JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS 46, 012103 (2005)

Two and three dimensional Hamiltonians with generalized

and ordinary shape invariance symmetry
H. Panahia)
Department of Physics, Guilan University, Rasht 41335-1914, Iran and Institute for
Studies in Theoretical Physics and Mathematics, Teheran 19395-1795, Iran

M. A. Jafarizadehb)
Department of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, Tabriz University,
Tabriz 51664, Iran; Institute for Studies in Theoretical Physics and Mathematics,
Teheran 19395-1795, Iran; and Research Institute for Fundamental Sciences,
Tabriz 51664, Iran
(Received 2 August 2004; accepted 13 September 2004;
published online 27 December 2004)

Two and three dimensional Hamiltonians with generalized and ordinary shape invariance symmetry have been obtained by Fourier transforming over some coordinates of the SU(3) Casimir operator defined on SU3 / SU2 symmetric space. It is
shown that the generalized shape invariance of the two dimensional Hamiltonian is
equivalent to SU(3) symmetry while in the three dimensional one, the ordinary
shape invariance is equivalent to contracted SU(3) and there is one to one correspondence between the representations of the generalized shape invariance symmetry of the two (three) dimensional Hamiltonian and SU(3) [contracted SU(3)]
Verma bases. 2005 American Institute of Physics. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1827325]

I. INTRODUCTION

Exactly solvable potentials are the central and fundamental problems of mathematical physics,
consequently they have attracted much interest both in theoretical physics and mathematics. There
are many methods of obtaining exactly solvable potentials in quantum mechanics. The most
powerful methods are the algebraic method,1 supersymmetric and shape invariant factorization of
the Schrdinger equation in one and two or three dimensional exactly solvable models.25 In all
these works it is shown that there is a close connection between the shape invariance symmetry of
one or higher dimensional Hamiltonians and some rank one semisimple Lie algebra or higher rank
nonsemisimple algebras, where this equivalence between the one dimensional shape invariant and
the rank one semisimple Lie algebra has been shown in Ref. 6.
Here in this work we introduce two and three dimensional Hamiltonians with a new kind of
shape invariance. It is shown that the shape invariance symmetry of the two dimensional Hamiltonian is equivalent to SU(3) symmetry where we call it generalized shape invariance while the
shape invariance associated with the three dimensional Hamiltonian is equivalent to contracted
SU(3) ordinary shape invariance and there is one to one correspondence between the representation of the generalized shape invariance symmetry of two (three) dimensional Hamiltonians and
SU(3) [contracted SU(3)] Verma bases.
The paper is organized as follows: In Sec. II after introducing the parametrization of SU(3)
Lie group we derive its right invariant vector fields and Casimir operator on SU3 / SU2. In Sec.
III, using the Fourier transformation together with the coset reduction we obtain the two dimensional Hamiltonian Hlm1 , m2 of charged particle on S2 sphere in the presence of an electric field.
Section IV is devoted to SU(3) Verma basis,7 and their connection with eigenspectrum and de-

a)

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Electronic mail: t-panahi@guilan.ac.ir

Electronic mail: jafarizadeh@tabrizu.ac.ir

b)

0022-2488/2005/46(1)/012103/14/$22.50

46, 012103-1

2005 American Institute of Physics

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012103-2

J. Math. Phys. 46, 012103 (2005)

H. Panahi and M. A. Jafarizadeh

generacy of the above Hamiltonian. In Sec. V we talk about the generalized shape invariance of
this Hamiltonian. In Sec. V, through InonuWigner contraction8 of SU(3), we obtain three dimensional ordinary shape invariance Hamiltonians. The paper is ended with a conclusion and one
appendix.
II. THE RIGHT INVARIANT VECTOR FIELDS AND QUADRATIC CASIMIR OPERATOR
OF SU(3) GROUP OVER THE SU3 / SU2 COSET MANIFOLD

According to Ref. 9, we can parametrize an arbitrary element of the SU3 / SU2 coset
manifolds in the following form:

sin

cosei+1

sinei
sincosei+2 ,
U = coscosei21
cossinei1 cosei+2
sinsinei

2.1

where 0 , / 2 and 0 , 1, 2 2. Now, an arbitrary element of SU(3) group manifold

can be obtained by multiplying the coset element given in (2.1) by an arbitrary element h of
stability group SU(2) with the parametrization h = expi3expi2expi3 from left or right,
where 3 3 Hermitian GellMann matrices i, i = 1 , 2 , . . . , 8 are defined as

