Professional Documents
Culture Documents
United States
United States
1 Etymology
See also: Names for United States citizens and Names of
the United States
2 HISTORY
History
2.2 Settlements
Further information: European colonization of the
Americas and Thirteen Colonies
After Columbus' rst voyage to the New World in 1492,
2.3
other explorers followed with settlement into the Floridas and the American Southwest.[65][66] There were also
some French attempts to colonize the east coast, and
later more successful settlements along the Mississippi
River. Successful English settlement on the eastern coast
of North America began with the Virginia Colony in
1607 at Jamestown and the Pilgrims Plymouth Colony in
1620. Early experiments in communal living failed until
the introduction of private farm holdings.[67] Many settlers were dissenting Christian groups who came seeking
religious freedom. The continents rst elected legislative assembly, Virginias House of Burgesses created in
1619, and the Mayower Compact, signed by the Pilgrims before disembarking, established precedents for
the pattern of representative self-government and constitutionalism that would develop throughout the American
colonies.[68][69]
3
America were established.[78] All had local governments with elections open to most free men, with a
growing devotion to the ancient rights of Englishmen
and a sense of self-government stimulating support for
republicanism.[79] With extremely high birth rates, low
death rates, and steady settlement, the colonial population grew rapidly. Relatively small Native American
populations were eclipsed.[80] The Christian revivalist
movement of the 1730s and 1740s known as the Great
Awakening fueled interest in both religion and religious
liberty.[81]
In the French and Indian War, British forces seized
Canada from the French, but the francophone population
remained politically isolated from the southern colonies.
Excluding the Native Americans, who were being conquered and displaced, those 13 colonies had a population of over 2.1 million in 1770, about one-third that
of Britain. Despite continuing new arrivals, the rate
of natural increase was such that by the 1770s only a
small minority of Americans had been born overseas.[82]
The colonies distance from Britain had allowed the development of self-government, but their success motivated monarchs to periodically seek to reassert royal
authority.[83]
The Declaration of Independence: the Committee of Five presenting their draft to the Second Continental Congress in 1776
2 HISTORY
2.6
Ellis Island in New York City was a major gateway for European
immigration.
2.5
Industrialization
2 HISTORY
2.7
the other. The U.S. developed a policy of containment towards the expansion of communist inuence. While the
U.S. and Soviet Union engaged in proxy wars and developed powerful nuclear arsenals, the two countries avoided
direct military conict.
The U.S. often opposed Third World movements that
it viewed as Soviet-sponsored. American troops fought
communist Chinese and North Korean forces in the
Korean War of 195053.[133] The Soviet Unions 1957
launch of the rst articial satellite and its 1961 launch
of the rst manned spaceight initiated a "Space Race"
in which the United States became the rst nation to land
a man on the moon in 1969.[133] A proxy war in Southeast
Asia eventually evolved into full American participation,
as the Vietnam War.[fn 4]
At home, the U.S. experienced sustained economic expansion and a rapid growth of its population and middle class. Construction of an Interstate Highway System transformed the nations infrastructure over the following decades. Millions moved from farms and inner
cities to large suburban housing developments.[140][141]
In 1959 Hawaii became the 50th and last state added
to the US.[142] A growing civil rights movement used
nonviolence to confront segregation and discrimination,
with Martin Luther King, Jr. becoming a prominent
leader and gurehead. A combination of court decisions and legislation, culminating in the Civil Rights Act
of 1964, sought to end racial discrimination.[143][144][145]
Meanwhile, a counterculture movement grew which was
fueled by opposition to the Vietnam war, black nationalism, and the sexual revolution. The launch of a "War on
Poverty" expanded entitlement and welfare spending.[146]
The 1970s and early 1980s saw the onset of stagation.
After his election in 1980, President Ronald Reagan responded to economic stagnation with freemarket oriented reforms. Following the collapse of
dtente, he abandoned containment and initiated
the more aggressive "rollback" strategy towards the
USSR.[147][148][149][150][151] After a surge in female labor
participation over the previous decade, by 1985 the ma-
7
jority of women aged 16 and over were employed.[152] ended in June 2009.[166]
The late 1980s brought a "thaw" in relations with the
USSR, and its collapse in 1991 nally ended the Cold
War.[153][154][155][156]
3 Geography,
ronment
2.8
Contemporary history
View of the Atlantic coast of the United States from the International Space Station. The New York City area is visible in the
lower right quadrant. Philadelphia and Washington D.C. are
near the center.
Beginning in 1994, the U.S. entered into the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), linking 450 million people producing $17 trillion worth of goods and
services. The goal of the agreement was to eliminate
trade and investment barriers among the U.S., Canada,
and Mexico by January 1, 2008; trade among the part- The United States is the worlds third or fourth largest naners has soared since the agreement went into force.[162] tion by total area (land and water), ranking behind RusBarack Obama, the rst African American,[163] and sia and Canada and just above or below China. The
multiracial[164] president, was elected in 2008 amid the ranking varies depending on how two territories disputed
Great Recession,[165] which began in December 2007 and by China and India are counted and how the total size
The bald eagle has been the national bird of the United States
since 1782.
