1.

The diagram below shows a spirometer, which can be used to measure lung volumes in humans.

C h a rt re c o rd e r

W r itin g p e n

W a te r le v e l

M o v a b le lid

C o u n te r b a la n c e

H in g e

S o d a lim e
c o n ta in e r
O xygen
in le t

(a)

M o u th p ie c e

State the purpose of the soda lime in the spirometer.

....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

Describe how you would use a spirometer to measure a persons vital capacity.
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...

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...
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(4)

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(c)

In an investigation, the tidal volumes and breathing rates of two students, Kim
and Jo, were measured. The results are shown in the table below.

(i)

Student

Tidal volume / cm3

Breathing rate
/ breaths per minute

Kim

500

18

Jo

475

16

Explain what is meant by the term tidal volume.

........................................................................................................................
..
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..
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..
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..
(2)

(ii)

The minute volume is the volume of air breathed in, or the volume of air
breathed out, per minute. Use the data in the table to calculate Kims minute
volume. Show your working.

Answer ....................................................
(2)

Ringwood School

(iii)

After Jos tidal volume and breathing rate were measured and recorded, she held
her breath for thirty seconds, then resumed breathing. Suggest what effect this
would have had on her tidal volume and breathing rate, giving reasons for your
answer.
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(3)
(Total 12 marks)

2.

Diagram A and diagram B below show recordings of the breathing patterns of a person.
In diagram A the person is at rest. In diagram B the person has just finished a period of
strenuous exercise.

V o lu m e o f a ir /d m

D ia g r a m A : a t r e s t

0 .5 d m

0
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10

20
T im e / s

30

40
4

Ringwood School

V o lu m e o f a ir /d m

D ia g r a m B : a f t e r e x e r c is e

0 .5 d m

(a)

10

20
T im e / s

30

40

Calculate the mean tidal volume between 10 and 30 seconds when the person is
at rest. Show your working.

Answer .................................
(2)

Ringwood School

(b)

The ventilation rate of a person can be calculated by multiplying the rate of

breathing by the depth of breathing. Use diagram B to calculate the
ventilation rate of the person during the first 10 seconds after exercise. Show
your working.

Answer .................................
(2)

(c)

Using the data in the recordings, compare the breathing patterns of this person
before and after exercise.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(3)

(d)

This person then undertook a physical training programme.

(i)

Describe and explain two differences that you would expect to see in the
breathing patterns of this person following exercise as a result of the
training programme.
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(4)

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(ii)

Suggest how the training programme might affect the cardiac output of the
person.
...
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(2)
(Total 13 marks)

3.

(a)

Explain what is meant by the term vital capacity.

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(2)

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(b)

The graph below shows a recording of lung volumes (a spirogram) from a healthy
student.

V o lu m e / c m

100 cm

5
4
T im e / s

From the recording, determine the tidal volume. Show your working.

Answer ........................................
(2)

Ringwood School

(c)

Describe the effect of a small increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in

inspired air on the breathing of a person.
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)

4.

The diagram below shows part of a metabolic pathway which occurs in mitochondria.

c is -a c o n ita te

is o c itra te

o x a lo s u c c in a te

N A D

(a)

N A D H + H

Explain what is meant by the term metabolic pathway.

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(2)

(b)

Suggest what happens to the NADH + H formed during the conversion of

isocitrate to oxalosuccinate.
.................................................................................................................................
...........

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10

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(2)

(c)

The conversion of cis-aconitate to isocitrate is catalysed by the enzyme

aconitase. The leaves of some plants contain a substance called fluoroacetate. If
this is eaten by animals, it is absorbed into their cells where it is converted to
fluorocitrate. Fluorocitrate is an inhibitor of the enzyme aconitase.
Suggest what effect fluorocitrate would have on the production of ATP by
mitochondria. Give an explanation for your answer.
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(4)
(Total 8 marks)

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5.

(a)

The diagram below shows a spirometer. This apparatus is used to measure the
volume of air breathed in and out and the frequency of breathing under different
conditions.

A spirometer was used to compare a persons breathing at rest and during exercise.
The results are shown in the graphs below.
During exercise

V o lu m e o f o x y g e n / d m

At rest

1 dm

1 dm

10

15

20
T im e / s

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25

30

35

10

15

20

25

30

35

T im e / s

12

The minute volume is the volume of oxygen taken into the lungs in one minute,
and is calculated by multiplying the tidal volume by the breathing rate.
(i)

Using the information in the graphs, calculate the minute volume at rest.
Show your working.

Answer ........................................
(2)

(ii)

Calculate the increase in the minute volume that occurred in this person as
a result of the exercise. Show your working.

Answer ........................................
(2)

(b)

Cardiac output also increases during exercise.

(i)

State what is meant by cardiac output.

........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
(1)

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13

(ii)

Explain how increases in minute volume and cardiac output during exercise
enable rapid delivery of oxygen to muscles during exercise.
........................................................................................................................
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...
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(2)
(Total 7 marks)

6.