0 1 0

1 = 1 0 0 ,
0 0 0

0 i 0

2 = i
0

0 0 1

4 = 0 0 0 ,
1 0 0

0 0

0
0

0 0 i

5 = 0 0
i 0
0

7 = 0 0 i ,
0 i 0

8 =

0
0

3 = 0 1 0 ,
0 0 0

0 ,
0

0 0 0

6 = 0 0 1 ,
0 1 0

1 0

0 1

0 0 2

2.2

Usually the right invariant vector fields of SU(3) group manifold can be obtained from the right
invariant su(3) Lie algebra valued one forms dG G1 = ei d i with G = Uh,10 where ei are right
invariant fiel-beins and = , , , 1 , 2 , , , are coordinates of SU(3) group manifold.
Then the right invariant vector field can be written as Ri = ei / , where ei are the inverse of
the right invariant fiel-beins ei . Now, the SU(3) right invariant vector fields over the SU3 / SU2
coset manifold11,12 can be obtained simply by projecting the SU(3) right invariant vector fields
over the principal bundle SU(3) to the base manifold SU3 / SU2, where it leads to the vanishing
of the components which are tangent to SU(2) fiber manifold (stability group).
Using the above prescription, after some lengthy and tedious calculation via Maple software
we get the following expressions for the SU(3) right invariant vector fields over the SU3 / SU2
coset manifold:

cot
1

+i
,
R = ei12 cos cotsin + i tancos
2

1 cos 2

2.3

cot
1

Y = ei1 sin cotcos i

2

sin
+ 2i

cos2 sin2sin2
cot
+i
,
sin2sin
1 sin 2

2.4

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012103-3

J. Math. Phys. 46, 012103 (2005)

Two and three dimensional Hamiltonians

X = ei2
i cot

+ 2i cot2
,
2

1
2

R3 =

,
2 1 2

R8 =

2.5

i3 2

,
2 3 1 2

2.6

where R = 21 R1 iR2, Y = 21 R4 iR5, and X = 21 R6 iR7. After some algebraic calculations one
can show that, the above generators satisfy su(3) Lie algebra commutation relations. Also it is
straightforward to show that the following defined su(3) quadratic Casimir operator commutes
with all of the above generators
C = 21 R+R + RR+ + 21 Y +Y + Y Y + + 21 X+X + XX+ + R23 + R28 ,

2.7

where after calculations, we obtain the following expression (by ignoring the factor 41 ):
C=

1
1 sin2cos2 2
2
2 4 cos2sin2 cos2 2
2 +
2
2 +
2
2
2 +

sin
3 sin sin

sin2cos2sin2 21

1
2
2
2
2
2

sin2sin2cos2 22 sin2sin2 1 2 12

24 cos2 1 2 cot2
+
.
sin2

sin2

2.8

Similarly we can calculate the SU(3) left invariant vector fields, where its structure constant, is
minus the right invariant ones but its quadratic Casimir operator is the same as the right one. Here
we need only the right invariant vector fields and we do not need to quote the left invariant ones
here. Also one can show that the Casimir operator is the same as LaplaceBeltrami operator of
adjoint invariant metric.
III. REDUCTION OF THE CASIMIR OPERATOR TO TWO-DIMENSIONAL HAMILTONIAN
OF A CHARGED PARTICLE ON S2 SPHERE

In order to reduce the SU(3) Casimir operator together with its right invariant vector fields
defined on SU3 / SU2 coset manifold to a two-dimensional operator, first we eliminate the
coordinate by Fourier transforming over the coordinate by kernel eil, where after similarity
transformation R f 1 , Rf , with similarity function f 1 , = sincossin2 the
right invariant vector fields and their quadratic Casimir operator take the following form:

R = ei12 cos cotsin + i tancos

2

1
+i

cot
cos2 cos2sin2

,
cos 2
sin2cos

3.1

cos2 sin2sin2
1

Y = ei1 sin cotcos + 2i

2
sin2sin

1
+i

cot
cot
cos2 sin2sin2
+l

,
sin 2
sin
sin2sin

3.2

+ i cot
+ 2i cot2
cot2 + l cot ,
X = ei2
2

1
2

3.3

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012103-4

J. Math. Phys. 46, 012103 (2005)

H. Panahi and M. A. Jafarizadeh

R3 =

,
2 1 2

R8 =

i3
l

+
2i .
3
2 1 2

3.4

One can straightforwardly show that the above generators satisfy su(3) Lie algebra commutation
relations
R3,R = R,

R3,Y = 21 Y ,

R8,Y =

R+,R = 2R3,
Y +,Y = R3 + 3R8,

3
2

Y ,

R3,X = 21 X ,

R8,X =

R,Y = X,

3
2

X ,

R,X = Y ,

X+,X = R3 3R8,

Y ,X = R .

3.5

Also the Casimir operator reduces to

C=
+

1
1
1 sin2cos2 2
2

2
+
cot

+
+
2
sin2 2 sin2sin2
cos2
21

1
2
2

l2
4 cos2sin2 cos2
+
2

2il
+

3
cos2 22
12
1 2

1
cot22
+ tan2 + cot2 +
.
4
sin2

3.6

For convenience we have denoted the reduced generators with the same notation of the preceding
section. Now we eliminate the coordinates 1 and 2 through Fourier transformation over them
with the kernel eim11m22, then Casimir operator (3.6) reduces to the following Hamiltonian:
Hlm1,m2 =

1
1

2
sin + 2
+ Vl,m1,m2,
sin
sin 2

3.7

with
Vl,m1,m2, =

m22
m211 sin2cos2
1
+
2m1m2 2lm1 m2
sin2sin2
cos2
cos2
+

1
cot22
l2
4 cos2sin2 cos2 tan2 cot2
.
3
4
sin2

3.8

On the other hand, the dynamical symmetric of motion of a charged particle in the presence of an
external electromagnetic field on the symmetric spaces can give the following nonrelativistic
Hamiltonian for motion of a charged particle on the two dimensional manifold with metric g in
the presence of static electromagnetic fields with vector potential A and scalar potential V as13

H=

g iA

gg iA + V,

3.9

where g is the determinant of metric g. Therefore, the Hamiltonian (2.8) can be interpreted as
the Hamiltonian of a charged particle on S2 sphere with metric

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012103-5

J. Math. Phys. 46, 012103 (2005)

Two and three dimensional Hamiltonians

g =

0 sin2

3.10

in the presence of an electric field with scalar potential (3.8).

IV. THE ALGEBRAIC SOLUTION OF THE HAMILTONIAN BY USING VERMA BASES

Here in this section we try to solve our Hamiltonian algebraically, that is we will obtain its
eigenspectrum by using the Verma bases of su(3) or A2 Lie algebra. According to Ref. 7, Verma
bases of the irreducible representation space V of A2 over C Lie algebra, where = p , q is the
highest weight, consist of all vectors
f a13 f a22 f a11p,q,

4.1

such that
0 a1 p,

0 a 2 q + a 1,

0 a3 minq,a2,

4.2

where ei, f i, hi, i = 1 and 2 are base of A2 Lie algebra satisfying the commutation relations
ei, f i = hi,
for each simple root 1 =
relations

1
2,

3 / 2

hi,ei = 2ei,

hi, f i = 2f i,

and 2 =

3 / 2.

1
2 ,

i = 1,2

4.3

Now, by comparing the commutation

Y +,Y = R3 + 3R8,

R3 + 3R8,Y = 2Y ,

X+,X = R3 3R8,

R3 3R8,X = 2X

4.4

with (4.3) we have

h1 = R3 + 3R8,

e 1 = Y +,

f1 = Y,

h2 = R3 3R8,

e 2 = X +,

f 2 = X .

4.5

In an arbitrary representation of A2 with highest weight p , q, the highest eigenweight satisfies

eip,q = 0,
Therefore, the highest eigenfunction
first order linear differential equations:

sin

p,q

4.6

i = 1,2.

, , 1 , 2 = 2 , 1 , , p , q satisfies the following

cos2 sin2sin2
cot

+ cotcos + 2i
+i
sin2sin

1 sin 2

cot p,q
cos2 sin2sin2
+l
, , 1, 2 = 0,
sin
sin2sin

+ i cot
+ 2i cot2
+ cot2 + l cot p,q, , 1, 2 = 0.