3.1
Wildlife
4.1
Population
Demographics
4.1
Population
According to a survey conducted by the Williams Institute, nine million Americans, or roughly 3.4% of
the adult population identify themselves as homosexual,
bisexual, or transgender.[211][212] A 2012 Gallup poll also
concluded that 3.5% of adult Americans identied as
LGBT. The highest percentage came from the District
of Columbia (10%), while the lowest state was North
Dakota at 1.7%.[213] In a 2013 survey, the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention found that 96.6% of
Americans identify as straight, while 1.6% identify as gay
or lesbian, and 0.7% identify as being bisexual.[214]
In 2010, the U.S. population included an estimated 5.2
million people with some American Indian or Alaska Native ancestry (2.9 million exclusively of such ancestry)
and 1.2 million with some native Hawaiian or Pacic island ancestry (0.5 million exclusively).[215] The census
counted more than 19 million people of Some Other
Race who were unable to identify with any of its ve
ocial race categories in 2010.[215]
The population growth of Hispanic and Latino Americans (the terms are ocially interchangeable) is a major demographic trend. The 50.5 million Americans
of Hispanic descent[215] are identied as sharing a distinct "ethnicity" by the Census Bureau; 64% of Hispanic Americans are of Mexican descent.[216] Between
2000 and 2010, the countrys Hispanic population increased 43% while the non-Hispanic population rose just
4.9%.[217] Much of this growth is from immigration; in
2007, 12.6% of the U.S. population was foreign-born,
with 54% of that gure born in Latin America.[218]
Fertility is also a factor; in 2010 the average Hispanic
woman gave birth to 2.35 children in her lifetime, compared to 1.97 for non-Hispanic black women and 1.79 for
non-Hispanic white women (both below the replacement
rate of 2.1).[219] Minorities (as dened by the Census
Bureau as all those beside non-Hispanic, non-multiracial
whites) constituted 36.3% of the population in 2010
(this is nearly 40% in 2015),[220] and over 50% of children under age one,[221] and are projected to constitute
the majority by 2042.[222] This contradicts the report
by the National Vital Statistics Reports, based on the
U.S. census data, which concludes that 54% (2,162,406
out of 3,999,386 in 2010) of births were non-Hispanic
white.[219]
10
4 DEMOGRAPHICS
Houston).[224] There are 52 metropolitan areas with populations greater than one million.[225] Of the 50 fastestgrowing metro areas, 47 are in the West or South.[226] The
metro areas of San Bernardino, Dallas, Houston, Atlanta,
and Phoenix all grew by more than a million people between 2000 and 2008.[225]
4.3 Religion
4.2
Language
tants, while 15% are Mainline and 7% belong to a traditionally Black church. Roman Catholicism in the United
States has its origin in the Spanish and French colonization of the Americas, and later grew because of Irish, Ital-
11
ian, Polish, German and Hispanic immigration. Rhode
Island is the only state where a majority of the population is Catholic. Lutheranism in the U.S. has its origin in
immigration from Northern Europe and Germany. North
and South Dakota are the only states in which a plurality
of the population is Lutheran. Presbyterianism was introduced in North America by Scottish and Ulster Scots immigrants. Although it has spread across the United States,
it is heavily concentrated on the East Coast. Dutch Reformed congregations were founded rst in New Amsterdam (New York City) before spreading westward. Utah
is the only state where Mormonism is the religion of the
majority of the population. The Mormon Corridor also
extends to parts of Idaho, Nevada and Wyoming.[257]
The United States is the worlds oldest surviving federation. It is a constitutional republic and
representative democracy, in which majority rule is
tempered by minority rights protected by law".[268] The
government is regulated by a system of checks and
balances dened by the U.S. Constitution, which serves
as the countrys supreme legal document.[269] For 2014,
The Bible Belt is an informal term for a region in the the U.S. ranked 19th on the Democracy Index[270] and
Southern United States in which socially conservative 17th on the Corruption Perceptions Index.[271]
Evangelical Protestantism is a signicant part of the culture and Christian church attendance across the denomi- In the American federalist system, citizens are usually
nations is generally higher than the nations average. By subject to three levels of government: federal, state, and
contrast, religion plays the least important role in New local. The local government's duties are commonly split
between county and municipal governments. In almost
England and in the Western United States.[245]
all cases, executive and legislative ocials are elected
by a plurality vote of citizens by district. There is no
proportional representation at the federal level, and it is
rare at lower levels.[272]
4.4
Family structure
Congress
House of
1
Representatives
Vice
President
Senate2
Cabinet
Armed Forces
Federal
Executive Oce
2
State4
State Courts
Legislation
Supreme Court
President
Electoral College
State Legislature
Governors
4
Enfranchised people (normally 18 years and older)
Legislative branch
Executive branch
Judicial branch
elects
appoints or controls
5
veto-power / can repeal
approves
12
with Senate approval, interpret laws and overturn the President of the United States. Each state has presithose they nd unconstitutional.[276]
dential electors equal to the number of their Representatives and Senators in Congress, the District of Columbia
[287]
The House of Representatives has 435 voting members, has three.
each representing a congressional district for a two-year Congressional Districts are reapportioned among the
term. House seats are apportioned among the states by states following each decennial Census of Population.
population every tenth year. At the 2010 census, seven Each state then draws single member districts to conform
states had the minimum of one representative, while Cal- with the census apportionment. The total number of Repifornia, the most populous state, had 53.[277]
resentatives is 435, and delegate Members of Congress
The Senate has 100 members with each state having two
senators, elected at-large to six-year terms; one third of
Senate seats are up for election every other year. The
President serves a four-year term and may be elected
to the oce no more than twice. The President is not
elected by direct vote, but by an indirect electoral college
system in which the determining votes are apportioned to
the states and the District of Columbia.[278] The Supreme
Court, led by the Chief Justice of the United States, has
nine members, who serve for life.[279]
The state governments are structured in roughly similar fashion; Nebraska uniquely has a unicameral Main articles: Politics of the United States and Political
legislature.[280] The governor (chief executive) of each ideologies in the United States
state is directly elected. Some state judges and cabinet The United States has operated under a two-party system
ocers are appointed by the governors of the respective
states, while others are elected by popular vote.