(a)

Explain how nerve impulses are conducted along a myelinated axon after an
action potential has been initiated. You should write your answer in continuous
prose.
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(6)

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(b)

Habituation is a type of learning that allows animals to ignore repeated

unimportant stimuli. For example, snails withdraw their tentacles when the
tentacles are gently touched, but if the tentacles are repeatedly stimulated in this
way they are no longer withdrawn.

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16

The diagram below shows a synapse involved in this type of response.

C a lc iu m
channel

N eu ro n e 1

Ca

2+

N eu ro n e 2

With repeated stimulation the calcium channels become less responsive. Using
the diagram of the synapse and your own knowledge, suggest how changes in
the functioning of the synapse might bring about habituation.
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(4)
(Total 10 marks)

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7.

(a)

The diagram below shows a spirometer, used to measure lung volumes in

humans.

(i)

State the function of the soda lime.

........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
(1)

Ringwood School

19

(ii)

Describe how you would use a spirometer to measure the tidal volume of
a person.
........................................................................................................................
...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
(3)

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20

(b)

The graph below shows a spirometer record (spirogram) from a healthy person.
p e rs o n b re a th e d
o u t fu lly

V o lu m e
/ dm 3

p e rs o n b re a th e d
in fu lly

4 .5
4 .0
3 .5
3 .0
2 .5
2 .0
1 .5
1 .0
0 .5
0 .0

12

16

20

24

28

32

36

T im e / s
From the recording, find the vital capacity of the person.
Answer ..................................................... dm

(1)
(Total 5 marks)

8.

(a)

Explain the meaning of the term respiratory minute volume.

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....
(1)

Ringwood School

21

(b)

The normal percentage of carbon dioxide in inspired (breathed in) air is 0.03%.
The graph below shows the effect of increasing the percentage of carbon dioxide
on the respiratory minute volume (VE) at rest.
The effect is expressed as a percentage above the resting minute volume when
carbon dioxide is at normal levels.

P e rc e n ta g e in c re a s e in
re s p ira to ry m in u te v o lu m e

250
200
150
100
50
0

(i)

0 .5
1 .0
1 .5
2 .0
2 .5
3 .0
3 .5
4 .0
4 .5
C o n c e n tra tio n o f c a rb o n d io x id e in in s p ire d a ir (% )

The respiratory minute volume of an adult male is approximately 8 dm min

1
when breathing air containing 0.03% carbon dioxide.

Use the graph to calculate the respiratory minute volume of this man when
the percentage carbon dioxide in inspired air is 1.5%.
Show your working

Answer .
(3)

Ringwood School

22

(ii)

Explain how this increase in minute volume is brought about.

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(4)

(c)

The diagram below shows the structure of a stretch receptor. These are found in
smooth muscle around the bronchi and bronchioles of the lungs and in the
muscles of the chest wall and diaphragm.

Ringwood School

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M o to r
n e u ro n e s

S en so ry
n e u ro n e s

Ringwood School

24

Explain the role of stretch receptors in the control of breathing.

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(3)
(Total 11 marks)

9.

(a)

Explain the meaning of the following terms.

Breathing
rate .............................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
....
Tidal
volume ...........................................................................................................
....
.................................................................................................................................
....
(2)

Ringwood School

25

(b)

The graph below shows the changes that occur to the breathing rate and tidal
volume as exercise intensity increases.
50
40
B re a th in g
ra te / b re a th s
m in 1

30
20
10
0

3
T id a l
v o lu m e / d m

Ringwood School

50

100
150
200
E x e rc is e in te n s ity / a rb itra ry u n its

250

26

Describe the effect of increasing exercise intensity on the breathing rate and tidal
volume.
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(3)
(Total 5 marks)

10.

The picture below shows the response of a cats pupil to bright light.

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(a)

(i)

Describe how the nervous system controls the pupil reflex in a mammal
such as a cat, in response to bright light.
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(4)

(ii)

Describe and explain how myelination of neurones is an advantage in this

reflex pathway.
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........................................................................................................................
...
(3)

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(b)

Hubel and Weisel covered one eye of kittens of different ages to investigate the
timing of visual development in mammals.
Kittens which had one eye covered from the fourth to the fifth week subsequently
had very poor vision in that eye. Kittens which had one eye covered at earlier or
later times had normal vision. Suggest an explanation for these observations.
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(3)

(c)

Some people have ethical objections to animal experiments. Suggest how a

biologist might justify the use of animals in experiments.
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(2)
(Total 12 marks)

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11.

The diagram below shows a simple respirometer used to investigate gas exchange in
germinating seeds.

1 cm

s y rin g e

S c a le

C o n ta in e r o f g e rm in a tin g s e e d s

R o ll o f filte r p a p e r
P o ta s s iu m h y d ro x id e s o lu tio n

C a p illa ry tu b e c o n ta in in g c o lo u re d liq u id

(a)

Suggest a function for each of the following.

(i)

The syringe
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
(1)

(ii)

The potassium hydroxide solution

........................................................................................................................
...
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...
(1)

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(b)

Suggest why immersing the respirometer in a water bath helps to ensure that the
results are reliable.
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(2)

(c)

In an investigation to measure the rate of oxygen uptake by the seeds, the

coloured liquid moved 12 mm up the right hand side of the capillary tube in 15
2
minutes. The cross-sectional area of the capillary tube is 0.19 mm .
Calculate the volume of oxygen taken up per minute by the seeds.
Show your working.