1
2

4.7

4.8

On the other hand, the highest eigenweight is the eigenstate of the Cartan subalgebra with R3 and
R8 as its GellMann basis,14 where the bases h1 and h2 are associated with simple roots 1 and
2, and they can be written in terms of these bases in the following form:15

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012103-6

J. Math. Phys. 46, 012103 (2005)

H. Panahi and M. A. Jafarizadeh

h1 = R3 + 3R8,

h2 = R3 3R8 .

4.9

Writing the highest eigenweight in terms of fundamental weights, that is = p1 + q2 and considering the following relation between the simple roots and fundamental weights:

i, j
= ij ,
j, j

4.10

we can write
R3 + 3R8 p,q, , 1, 2 = ,R3 + 3R8 p,q, , 1, 2
= ,h1 p,q, , 12 = 2

, 1 p,q
, , 1, 2
1, 1

or
R3 + 3R8 p,q, , 12 = p p,q, , 1, 2.

4.11

Similarly by acting out the other basis of Cartan subalgebra on highest eigenweight we obtain
R3 3R8 p,q, , 12 = q p,q, , 1, 2.

4.12

The above eigenvalue equations imply the following 1 and 2 dependence of highest eigenweight
p,q , , 1 , 2,

p,q, , 1, 2 = ei/32p+q+l1ei/3p+2ql2 p,q, .

4.13

Substituting (4.13) in (4.7) and (4.8), we see that the integrability of the latter equation requires
that p = q + l, that is for given values of the parameter l, only the representations q + l , q are
relevant to the eigenspectrum of our Hamiltonian. Hence, integrating Eqs. (4.7) and (4.8) we get
the following expression for the highest eigenweight in these particular representations:

q,l, , 1, 2 = eiq+l1q2cosqsinq+1cosq+lcossin2.

4.14

Now, using the formula (4.1) we can obtain the lower eigenweights or Verma bases,

a3,a2,a1, , 1, 2 = Y a3Xa2Y a1 q,l, , 1, 2,

4.15

where 0 a1 q + l, 0 a2 q + a1, 0 a3 minq , a2. In order to obtain eigenspectrum of the

Hamiltonian (3.7), it is sufficient to eliminate 1 and 2 coordinates dependence of SU(3) Verma
basis by Fourier transforming over them. This can be achieved simply by shifting the phase factor
eiq+l1q2 to the left-hand side of lowering operators X and Y in the above relation and
integrating over the coordinates 1 and 2. Hence, we obtain
q,l
a3,a2,a1, , 1, 2 = eiq+la1a31eiqa22q+la
, ,
1a3,qa2

4.16

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012103-7

J. Math. Phys. 46, 012103 (2005)

Two and three dimensional Hamiltonians

where

a3

q,l
q+la
,
1a3,qa2

Y q + l a1 i + 1,q a2

i=1

a1

a2

Xq + l a1,q i + 1

i=1

Y q + l i + 1,q cosqsinq+1cosq+lcossin2,

i=1

4.17
m
Ki = KmKm 1 K1 also the Fourier transand the operators appear in the products as i=1
formed operators have the following form:

cos cotsin m1 tancos

2

Rm1,m2 =

+ m2

Y m1,m2 =

cot cos2 cos2sin2

,
cos
sin2cos

4.18

cos2 sin2sin2
1

sin cotcos 2m1

2

sin2sin
+ m2

Xm1,m2 =

cot
cot cos2 sin2sin2

+l
,
sin
sin
sin2sin

4.19

m1 cot + 2m2 cot2 cot2 + l cot ,

2

R3m1,m2 = 21 m1 + m2,

R8m1,m2 =

2
m1 m2 l .
2
3

4.20

4.21

Now, by defining m1 = q + l a1 a3 and m2 = q a2, we see that due to the inequalities (4.2), the
parameters m1 and m2 must satisfy q m1 q + l and q + l m2 q. Also it is straightforward
to see that an arbitrary Verma basis is proportional to eim11m22 or we can write

mq,l1,m2, , 1, 2 = eim11m22mq,l1,m2, .