The original text of the Constitution establishes the structure and responsibilities of the federal government and its
relationship with the individual states. Article One protects the right to the great writ of habeas corpus. The
Constitution has been amended 27 times;[281] the rst ten
amendments, which make up the Bill of Rights, and the
Fourteenth Amendment form the central basis of Americans individual rights. All laws and governmental procedures are subject to judicial review and any law ruled by
the courts to be in violation of the Constitution is voided.
The principle of judicial review, not explicitly mentioned
in the Constitution, was established by the Supreme Court President Obama meets with congressional leadership in 2011
in Marbury v. Madison (1803)[282] in a decision handed
for most of its history.[290] For elective oces at most
down by Chief Justice John Marshall.[283]
levels, state-administered primary elections choose the
major party nominees for subsequent general elections.
Since the general election of 1856, the major parties
5.1 Political divisions
have been the Democratic Party, founded in 1824, and
Main articles: Political divisions of the United States, the Republican Party, founded in 1854. Since the Civil
U.S. state, Territories of the United States, List of states War, only one third-party presidential candidateformer
and territories of the United States and Indian reservation president Theodore Roosevelt, running as a Progressive
Further information: Territorial evolution of the United in 1912has won as much as 20% of the popular vote.
States and United States territorial acquisitions
The third-largest political party is the Libertarian Party.
The President and Vice-president are elected through the
[291]
The United States is a federal republic of 50 states, a Electoral College system.
federal district, ve territories and eleven uninhabited island possessions.[285] The states and territories are the
principal administrative districts in the country. These
are divided into subdivisions of counties and independent
cities. The District of Columbia is a federal district which
contains the capital of the United States, Washington
DC.[286] The states and the District of Columbia choose
5.4
Government nance
13
of the G7,[298] G20, and Organisation for Economic
Co-operation and Development. Almost all countries
have embassies in Washington, D.C., and many have
consulates around the country. Likewise, nearly all nations host American diplomatic missions. However, Iran,
North Korea, Bhutan, and the Republic of China (Taiwan) do not have formal diplomatic relations with the
United States (although the U.S. still maintains relations
with Taiwan and supplies it with military equipment).[299]
The United Nations Headquarters has been in Midtown Manhattan since 1952.
eign relations. It is a permanent member of the United U.S. taxation is generally progressive, especially the fedNations Security Council, and New York City is home eral income taxes, and is among the most progressive
to the United Nations Headquarters. It is a member in the developed world.[314][315][316][317][318] The high-
14
National debt
15
Department of Homeland Security in peacetime and by
the Department of the Navy during times of war. In
2008, the armed forces had 1.4 million personnel on active duty. The Reserves and National Guard brought the
total number of troops to 2.3 million. The Department
of Defense also employed about 700,000 civilians, not
including contractors.[338]
Military service is voluntary, though conscription may occur in wartime through the Selective Service System.[339]
American forces can be rapidly deployed by the Air
Forces large eet of transport aircraft, the Navys 10 active aircraft carriers, and Marine expeditionary units at Law enforcement in the U.S. is maintained primarily by local posea with the Navys Atlantic and Pacic eets. The mil- lice departments. The New York City Police Department (NYPD)
[350]
itary operates 865 bases and facilities abroad,[340] and is the largest in the country.
maintains deployments greater than 100 active duty personnel in 25 foreign countries.[341]
erates on a common law. State courts conduct most crimThe military budget of the United States in 2011 was
inal trials; federal courts handle certain designated crimes
more than $700 billion, 41% of global military spendas well as certain appeals from the state criminal courts.
ing and equal to the next 14 largest national military exPlea bargaining in the United States is very common; the
penditures combined. At 4.7% of GDP, the rate was the
vast majority of criminal cases in the country are settled
second-highest among the top 15 military spenders, afby plea bargain rather than jury trial.[352]
[342]
ter Saudi Arabia.
U.S. defense spending as a percentage of GDP ranked 23rd globally in 2012 according to In 2012 there were 4.7 murders per 100,000 persons in
the CIA.[343] Defenses share of U.S. spending has gen- the United States, a 54% decline from the modern peak of
[353]
In 20012, the United States had aboveerally declined in recent decades, from Cold War peaks 10.2 in 1980.
of 14.2% of GDP in 1953 and 69.5% of federal outlays average levels of violent crime and particularly high levels
[354]
in 1954 to 4.7% of GDP and 18.8% of federal outlays in of gun violence compared to other developed nations.
[344]
A cross-sectional analysis of the World Health Organiza2011.
tion Mortality Database from 2003 showed that United
The proposed base Department of Defense budget for
States homicide rates were 6.9 times higher than rates in
2012, $553 billion, was a 4.2% increase over 2011;
the other high-income countries, driven by rearm homian additional $118 billion was proposed for the milcide rates that were 19.5 times higher.[355] Gun owner[345]
itary campaigns in Iraq and Afghanistan.
The last
ship rights continue to be the subject of contentious poAmerican troops serving in Iraq departed in December
litical debate. The FBIs Uniform Crime Reports esti[346]
2011;
4,484 service members were killed during the
mates that there were 3,246 violent and property crimes
[347]
Iraq War.
Approximately 90,000 U.S. troops were
per 100,000 residents in 2012, for a total of over 9 million
serving in Afghanistan in April 2012;[348] by Novemtotal crimes.[356]
ber 8, 2013 2,285 had been killed during the War in
Capital punishment is sanctioned in the United States
Afghanistan.[349]
for certain federal and military crimes, and used in 31
states.[357][358] No executions took place from 1967 to
1977, owing in part to a U.S. Supreme Court ruling striking down arbitrary imposition of the death penalty. In
6 Law enforcement and crime
1976, that Court ruled that, under appropriate circumMain articles: Law enforcement in the United States and stances, capital punishment may constitutionally be imposed. Since the decision there have been more than
Crime in the United States
place in three
See also: Law of the United States, Capital punishment 1,300 executions, a majority of these taking
[359]
Oklahoma.
