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Genetics and Cell Biology Exam 1 Study Guide
Genetics and Cell Biology Exam 1 Study Guide
Genetics and Cell Biology Exam 1 Study Guide
Organic Compounds
-Four most common elements are H, C, O, N
Types of Bonds
-Covalent Bonds
-shared electrons in valence shell
-Polar covalent bonds have an unequal attraction for electrons due to
the difference in electronegativity
-Non-polar covalent bonds have an equal attraction or electronegativity
for electrons
-ALL COVALENT BONDS ARE STRONG (about 90 kcal/mol to disrupt or
create)
-double bonds are stronger and shorter than single bonds
-Noncovalent Bonds
-no shared electrons
-weak bonds, but sum of non-covalent bonds can be strong
-4 non-covalent bonds important in cells:
1. ionic bonds (strongest)
2. hydrogen bonds
3. hydrophobic interactions
4. van der Waals forces (dispersion, London) (weakest)
-ionic bonds
-Ionization:
-Cation donates electron, + charge
-Anion accepts electron, - charge
-Electrostatic attraction can also occur between partially
charged atoms (VERY STRONG IN ABSENCE OF WATER)
-Opposite charged ionized atoms attracted to each other
-Strong absence of H2O
-Hydrogen bonds
-2 atoms share one hydrogen
-Occurs between polar atoms
-Any atoms with polar covalent bonds can form H-bonds
with water
-Very weak bond, 1-5 kcal/mol
-Hydrophobic interactions
-fear of water
-nonpolar molecules in water associate with each other
-van der Waals attractions
-between any two atoms
-As two atoms get closer fluctuations in electric charges increase
attractions, too close and they repel
-IMPORTANT IN PROTEIN STRUCTURE WHEN PROTEINS FIT
CLOSELY TOGETHER, SUM OF ALL VAN DER WAALS CAN BE STRONG
Water
-polar
-forms hydrogen bonds (cohesive)
-effects solubility of other molecules
Hydrophilic soluble in water
Hydrophobic insoluble in water
-Acids and Bases
-highly polar molecules dissolved in water
-Acids donate H+
-Bases accept H+
-pH measures concentration of H+ in solutions in mol/L (pH=-log[H+])
-weak acids and bases only partially ionized in water
Carbon
-almost all molecules in cell are based on carbon=organic molecules
-carbon can form covalent bonds with 5 different atoms (C,O,H,P,N)
-saturated and unsaturated bonds
-each carbon atom can form a total of 4 covalent bonds
-single C-C bond
-single pair of electrons shared
-each C bound to three other atoms=saturated
-free rotation
-double C=C bond
-2 pairs of electrons shared
-each C bound to two other atoms=unsaturated
-fixed = no rotation
Organic Macromolecules in Cell
-Monomers = subunits
-polymers = macromolecules
-monosaccharides polysaccharides
-fatty acids lipids/fats
-amino acids proteins
-nucleotides nucleic acids
-covalent bonds between subunits formed by condensation or dehydration
synthesis reaction-molecule of water expelled
-covalent bonds broken by hydrolysis reaction molecule of water consumed
-both reactions require energy and enzymes
-macromolecules formed by adding subunits to one end of growing polymer
in a specific order
-covalent bonds between subunits form macromolecules
-noncovalent bonds cause many macromolecules to fold
-non-covalent bonds allow interactions between macromolecules
-high energy molecules
-supply energy for biological work
-ATP
-special nucleotide used to produce macromolecules