4.22

Now, substituting (4.22) in (3.6) and Fourier transforming over the coordinates 1 and 2, the
Casimir operator reduces to the required two dimensional Hamiltonian Hlm1 , m2 given in (3.7).
Therefore, the general eigenfunctions of the above Hamiltonian with eigenvalue Eq , l = 31 q
+ l2q + l + 3 + qq + 3 (for the degeneracy of these eigenvalues see the Appendix) can be written
as

a3

mq,l1,m2,

Y m1 + a3 i + 1,m2

i=1

i=1

q+lm1a3

qm2

i=1

Y q + l i + 1,q

Xm1 + a3,q i + 1

cosqsinq+1cosq+lcossin2 .
4.23

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012103-8

H. Panahi and M. A. Jafarizadeh

J. Math. Phys. 46, 012103 (2005)

FIG. 1. Diagram of seven possible allowed regions of eigenspectrum of Hamiltonian Hlm1 , m2 in the m1 , m2 plane for
given values of integer parameters q, l, m1, and m2 with l 0. Horizontal lines mean application of the lowering operator
Y while the vertical line indicates the application of the lowering operator X.

V. GENERALIZED SHAPE INVARIANCE SYMMETRY

In this section we show that the Hamiltonian Hlm1 , m2 possesses a new kind of shape
invariance symmetry, we call it generalized shape invariance. Obviously SU(3) symmetry of the
Casimir operator before the reduction generates this special shape invariance symmetry. Using this
symmetry we will obtain below the eigenspectrum of Hamiltonian Hlm1 , m2, that is the eigenq,l
, corresponding to eigenvalue Eq , l by consecutive application of lowering
functions m
1,m2
operators over the state with m1 = q + l and m2 = q. We will also obtain its degeneracy for given
values of q + l , q, where it is the same as the one that can be obtained by using the inequalities
(4.2) corresponding to Figs. 1 and 2.

FIG. 2. Diagram of seven possible allowed regions of eigenspectrum of Hamiltonian Hlm1 , m2 in the m1 , m2 plane for
given values of integer parameters q, l, m1, and m2 with l 0. Horizontal lines mean application of the lowering operator
Y while the vertical line indicates the application of the lowering operator X.

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012103-9

J. Math. Phys. 46, 012103 (2005)

Two and three dimensional Hamiltonians

First we write the Hamiltonian Hlm1 , m2 operator in terms of the Fourier transformed operators given in (4.18)(4.21),
1
Hlm1,m2 = R+m1 1,m2 1Rm1,m2 + Rm1 + 1,m2 + 1R+m1,m2
2
+ Y +m1 1,m2Y m1,m2 + Y m1 + 1,m2Y +m1,m2 + X+m1,m2 1Xm1,m2
+ Xm1,m2 + 1X+m1,m2 +

2 2
m1 + m22 3m1 m2 3 l
+
.
4
4

5.1

Now, using the following commutation relations,

R3 + 3R8,Y = 2Y ,

R3 3R8,Y = Y ,

R3 3R8,X = 2X,

R3 + 3R8,X = X ,

5.2

we can obtain the following relations:

R3m1 1,m2 + 3R8m1 1,m2Y m1,m2 Y m1,m2R3m1,m2
+ 3R8m1,m2 = 2Y m1,m2,
R3m1 1,m2 3R8m1 1,m2Y m1,m2 Y m1,m2R3m1,m2
3R8m1,m2 = Y m1,m2,
R3m1,m2 1 3R8m1,m2 1Xm1,m2 Xm1,m2R3m1,m2
3R8m1,m2 = 2Xm1,m2,
R3m1,m2 1 + 3R8m1,m2 1Xm1,m2 Xm1,m2R3m1,m2
+ 3R8m1,m2 = Xm1,m2.

5.3

The above relations imply that the Hamiltonian Hlm1 , m2 possesses shape invariance symmetry.
Since, through the left action of the operators Y m1 , m2 and Xm1 , m2 on both sides of the
following eigenvalue equations,
q,l
q,l
Hlm1,m2m
,m , = Eq,lm ,m , ,
1

q,l
R3m1,m2 + 3R8m1,m2m
,m , = 2m1 m2
1

q,l
R3m1,m2 3R8m1,m2m
,m , = m1 + 2m2 +
1

l q,l

, ,
2 m1,m2

5.4

l q,l

, ,
2 m1,m2

we get

mq,l11,m2, = Y m1,m2mq,l1,m2, ,

5.5

mq,l1,m21, = Xm1,m2mq,l1,m2, .