Meanwhile,
states:
Texas,
Virginia,
and
in the United States, Second Amendment to the United
several
states
have
either
abolished
or
struck
down death
States Constitution and Human rights in the United States
penalty
laws.
In
2014,
the
country
had
the
fth
highest
Justice system
number
of
executions
in
the
world,
following
China,
Iran,
Law enforcement in the United States is primarily the re[360]
Saudi
Arabia,
and
Iraq.
sponsibility of local police and sheri's departments, with
state police providing broader services. Federal agencies
such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and
the U.S. Marshals Service have specialized duties, including protecting civil rights, national security and enforcing
U.S. federal courts' rulings and federal laws.[351] At the
federal level and in almost every state, a legal system op-
The United States has the highest documented incarceration rate and total prison population in the world.[361]
At the start of 2008, more than 2.3 million people were
incarcerated, more than one in every 100 adults.[362] At
year end 2012, the combined U.S. adult correctional systems supervised about 6,937,600 oenders. About 1 in
16
every 35 adult residents in the United States was under
some form of correctional supervision at yearend 2012,
the lowest rate observed since 1997.[363] The prison population has quadrupled since 1980.[364] However, the imprisonment rate for all prisoners sentenced to more than
a year in state or federal facilities is 478 per 100,000
in 2013[365] and the rate for pre-trial/remand prisoners is 153 per 100,000 residents in 2012.[366] AfricanAmerican males are jailed at about six times the rate
of white males and three times the rate of Hispanic
males.[367] The countrys high rate of incarceration is
largely due to changes in sentencing guidelines and drug
policies.[368] According to the Federal Bureau of Prisons,
the majority of inmates held in federal prisons are convicted of drug oenses.[369] The privatization of prisons
and prison services which began in the 1980s has been
a subject of debate.[370][371] In 2008, Louisiana had the
highest incarceration rate,[372] and Maine the lowest.[373]
In 2012, Louisiana had the highest rate of murder and
non-negligent manslaughter in the U.S., and New Hampshire the lowest.[374]
7 ECONOMY
capita and sixth in GDP per capita at PPP.[384] The U.S.
dollar is the worlds primary reserve currency.[387]
The United States is the largest importer of goods and
second largest exporter, though exports per capita are
relatively low. In 2010, the total U.S. trade decit was
$635 billion.[388] Canada, China, Mexico, Japan, and
Germany are its top trading partners.[389] In 2010, oil
was the largest import commodity, while transportation
equipment was the countrys largest export.[388] Japan is
the largest foreign holder of U.S. public debt.[390] The
largest holder of the U.S. debt are American entities, including federal government accounts and the Federal Reserve, who hold the majority of the debt.[391][392][393][394]
The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute,
SIPRI, found that the United States arms industry was the
worlds biggest exporter of major weapons from 2005
2009,[395] and remained the largest exporter of major
weapons during a period between 20102014, followed
by Russia, China (PRC), and Germany.[396]
The USs nominal GDP is estimated to be $17.528 trillion as of 2014[385] From 1983 to 2008, U.S. real compounded annual GDP growth was 3.3%, compared to a
2.3% weighted average for the rest of the G7.[386] The Consumer spending comprises 68% of the U.S. economy
country ranks ninth in the world in nominal GDP per in 2015.[409] In August 2010, the American labor force
7.1
consisted of 154.1 million people. With 21.2 million people, government is the leading eld of employment. The
largest private employment sector is health care and social assistance, with 16.4 million people. About 12% of
workers are unionized, compared to 30% in Western Europe.[410] The World Bank ranks the United States rst
in the ease of hiring and ring workers.[411] The United
States is ranked among the top three in the Global Competitiveness Report as well. It has a smaller welfare state
and redistributes less income through government action
than European nations tend to.[412]
The United States is the only advanced economy that does
not guarantee its workers paid vacation[413] and is one of
just a few countries in the world without paid family leave
as a legal right, with the others being Papua New Guinea,
Suriname and Liberia.[414] However, 74% of full-time
American workers get paid sick leave, according to the
Bureau of Labor Statistics, although only 24% of parttime workers get the same benets.[415] While federal law
currently does not require sick leave, its a common benet for government workers and full-time employees at
corporations.[415] In 2009, the United States had the third
highest workforce productivity per person in the world,
behind Luxembourg and Norway. It was fourth in productivity per hour, behind those two countries and the
Netherlands.[416]
The 20082012 global recession had a signicant impact on the United States, with output still below potential according to the Congressional Budget Oce.[417] It
brought high unemployment (which has been decreasing
but remains above pre-recession levels), along with low
consumer condence, the continuing decline in home values and increase in foreclosures and personal bankruptcies, an escalating federal debt crisis, ination, and rising
petroleum and food prices. There remains a record proportion of long-term unemployed, continued decreasing household income, and tax and federal budget increases.[418][419][420]
7.1
Further information:
17
Poverty in the United States, Auence in the United
States, United States counties by per capita income and
Income inequality in the United States
Americans have the highest average household and
employee income among OECD nations, and in 2007 had
the second highest median household income.[421][422]
According to the Census Bureau real median household
income was $50,502 in 2011, down from $51,144 in
2010.[423] The Global Food Security Index ranked the
U.S. number one for food aordability and overall food
security in March 2013.[424] Americans on average have
over twice as much living space per dwelling and per person as European Union residents, and more than every
EU nation.[425] For 2013 the United Nations Development Programme ranked the United States 5th among
187 countries in its Human Development Index and 28th
in its inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI).[426]
There has been a widening gap between productivity
and median incomes since the 1970s.[427] However, the
gap between total compensation and productivity is not
as wide because of increased employee benets such
as health insurance.[428] While ination-adjusted (real)
household income had been increasing almost every
