theire share
rightfully.
4. Reducing the government expense on PDS, Cooperative society, bureaucracy to
distribute scholarships etc.
5. Reduces time,energy and money of people to get their money/commodity.
5. Encourage free and fair market structure. Earlier subsidised grains entering
market through backdoor used to distort the price in market.
6. More circulation of money in economy which will lead to atleast 0.5% growth in
GDP.
7. Govt can better focus on other issues and not engaging in distribution.
8. Transportation charge for FCI and NABARD subsidies for warehouses will be
reduced.
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9. Slowly importance of MSP will reduce while price a farmer would fetch will
increase which is win-win situation for farmers, Also non-food crops will get
importance which is issue right now in India.
10. Financial institutions will pay attention in rural area once people will have cash
in their hand.
11. Health facility will get better with private hospital giving facilities once people
will have money to get treatment.
Demerits of DBT are less but they are:
1. Money in the hand of poor may get spent in something other than what is needed,
A scholarship needed to be spent in education only, but how govt can ensure that,
once she has sent it to account.
2. Most accounts holder are males and has accessibility to banks, hence it will lead to
usage by them only. Females may not the money share if they are the real
beneficiaries.
3. With lesser banks in rural and most part of India, it will be another overhead for
people to get their withdrawal.
4. Delay in transfer may create more turbulence as many will flock to banks to check
the amount.
While the merits and demerits are a mix bag of hopes and assumptions, DBT is in
good spirit and will definitely benefit all stakeholders viz govt, beneficiaries and
private institutions. It will ensure right to economical equality by ensuring every
beneficiary will get their share on time.
General Studies 3
Topic: Challenges to internal security through communication networks, role

of media and social networking sites in internal security challenges, basics of
cyber security
Q) Critically examine the nature of some of most recent cyber attacks on corporations
and nations. In your opinion, what challenges do such attacks pose to governments and to
citizens across the world? (200 Words)
Business Standard
Ans:
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In a modern world growing use technology and application of computer based
systems to almost all arenas of life have on one hand enhanced human efficiency
while on other hand increased our vulnerabilities to so called "cyber attacks". These
cyber attacks involve use of specific software programs by individuals/nations to
gain access to secret/strategic information with malicious intent or cripple basic
infrastructure of some other individuals/nations.
Nature of recent cyber attack:
1) maximum digital damage with zero physical damage: Corporate network of Sony
pictures entertainment was hacked and personal information of employee,
Hollywood actors was dumped on internet.
2) to cripple strategic programmes of nations such as nuclear & missile programmes:
Iranian Nuclear programme was crippled by computer worm Stoxnet which
targeted sophisticated control systmes in nuclear reactors.
3) To spy & steal strategic information: an alleged Chinese cyber attack hacked data
off government server in many nations.
4) to gain strategic advantage: In 1990s US hit Serbia to cripple its air traffic control
and facilitate its bombing operations.
5) minimum resources involved: nations such China, Russia, North Korea maintain
an army of software professional who master mind such attacks. Cost of maintaining
such cyber attacks cells is bare minimum in comparison to silent damage they inflict
on the target nations.
Challenges posed to government & citizens:
1) deniability & anonymity: people/nations involved behind such cyber attacks
always remain anonymous usually lie outside borders or jurisdictions of targeted
nations hence taking action is difficult. Nations such North Korea & China have
always denied allegations as it is difficult
to pin point the locations of origin of such attacks.
2) For citizens: specific people can be easily targeted as teams/persons initiating
such attacks are well trained software professionals/experts who understand
internet/computer systems inside out. Due to such challenges cyber attacks are
difficult to counter.
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Topic: Role of external state and non-state actors in creating challenges to
internal security.
Q) Maintaining freedoms and equality before the law in the face of a severe challenge to
security is the most difficult test for any democratic polity and society. Do you agree
with this view? In the light of recent terrorist attacks on various sections of society in
various parts of the world, critically comment. (200 Words)
The Hindu
Ans:
Rising intolerance among various sections of society is the greatest danger mankind
has ever faced. It is evident from recent attack on french magazine 's office, row over
PK movie etc. maintaining freedom and equality before law without losing social
harmony is certainly most difficult test for any democratic polity and society.
However freedom and equality are the fundamental natural rights which are the
founding stone for any civilized society and also provided in article 14,15 and 19 of
indian constitution. It should never be diluted in the name of security.
Many times these terrorist activities are due to absence of the above said rights or
wrong preaching by some people to fulfill their vested interests.
In fact society is made by taking some of the freedoms and rights of the participating
people but these reasons cannot justify the draconian laws like POTA, AFSPA etc.
Any thoughts which evolve between diverse negative thoughts around it will
sustain ages. Thus it is necessary to have difference of opinion and action among
democratic society. Only care should be taken in choosing ways in which opinions
are expressed. It should be not expressed using bullets. Modern government and
security should focus on reinforcing these beliefs in society and nation.
Room for constructive criticism upholding constitution as did by great freedom
fighters under the most repressing regime is the only solution to achieve social
harmony and internal security not the repression of beliefs or dilution of rights
available to the citizen.
Topic: Conservation
Q) It is said that Indias wildlife conservation model has many loopholes that only harm
wildlife in the end. In the light of increasing man versus wildlife conflicts that are taking
place, critically examine. (200 Words)
The Hindu
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Ans:
The existing loopholes in indian wildlife preservation model can be noticed as
follows.
Causes
------Lack of manpower equipped with effective arms to prevent poaching; lack of
technology to monitor every movement and position or detection of threat to
wildlife earlier; lack of habitat loss; railway line nearby wildlife route are some
serious issues of man and wildlife conflict at present scenario.
Loopholes
---------1] Indias wildlife preservation model is based on European model mainly on
American but both the countries have varied social and regional perspectives
regarding wildlife.
2] Indian society is zoomorphic where animals are worshipped in contrast to the
American model.
So; total separation of animals within restricted area from limited human
environment causes conflict and widen the insensitivity gap between wildlife and
humans.
3] in european model; aborigenic and tribal people have no no role to play in wildlife
preservation. Wildlife there can be separated as there is no prominent role between
economic dependencey on forest and a particular group. But in india tribal people
are intricately related with forest for their survival. Separation of wildlife and human
habitat often causes conflict in India.
4] except facilitating wildlife as tourism model indian wildlife preservation model
has not been done much to bring the civil society closer towards wildlife outside
restricted wildlife protection areas.
5] the management of indian zoos are much bureaucratic. Instead; including
environmentalist; civil society; NGOs in management of zoo; they can be formed as
real wildlife preservation body with mitives to wildlife reasearch; education etc.
6] Indian wildlife preservation system is still away to create a protection force with
state of art technology to prevent smuggling; poaching of wildlife. Considering
immense value of indian wildlife; existing protection force is comparatively
sluggish.
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Solution
-------1] bring awareness among people about the preservation of wildlife and create
friendly attitude towards wildlife among people.
2] proper monitoring of wildlife with effective institutional measures and speedy
response to any conflict.
3] proper regulations in case of railway line in wildlife corridors.
Thus, Indian wildlife preservation system bears many loopholes that should be
addressed immediately.
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