5.6

Therefore, the operators Y m1 , m2 shift the parameter m1 by one unit or they push the unrenormalized eigenfunctions horizontally in Figs. 1 and 2, while the operators Xm1 , m2 shift the

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012103-10

J. Math. Phys. 46, 012103 (2005)

H. Panahi and M. A. Jafarizadeh

parameter m2 by one unit or they push the eigenfunctions vertically in Figs. 1 and 2. Obviously the
eigenfunctions vanish in the forbidden regions of Figs. 1 and 2. Using the relations (5.5) and (5.6),
we obtain the following relations:
q,l
q,l
Y +m1 1,m2Y m1,m2m
,m , m ,m , ,
1

q,l
q,l
Y m1,m2Y +m1 1,m2m
1,m , m 1,m ,
1

5.7

and
q,l
q,l
X+m1,m2 1Xm1,m2m
,m , m ,m , ,
1

q,l
Xm1,m2X+m1,m2 1m
,m
1

21

q,l
, m
,m
1

21

, ,

5.8

which indicate that the Hamiltonian Hlm1 , m2 possesses the shape invariance symmetry. Actually
the first pair of equations given in (5.7) imply the horizontal shape invariance while the second
pair of equations given in (5.8) imply the vertical shape invariance symmetry in Figs. 1 and 2,
respectively. Therefore, using this symmetry we can obtain the eigenfunctions of the isospectral
Hamiltonians Hlm1 , m2 with the eigenvalue Eq , l simply by applying the lowering operators X
q,l
and Y over the highest weight q+l,q
, , namely we obtain all the eigenstates for the values of
parameters m1 and m2 given in the allowed region of Figs. 1 and 2, such that these eigenfunctions
vanish for the values of the parameters corresponding to the forbidden region. Also one can show
that in this way we obtain exactly the same eigenspectrum that we have obtained in Sec. IV by
using the Verma basis.
Therefore, by consecutive application of lowering operators over highest eigenweight
q,l
q,l
q+l,q
, , we can obtain an arbitrary eigenstate m
, , where the existence of different
1,m2
ordering of lowering operators or the different paths indicate the degeneracy of the Hamiltonian
Hlm1 , m2. It is straightforward to show that by this method we get exactly the eigenspectrum of
the preceding section. For an illustration we explain below the real representation with q = 1 and
l = 0 in detail. Using the relation (4.23), we get the following expression for highest eigenweight of
(1,1) representation:
1,0
1,1
, = 2 sin2coscoscossin2,

5.9

then using (5.5) we get

1,0
1,0
0,1
, = Y 1,11,1
, = sin3sin2cossin2.

5.10

Now, we cannot lower the above eigenstate by acting the operator Y on it, since the function
1,0
1,1
, corresponds to the values of parameters (m1 = 1, m2 = 1) which is not allowed for q
= 1 and l = 0. Therefore in order to get lower eigenstates we must act out the operator X on it, that
is, we have
1,0
1,0
0,0
, = X0,10,1
, = 2 sin3cos2cossin2.

5.11

On the other hand, if we act out the lowering operator X on the highest eigenstate, we will obtain
1,0
1,0
1,0
, = X1,11,1
, = 2 sin2cossincossin2,

5.12

where its further action will kill it, since the values of parameters (m1 = 1, m2 = 1) are not allowed,
hence we cannot have the eigenstate corresponding to these values of parameters. Similarly the
1,0
, state to (m1 = 0, m2 = 0) or zero weight eigenstate,
action of Y will shift 1,0

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012103-11

J. Math. Phys. 46, 012103 (2005)

Two and three dimensional Hamiltonians

1
1,0
0,0
, = Y 1,01,0
, = 2cos2 sin2sin2sincossin2.

5.13

We see that zero weight is degenerate but other eigenvalues are nondegenerate which is in agreement with the results of the preceding section. With the same procedure we can obtain the
remaining part of the spectrum, that is we have
1,0
1,0
0,1
, = X0,00,0
, = 2 sin2sin3cossin2,
1,0
1,0
1,0
, = Y 0,00,0
, = 2 sinsin2sincossin2,

5.14

and
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,1
, = Y 0, 10,1
, = X 1,01,0
, = 2 sin2cossincossin2.