year from 1947 to 1999, it has since been at on balance and has even decreased recently.[429] According to
Congressional Research Service, during this same period, immigration to the United States increased, while
the lower 90% of tax lers incomes became stagnant,
and eventually decreasing since 2000.[430] The rise in the
share of total annual income received by the top 1 percent, which has more than doubled from 9 percent in
1976 to 20 percent in 2011, has had a signicant impact
on income inequality,[431] leaving the United States with
one of the widest income distributions among OECD
nations.[432] The post-recession income gains have been
very uneven, with the top 1 percent capturing 95 percent of the income gains from 2009 to 2012.[433] The
extent and relevance of income inequality is a matter of
debate.[434][435]
Wealth, like income and taxes, is highly concentrated;
the richest 10% of the adult population possess 72% of
the countrys household wealth, while the bottom half
claim only 2%.[436] Between June 2007 and November 2008 the global recession led to falling asset prices
around the world. Assets owned by Americans lost
about a quarter of their value.[437] Since peaking in the
second quarter of 2007, household wealth was down
$14 trillion, but has since increased $14 trillion over
2006 levels.[438][439] At the end of 2014, household debt
amounted to $11.8 trillion,[440] down from $13.8 trillion
at the end of 2008.[441]
There were about 578,424 sheltered and unsheltered
homeless persons in the U.S. in January 2014, with almost two-thirds staying in an emergency shelter or transitional housing program.[442] In 2011 16.7 million chil-
18
9 CULTURE
9 Culture
8
Education
The American Dream, or the perception that Americans enjoy high social mobility, plays a key role in attracting immigrants.[463] Whether this perception is realistic has been a topic of debate.[464][465][466][467][386][468]
While mainstream culture holds that the United States is
a classless society,[469] scholars identify signicant differences between the countrys social classes, aecting
socialization, language, and values.[470] Americans selfimages, social viewpoints, and cultural expectations are
associated with their occupations to an unusually close
degree.[471] While Americans tend greatly to value soAs for public expenditures on higher education, the U.S. cioeconomic achievement, being ordinary or average is
9.2
19
20
9 CULTURE
Eleven U.S. citizens have won the Nobel Prize in Literature, most recently Toni Morrison in 1993. William
Faulkner, Ernest Hemingway and John Steinbeck are often named among the most inuential writers of the 20th
century.[489] Popular literary genres such as the Western
and hardboiled crime ction developed in the United
States. The Beat Generation writers opened up new literary approaches, as have postmodernist authors such as
John Barth, Thomas Pynchon, and Don DeLillo.[490]
9.5
Sports
21
early 1960s,[513] with screen actors such as John Wayne
and Marilyn Monroe becoming iconic gures.[514][515]
In the 1970s, lm directors such as Martin Scorsese,
Francis Ford Coppola and Robert Altman were a vital
component in what became known as "New Hollywood"
or the Hollywood Renaissance,[516] grittier lms inuenced by French and Italian realist pictures of the postwar period.[517] Since, directors such as Steven Spielberg,
George Lucas and James Cameron have gained renown
for their blockbuster lms, often characterized by high
production costs, and in return, high earnings at the box
oce, with Camerons Avatar (2009) earning more than
$2 billion.[518]
9.4
Cinema
9.5 Sports
22
10
INFRASTRUCTURE
10
Infrastructure
10.1
Transportation
23
senger airports, 12 are in the United States, including sewer utilities. Eleven percent of Americans receive
the busiest, HartseldJackson Atlanta International Air- water from private (so-called investor-owned) utilities.
port.[552]
In rural areas, cooperatives often provide drinking water. Finally, up to 15 percent of Americans are served
by their own wells.[563][564] Water supply and wastewa10.2 Energy
ter systems are regulated by state governments and the
federal government. At the state level, health and enFurther information: Energy policy of the United States vironmental regulation is entrusted to the corresponding
state-level departments. Public Utilities Commissions or
The United States energy market is about 29,000 terawatt Public Service Commissions regulate taris charged by
hours per year.[553] Energy consumption per capita is 7.8 private utilities. In some states they also regulate taris
tons of oil equivalent per year, the 10th highest rate in the by public utilities. At the federal level, drinking water
world. In 2005, 40% of this energy came from petroleum, quality and wastewater discharges are regulated by the
23% from coal, and 22% from natural gas. The remain- United States Environmental Protection Agency, which
der was supplied by nuclear power and renewable energy also provides funding to utilities through State Revolving
[565][566][567]
sources.[554] The United States is the worlds largest con- Funds.
[555]
sumer of petroleum.
Water consumption in the United States is more than douFor decades, nuclear power has played a limited role
relative to many other developed countries, in part because of public perception in the wake of a 1979 accident. In 2007, several applications for new nuclear plants
were led.[556] The United States has 27% of global coal
reserves.[557] It is the worlds largest producer of natural
gas and crude oil.[558]
10.3
Main article: Water supply and sanitation in the United Main article: Science and technology in the United States
States
The United States has been a leader in scientic research
Issues that aect water supply and sanitation in the United
States include water scarcity, pollution, a backlog of investment, concerns about the aordability of water for
the poorest, and a rapidly retiring workforce. Increased
variability and intensity of rainfall as a result of climate
change is expected to produce both more severe droughts
and ooding, with potentially serious consequences for
water supply and for pollution from combined sewer overows.[559][560] Droughts are likely to particularly aect
the 66 percent of Americans whose communities depend on surface water.[561] As for drinking water quality,
there are concerns about disinfection by-products, lead,
perchlorates and pharmaceutical substances, but generAstronaut James Irwin walking on the Moon next to Apollo 15's
ally drinking water quality in the U.S. is good.[562]
Cities, utilities, state governments and the federal government have addressed the above issues in various ways. To
keep pace with demand from an increasing population,
utilities traditionally have augmented supplies. However,
faced with increasing costs and droughts, water conservation is beginning to receive more attention and is being supported through the federal WaterSense program.