Answer = ................................... mm oxygen min

(3)
(Total 7 marks)

Ringwood School

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12.

(a)

The diagram below shows the structure of a spirometer, which can be used to
measure lung volumes in humans.
C h a rt re c o rd e r

W ritin g p e n

W a te r le v e l

M o v a b le lid

C o u n te r b a la n c e

H in g e

S o d a lim e
c o n ta in e r

M o u th p ie c e
O xygen
in le t

(i)

Explain the importance of the soda lime in the spirometer.

........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
(2)

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(ii)

Suggest how you could use this spirometer to measure the vital capacity
of a person.
........................................................................................................................
...
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...
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...
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(3)

(b)

An investigation was carried out into the effect of cycling speed on the breathing
rate of a healthy student. In this investigation, an exercise bicycle was used.
The breathing rate of the student was measured at rest. He then cycled at 10 km
per hour for 2 minutes and, immediately after, his breathing rate was recorded.
He rested for 5 minutes, before cycling at 15 km per hour for 2 minutes, after
which his breathing rate was again measured.
This investigation was repeated at cycling speeds of 20 and 25 km per hour.
The student rested for 5 minutes between each period of cycling.
The results are shown in the table below.
Cycling speed / km h

Ringwood School

Breathing rate / breaths min

0 (rest)

12

10

14

15

17

20

20

25

27

34

(i)

Calculate the percentage increase in breathing rate, as the cycling speed

increased from 10 km per hour to 25 km per hour. Show your working.

Answer = ....................................... %
(2)

(ii)

Suggest an explanation for these results.

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...
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(2)
(Total 9 marks)

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13.

Research on visual development in cats has led to knowledge of how information is

processed in the visual cortex of the brain. The diagrams below show the growth of
neurones in part of the visual cortex after normal visual development and when the left
eye has been deprived of sensory information.
N o r m a l V is u a l D e v e lo p m e n t

S e n s o r y D e p r iv a tio n in th e
L e ft E y e

L e ft
eye

(a)

R ig h t
eye

C lo s e d
le ft e y e

R ig h t
eye

Use the diagrams above to describe differences in the visual cortex after sensory
deprivation.
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(2)

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(b)

Explain how this type of experiment has provided evidence which shows the
need for exposure to sensory information in normal visual development.
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(2)

(c)

Describe one other piece of evidence which suggests that humans must be
exposed to particular stimuli if they are to develop normal vision.
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(1)
(Total 5 marks)

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14.

(a)

A study was carried out to investigate the effects of training on the ventilation rate
of the lungs during excercise. The graph below shows the effect of a five minute
period of exercise on the ventilation rate of two individuals. One individual has
followed a training programme and the other individual has not.

T ra in e d
in d iv id u a l

V e n tila tio n r a te / d m

m in

140
120

U n tra in e d
in d iv id u a l

100
80
60
40
20
0

T im e / m in s

(i)

Compare the effects of this exercise on the ventilation rate of the two
individuals.
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...
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(2)

Ringwood School

38

(ii)

Suggest what other information would be needed to allow a valid

comparison to be made of the effect of a training programme on ventilation
rate.
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(3)

(b)

An athlete was having difficulties with the control of his ventilation rate.
The diagram below shows four nerves labelled A, B, C and D involved in the
control of ventilation.

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39

N erv e C
N e rv e B

N erv e A
N e rv e D

F ro m
h e a rt

A o rta

H e a rt
To
body

Ringwood School

D ia p h ra g m

40

Damage to any of these four nerves would affect the control of ventilation. For
each of the descriptions below, state which of the nerves labelled A, B, C or D
would have been damaged. Put a cross in the box corresponding to the correct
letter.
(i)

Nerve impulses from the aortic body would not reach the respiratory centre.
A

(ii)

Nerve impulses would not reach the respiratory centre from the stretch
receptors.
A

(iv)

Nerve impulses from the respiratory centre would not reach the diaphragm.
A

(iii)

Nerve impulses from the carotid body would not reach the respiratory
centre.
A

D
(4)
(Total 9 marks)

15.

Sea slugs are marine invertebrates with gills for gas exchange on their body surface. A
sea slug is able to withdraw its gill when touched. In an investigation into this response,
the gill was touched and the time taken for the gill to be exposed again after withdrawal
was measured. This was repeated at half-minute intervals. The table below shows the
results of this investigation.
Touch
Time taken for gill to be exposed again / seconds

Ringwood School

First

23.0

Second

9.0

Third

16.0

Fourth

4.5

Fifth

7.5

Sixth

6.5

Seventh

6.0

Eighth

4.5

Ninth

5.5

Tenth

6.5

41

(a)

Describe the effect of repeated touching on the time taken for the gill to be
exposed again.
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(3)

(b)

Name the type of learning shown by a sea slug in this investigation.

.................................................................................................................................
....
(1)

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42

(c)

Explain how this learned response may be of benefit to the sea slug in its natural
environment.
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(4)
(Total 8 marks)

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