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De True
De True
Introduction
Heat is very essential in every days living
and in fact, is also plays a great impact in
studying thermodynamics. It is defined,
scientifically, as an energy in process of
transfer between a system and its
surroundings, other than as work or with the
transfer of matter. Heat is transferred by
Conduction, Convection, Radiation, or more
normally, by a combination of two or more of
them.
In this study, we must consider the Laws
on Heat Flow in a Body (Derive from
experimental Studies):
(a) The quantity of heat (calorie/seconds)
flowing in body is proportional to its
mass (in grams) and to its temperature
(C).
(b) Heat flows from higher to a lower
temperature.
(c) The rate of flow (calorie/second)
across an area (square centimeter) is
proportional to the area and to the
temperature gradient (i.e. the rate of
q=KA
du
dx
du
dx
Methodology
If the above relation is applied to a
steady-state heat flow of steam, in
particular, through a cylindrical pipe with an
insulating material of thermal conductivity K,
then for length L (cm) of the pipe and the
inner and outer radii of the insulating
material x1 and x2 (cm), we have,
q=KA
du
dx
with A is equal to 2
(1)
multiply by the
A=2 Lx
q=2 KLx
du
dx
dx
x
dx
=2 KLdu .
x
q
x1
u2
dx
=2 KL du
x
u1
we obtain,
q=
2 KL(u 1u 2)
ln ( x 2/x 1)
q=
2 KL(u 1u 2)
ln ( x 2/x 1)
q=
2 KL(10040)
ln ( 15/10)
q=
or
120 KL
ln 1.5
2 KL(10040)
120 KL
=0.80
ln ( x /10)
ln 15
Or
x=16.6 cm
So, the thickness of the insulation must
be increased by
16.6015=1.60 cm
1.60 cm.
2. Here, two (2) insulations are involved.
Basic Equation:
q=
2 KL(u 1u 2)
x2
ln ( )
x1
1
2 (3)
or 2L = 1/3 cm
q = 0.0080 cal/sec
substitute the known values,
ln
q=
1
( )(0.0003)(100u 2)
3
0.0080=
6
ln ( 4)
( 1/3)(0.00020)(77u 3)
0.0080=
Simplify to get
u 3=28.3 C .
q=
2 KL ( u 1u 2 )
ln ( x 2/ x 1 )
1 m(100 cm)
2 (0.00017)(100)(100u2)
q=
ln ( 10 /7.5)
q=0.30 (100u 2) .
For the second insulation,
X1 = 7.5 cm ; u2 = ?
X2 = 10 cm ; u3 = 30C
K1 = 0.00017 cal/cm.deg.sec.
L=
2 (0.00017)(100)(u 230)
ln ( 10 /7.5)
1 m(100 cm)
u2 = 80C.