The reuse of treated wastewater for non-potable uses is
also becoming increasingly common. Pollution through
wastewater discharges, a major issue in the 1960s, has
been brought largely under control.
landing module and lunar rover in 1971. The eort to reach the
Moon was triggered by the Space Race.
24
12 HEALTH
12
Health
25
Europe.[598] The U.S. health-care system far outspends the same legislation. (NPR and PBS are operated sepaany other nation, measured in both per capita spending rately from each other.) As of September 30, 2014, there
and percentage of GDP.[599]
are 15,433 licensed full-power radio stations in the US
the U.S. Federal Communications CommisHealth-care coverage in the United States is a combina- according to[608]
sion
(FCC).
tion of public and private eorts and is not universal.
In 2014, 13.4% of the population did not carry health
insurance.[600] The subject of uninsured and underinsured Americans is a major political issue.[601][602] In
2006, Massachusetts became the rst state to mandate
universal health insurance.[603] Federal legislation passed
in early 2010 would ostensibly create a near-universal
health insurance system around the country by 2014,
though the bill and its ultimate impact are issues of
controversy.[604][605]
14 See also
The corporate headquarters of the American Broadcasting Company in New York City.
15 Notes
[1] The federal district is Washington, D.C. The ve major territories are American Samoa, Guam, the Northern
Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands.
There are eleven smaller island areas without permanent
populations: Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island,
26
16
16
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27
28
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18
17.1
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EXTERNAL LINKS
18
External links
49
19
19.1
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Weien, Emijrp, Michael2-~enwiki, Jonas Viper, Deville, Bob schwartz, Zzuuzz, Graphic, Nicholas F, Encephalon, Wikiwert~enwiki,
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Imaninjapirate, TheMadBaron, Cynicism addict, Hager je, Nelfer, Nipplemaster5000, Zeppelin4life, Barryob, Nikkimaria, NBS525,
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Clown in the Dark, Dr.K., Mcmoor, Anzoooo, Mizuphd, Lenzar, RichardF, James.d.mccollum, AEMoreira042281, Drtjumper, Cere-
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brus13, PhaedoHD, Jrt989, Jose77, Bandity, RMHED, Noleander, LaMenta3, Cerealkiller13, Jak2~enwiki, Nicolharper, Benkalt, Bluegold, Ryanjunk, Jsoltman, Rctbone, HerrGoebbles, HappyVR, Grapplequip, Autonova, Cyril Washbrook, Perfect77, Tigey, Doug Johnson,
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Sunil060902, Afropus71, ImNotRichImStillLyin, Kanguole, Monobi, Jack.Hartford, Grod028, DJHeartAttack, PixelBot, Withouthavingseen, Vin Kaleu, Energizer07, Gkmx, Baseballbaker23, Nimbley6, Jackdude101, Fishiehelper2, Ronaldmolina20, Rhatsa26X, Aryavib,
Estirabot, Seader, Alejandrocaro35, Costlab, ChesterTheWorm, Ericci8996, FOARP, Swimm212, Northwales4u, Jonnie d smith, MAG
Fry, Dragonr731, NuclearWarfare, Sepeople, Kmaster, Pushbreak, Tekto9, Gailbawlz, Aurora2698, Arjayay, Reillyg, Peter.C, Nbrzycki91, World, Jotterbot, 12835S, Doubleodd, Phrasia, Jwking, ARCoolguy, Quako5, CPacker, Okiefromokla, BritneySpearsAddict,
Cmoibenlepro, Matdewas, Cheatcode2, Rudolph.cm, HiEverybodyHiDoctorNick, CAMorris, Robert.Mcleod, Gurlpleezer101, Bigferdes,
Mastercomputerpro9999, Philip200291, Jts6293, Esimal, MJDTed, Bonewah, Sigmaparadox, Dzulco~enwiki, Mickey gfss2007, Doprendek, Epiovesan, Wikimedes, Muro Bot, Boman1990, Louturks, Leroyinc, Cocoliras, JasonAQuest, Frederico1234, BOTarate, LordHarrison, Manicsurge, Rui Gabriel Correia, Chaosdruid, Vanished user gq38pi53aq, Mikhailov Kusserow, Geo0910, Tisto, Dogma5, Anywikiuser, SJMNY, Thingg, Lindberg, Testes rodriguz, Liberalcynic, Paleoblues, Funsides, CenfusRex, Britannic1, Magnet paper, Footballfan190, Samantha555, Pioelad, Murali nmv, Rlundi86, Spino, Scalhotrod, AntiVanMan, Avidius, Belchre, Cardi123098, Vikodan31, PotentialDanger, SDY, IJA, Tezero, Yozer1, Rollercoasterlord, Qwfp, Einzig27, Mickeykozzi1, 3193th, Indopug, ALEXF971,