5.15
We should remind that all eigenfunctions associated with the forbidden region of m1 , m2 plane
vanish. For example, the action of the operators X3Y and Y 2X2Y on highest eigenstate leads to
1
1
vanishing functions 0,2
, and 2,1
, , respectively. Also one can show that by acting the
operators XY XY and Y XY X on the highest eigenstate we obtain eigenstates which are both
1,0
1,0
, = Y X2Y 1,1
, .
proportional to Verma base 1,1
VI. THREE DIMENSIONAL HAMILTONIAN WITH ORDINARY SHAPE INVARIANCE
SYMMETRY

Here in this section we first make InonuWigner contraction8 over the generators of su(3) Lie
algebra given in (2.3)(2.6), simply by making the change of coordinate = r / R and relating the
new contracted generators to the old ones by Rc = 1 / RR, Rc3 = R3, Xc = X, Y c = 1 / RY , Rc8
= R8. Then in the limit of R the set of su (3) bases reduces to

1
sin

i
Rc = ei12 cos
+
,
2
r
r r cos 2

1
cos

i
+

+
+
Y c = ei1 sin
2
r
r r sin
1 2

i cot

+ 2i cot2
,
Xc = ei2
2

1
2
Rc3 =

Rc3,Y c = 21 Y c ,

Rc3,Xc = 21 Xc ,

,
2 1 2

Rc8 =

i3 2

2 3 1 2

6.1

6.2

6.3

6.4

with the following commutation relations:

Rc3,Rc = Rc ,

Rc8,Y c =
c
Rc ,X
= Y c ,

3
2

Y c ,

Rc8,Xc =

X+c ,Xc = Rc3 3Rc8,

3
2

Xc ,

6.5

Y c ,Xc = Rc .

Therefore, the generators Rc , R+c , Y c , and Y +c commute with each other. Also the quadratic Casimir
operator (2.8) reduces to

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012103-12

H. Panahi and M. A. Jafarizadeh

Cc =

J. Math. Phys. 46, 012103 (2005)

1
1
2 1 2
2 3 2 cot2
+
+
+
+ 2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2 +
2
r
r
r sin
r r
r
r sin

1
2
2
2
2
2
+
+
2

2
,
12
1
2
12 cos2 22

6.6

c = f 1r , Cc fr , with fr , = 1 / r cos we get

where after the similarity transformation C
c = 1 R
c Rc + Rc Rc + Y c Y c + Y c Y c
C
+
+
+
2 +
= +
+

1 2
1
1
1

2
r
+ 2
sin + 2 2
+
2
r r r r sin
r sin 2 4r2 cos2

1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
,
2 +
2 +2
2
2
r sin 1 cos 2
12
1
2
2

6.7

where Y c = Y c and Rc = Rc 1 / 4r cosei12. Now, by Fourier transforming over the coordinates 1 and 2 with the kernel eim11m22, and the similarity transformation with function
eim1m2, the above Casimir operator reduces to
Hm2 =

m22 41
1 2
1
1

2
r
+
sin

.
r2 r r r2 sin
r2 sin2 2 r2 cos2

6.8

Also after InonuWigner contraction together with the Fourier transformation, the Casimir eigenk
k
= k 2 m
provided that for finite l, we
value equation C / R2 = Eq , l / R2 reduces to Hm2m
2
2
let q , R such that q / R = finite= k, therefore, we have a hierarchy of isospectral Hamiltonians labeled by the parameter m2 and one can show that this isospectral symmetry comes from
the shape invariance symmetry of these Hamiltonians. To see this we first write the Hamiltonian
Hm2 in terms of Fourier transformed and similarity transformed lowering and rising operators,
Am2 =

B+ =

1
2m2 1
sin
cos
+
,
2
r
r 2r cos

1
1
cos

i
sin +

+
,
2
r
r r sin r sin

B =

6.9

1
cos

i
sin

,
2
r
r r sin

in the following form:

Hm2 = A+m2Am2 + B+B ,

6.10

Hm2 1 = Am2A+m2 + B+B .