Herunar, Apatens, Sunquanliangxiuhao, OptimumPx, Nskrill, Indelis, Marine(uc), HeadCaptain, CaptainVideo890, Theriusthechronicler, Janilson1995, N244888, Usaf2222, Njoedits, Against the current, AlanM1, Pedantic Turkey, HooperBandP, XLinkBot, Skyking360,
Legohead1, Anonymity001, Michaelpkk~enwiki, Therock40756, Fastily, Emmette Hernandez Coleman, Prod0016~enwiki, Albinostorm, Opaldragon1, Burningview, Stickee, Ursutraide, Messiisking, Rror, Tgannon, Jane tyra, Mickeymickey11, Integralolrivative, Tightguy400, Feinoha, MarkDeyarmond, Ost316, 0Bammer, Lord alexandre, DanteAgusta, WillOakland, Seablade, Steven407653, Rreagan007,
Blue7545, CentralTiger74, Bamford, Facts707, Ilikepie2221, Skarebo, TFOWR, DefendEurope, Krizpykremekid, Finoman40000, SilvonenBot, Marrovi, Nukebros, Cool-guy357, Lazyandy123, AlexNebraska, PL290, Frood, Jd027, Mm40, Benboy00, WikiDao, JinJian,
Sonyray, Superzoulou, Maijinsan, Sleptrip, Rumkles, Coolpeng123, Evhs00, Optional Toaster, Hobbentodd, Dtwiggy, Xloveangelmusicbabyx, Dwilso, Acio83, Good Olfactory, Ronthewizard1994, Randombob12345, Atoric, Gggh, St00pidmonkey72, DavyJones14, Primarypenguin, Catswilltakeovertheworld1day, Traversc, Wahuskies96, Bobbum 47, Cloudblazer, D.M. from Ukraine, Clab6, JAHL14,
Cbrown285, The1edit, IPodAddict181, Jhendin, Duttler, Medvedev40, CosmologyProfessor, Hayden43, Gbd1995, Massimo Catarinella,
Chrismichener1, Freepenguin, Rdrgz93, Matchgame12345, Usaforrest, Lisazipper, Ballestrain, Andrewsthistle, AnonyLog, Oenbach,
Drcornwallis1, Some jerk on the Internet, Lmusielak, DOI bot, Comput65, Beamathan, Jojhutton, Dan56, SuperSmashBros.Brawl777,
Turkuun, Dlwldud96, Pmackarate, Atethnekos, JACOB911, Youhavebeentricked, SameOldSameOld, Zibzibzib, Skate4me, Novidmarana,
Trasman, Morriswa, Somatosis, !Silent, Addisonn., Banders234, Blethering Scot, Dans tes rves, Fearthesun, Kampfers, Thezirk, Fielddaysunday, Laurinavicius, Pryde 01, Iankap99, Scientus, Kman543210, CanadianLinuxUser, Leszek Jaczuk, Noozgroop, With goodness
in mind, Musdan77, Conningcris, Mnmazur, Phillies1fan777, Madskillz225, Download, LaaknorBot, Epicadam, A State Of Trance,
CarsracBot, RTG, Euroleague, Chris432, Ccacsmss, 37ophiuchi, Scorchy, Ramanglass544, Michael-Billa, Goheels36, Z. Patterson, Toonlad9, Michaelwuzthere, RebaFan1996, Greg96786, Lanboney, Chzz, KGBarnett, YAKNOWDOUGAL!, Buddha24, Favonian, Kyle1278,
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Forsyth.joel, LinkFA-Bot, Jasper Deng, Akyoyo94, Blaylockjam10, Yubersoz, HAHS 25, Immortal Horrors or Everlasting Splendors,
Eviloldman, Lakshmix, Presbyterian1, 84user, Seeker alpha806, Jasontz, Numbo3-bot, Heart Like a Wheel, Alanscottwalker, Intellibeing, Dutchdrummer99, Tharnton345, Blackcell16, Equilibrium007, Tide rolls, SDJ, Lightbot, OlEnglish, Jalfredl, Miss tylie, Llakais,
Cutrupi04, Nuberger13, ScAvenger, Jafd88, Tarheelz123, Americanization, Jarble, Greyhood, JEN9841, Ettrig, Ozi, Sevillano1, HerculeBot, Cchow2, LuK3, Dynam1te3, Conza1994, Swarm, Arxiloxos, Rosshterry, ARUenergy, Dogs2000, Legobot, Acmilan15, Drpickem,
MJEH, Coviepresb1647, Papasmurf0810, Abonazzi, Luckas-bot, MarkDalit, Yobot, Granpu, Kueldude, Reelcheeper, JJARichardson,
Martynrss2, Rab777hp, Richard Blatant, Evans1982, StarScout0304, Cjeiler, Vectoor, Nirvana888, Alakasam, Mmxx, Mjf3719, Jrboi,
Dniete97, Mongoletsi, KamikazeBot, Frichmon, CSimons, Vini 17bot5, Citizen-of-wiki, TheThomas, Kjaer, Ayrton Prost, Jobroluver98,
SoMuchTime, Truecoder777, Rockyobody, BlueSalo, Llec, South Bay, AreaControl, Vrinan, Marshall Williams2, Housesitter, Tempodivalse, OregonD00d, Magog the Ogre, 1oddbins1, Szajci, Bility, FSF-Rapier, Backslash Forwardslash, AnomieBOT, Chedorlaomer,
Puertorico1, Sunshineofyourlove12, Stars999, PonileExpress, Tavatar, Dante2308, Veertlte, RanEagle, Paradise7~enwiki, Jim1138, Galoubet, Squoups, Hadrian89, K50 Dude, Innab, 90, AdjustShift, Shaneomac8605, LlywelynII, Soxwon, Kingpin13, Perkinator 3000,
MindscapesGraphicDesign, Cyanidethistles, Strogano, Tf157, Csigabi, Bosonic dressing, Harriganesh, Materialscientist, Living001,