6.11

Now, multiplying the eigenvalue equation

k
k
= A+m2Am2 + B+Bm
Hm2m
2

6.12

from the left-hand side by the operator Am2 and using the fact that Am2 commute with B,
we obtain

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012103-13

J. Math. Phys. 46, 012103 (2005)

Two and three dimensional Hamiltonians

k
k
Hm2 1Am2m
= k2Am2m
,
2

6.13

k
is the eigenfunction of Hm2 1 with the same eigenvalue k2, hence the
therefore, Am2m
2
operator Am2 lowers the index m2 by one unit. The similarity one shows that A+m2 raises m2
by one unit, respectively. Therefore, the Hamiltonian Hm2 possesses ordinary shape invariance
symmetry with respect to parameter m2.
For half-integer value of the parameter m2 we can obtain the continuous eigenspectrum of
these Hamiltonians (since these Hamiltonians are positive definite), simply by acting these lowering and raising operators over the eigenfunction of the free particle as follows.
Since for m2 = 21 the Hamiltonian Hm2 reduces to H 21 = 2 with the eigenvalue E = k2

k
and eigenfunction 1/2
= eik.x and for Hamiltonian Hn2 + 21 with non-negative integer n2, we

have Hn2 + 21 nk = k2nk with

2

nk2

n2

A+

j=1

j+

1 ik .x
e .
2

6.14

VII. CONCLUSION

Here in this work we have generalized the ordinary exactly solvable shape invariance Hamiltonians to Hamiltonians with non-Abelian type of shape invariance symmetry and an ordinary
shape invariance one. Again it is shown that the new kind of shape invariance symmetry has its
origin in group theory or better to say, the exact solvability of Hamiltonians are related in some
way to Lie algebras or Lie groups.
APPENDIX: DEGENERACY OF HAMILTONIAN Hlm1 , m2

In order to determine the degeneracy of Hamiltonian Hlm1 , m2 for a given value of integer
parameters m1 and m2, we should determine the range of variation of integer a3 by imposing the
inequalities (4.2).
For l 0 and 0 m2 q we have the following three different regions for integer parameter
m 1:
(I)
(II)
(III)
while
(IV)
(V)
(VI)
(VII)

m1 a3 q m2, m2 m1 q, q m1 0, degeneracy= q m2 + m1 + 1,
0 a3 q m2, 0 m1 l + m2, degeneracy= q m2 + 1,
0 a3 q + l m1, l + m2 m1 q + l, degeneracy= q + l m1 + 1,
for q l m2 0 there are another four different regions for m1,
m1 a3 q, q m1 l + m2 0, q l m2 0, degeneracy= q + m1 + 1,
m1 a3 q + l m1 + m2, l + m2 m1 0, q l m2 l, degeneracy= q + l + m2 + 1,
0 a3 q, 0 m1 l + m2, l m2 0, degeneracy= q + 1,
0 a3 q + l m1 + m2, l m1 m2 q + l, 0 m1 q + l, l q m2 0, degeneracy
= q + l m1 + m2 + 1.

For l 0 and 0 m2 q we have the following four different regions for integer parameter
m 1:
(I)
(II)
(III)
(IV)
while
(V)
(VI)
(VII)

m1 a3 q m2, l m2 m1 q, q m1 0, 0 m2 q, degeneracy= q m2 + m1
+ 1,
m1 a3 q l m1, m2 l m1 0, 0 m2 l, degeneracy= q l + 1,
0 a3 q m2, 0 m1 m2 l, l m2 q, degeneracy= q m2 + 1,
0 a3 q l m1, 0 m2 l m1 q l, 0 m2 q, degeneracy= q l m1 + 1,
for q + l m2 0 there are another three different regions for m1,
m1 a3 q, q m1 m2 l, degeneracy= q + m1 + 1,
m1 a3 q l m1 + m2, m2 l m1 0, degeneracy= q l + m2 + 1,
degeneracy= q l m1 + m2
0 a3 q l m1 + m2, m1 m2 q l, 0 m1 q l,
+ 1.

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012103-14

H. Panahi and M. A. Jafarizadeh

J. Math. Phys. 46, 012103 (2005)

For given values of the integer parameters q, l, m1, and m2 the eigenspectrum of Hamiltonian
Hlm1 , m2 exists in the above seven regions of the m1 , m2 plane (see Fig. 1 for l 0 and Fig. 2
for l 0). Therefore for given values of m1 and m2 the eigenspectrum can be obtained simply by
consecutive application of lowering operators over the highest eigenweight according to the paths
shown in Figs. 1 and 2.
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