Mandey7, Limideen, ImperatorExercitus, Rtyq2, Historian19, Ausimus, RadioBroadcast, Tintero, Citation bot, Materic123, TheRomanLegion, Brokenfuse, Np12804, Christopher higham, Dargen, Last king of Frisia, Mister Alcohol, Carthradge, Basilisk4u, P de
Chinelo, Dewan357, ArthurBot, Joelv40, Questchest, DaveSDCali, B. Fairbairn, LovesMacs, Andyso, Shech736, KS-U92, Sole Flounder, Black lyzard, Mydreamistoy, Moderate2008, Xqbot, TomB123, Thechinese8, Anativecantonesespeaker, Ali944rana, Intelati, Nappyrootslistener, Dhruvhemmady, Titch Tucker, Zargontapel, SamForestell, Engineering Guy, Addihockey10, Momentary~enwiki, Mark
Sheridan, Edobrichoo, Bihco, Khajidha, Peterale4444, Poetaris, Hahachuckles, GeometryGirl, Chason11, Pastorsson93, Millahnna, Mark
Antony666, Thadkobylarz, Furdeen, Basohead, Parthasarathy B, BackyardBottomslash, Plapre09, Nikofeelan, Martinense, Headlikeawhole, Gintong Liwanag Ng Araw, Grosplant, Lalein91, Hoping To Help, Pi399, 19994best, The Evil IP address, Rmhs15, Tomwsulcer,
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Seric2, Us441, Samwb123, Sesu Prime, Buzz-tardis, Conor 33, Thehelpfulbot, Haldraper, RightCowLeftCoast, Green Cardamom, Slivertransplant, Tktru, Legobot III, Edgars2007, Hoi jeon moo sool, Wikitigger, Garynine, FrescoBot, FeralitYzERO, Fortdj33, Skydeepblue,
JonasanRat7, Jenda H., Paine Ellsworth, User F203, Chronus, Tobby72, Pepper, Dmartin969, 3rdWorldkid, Mark Renier, Scoobycentric, Perfect Editor, VividTara, DinajGao, Vinceouca, Gullit Torres, Nicolewasherexx, Youndbuckerz, Lucas Duke, Paupinator, HaireDunya, ZStoler, Mistakender, Alarics, Reeces904, JMS Old Al, TheVirginiaHistorian, Peyman Ghasemi, Gumbogumbo, Addicted04,
Megaandroid30, 08murtaghkc, Isawooty, Outback the koala, Starwrath, Ben76266, Eagle4000, Bambuway, Spartanloser, Kochamanita,
Bbert1994, Joker123192, Dhtwiki, Failofbeaner, Kuzmaxster, Citation bot 1, Mosemamenti, Yongbyong38, Rembo74, Aogouguo, DigbyDalton, OreL.D, Nblc, Sopher99, Intelligentsium, Perfectionaintperfect, Redrose64, AstaBOTh15, Adam Pamilih, Jcheckler, Gwybedyn,
Bibbly Bob, Miss-jessie-gal, El Generico, Bobmack89x, Pinethicket, I dream of horses, Elockid, HRoestBot, Getoar TX, Dylancatlow,
Alonso de Mendoza, Thecrazydonvingigante, Teletoonmaniac, Vladmirsh, Cool Stu Is Cool, Bbert1994cchs, Bearingash, Misa443,
Rahlgd, English06, Thepebble3, Moonraker, Danoasis, Nil105994, RedBot, MastiBot, Tahir mq, Puppier, Ovcp1, SpaceFlight89, Thesevenseas, BlackHades, Cmguy777, Rageinacage, ILuvAmerica, , Phoenix7777, Secret Saturdays, Hequals2henry, Monocletophat123,
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Mnlira013, Jirka.h23, Balloonsmakemehappy, Statsagogo, Jacksonsimon29, Soccerisawesome, Nd24, Waxxup, Celyndel, Missouri Rebel,
Designate, Pantherskin, Monsterhead150, DC, Flosssock1, Kgrad, Lightlowemon, Dantesqueman, Drummingboi, FoxBot, Wisconsinhockey, TobeBot, Silenceisgod, Clickpop, Ticklewickleukulele, NortyNort, Nigeria01, Mono, DriveMySol, MCRTGP, Vanished user
kiij3irj4tihns, Encheart, LukeM212, Lotje, Sumone10154, Gegik, GregKaye, FESTORM 5, Dinamik-bot, Sangjinhwa, TreXiaNos, The
Catholic Knight, Axel Svensson, Extra999, Rickipedia127, Doc Quintana, Danieldis47, Bluest, BurtonH0123, Scarab12, Aoidh, TheLongTone, Cellurl, Cowlibob, Tushar858, Lneal001, Jazz457, ScienticDude, Luke334, Dusty777, Ventagro, Scammerboy227, Glenrqz,
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Braun, EmausBot, John of Reading, WikitanvirBot, JCRules, Welshamerican123, Ashton 29, HTBrooks, Surlydu50, Immunize, Flamanchti, Jimmyhead521, Distal24, Rail88, Sharkticon Guy, Zoostar, Ionutmortu, Ros24s, Artystyk386, GoingBatty, Bobfreshwater,
RA0808, 18alex12, JohnValeron, ChokeSlamFromHell, Mesgul82, Inchead, Bull Market, Gwillhickers, Sp33dyphil, CarlosMarti123,
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Theurgist, Italia2006, BarzaniKurd16, Shearonink, Werieth, AvicBot, Kkm010, Ranainam5343, Dynamicknowledge28, Bahn1k, ZroBot,
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111Alpha, Perseus, Son of Zeus, Gsarwa, Irrypride, Inka 888, Quite vivid blur, Tom8866, Pz821, Judygreenberg, ElockidAlternate, BernardaAlba, Thesouthernhistorian45, Orange Suede Sofa, The last Wikibender, Rangoon11, Mjbmr, Bill william compton, Fhavenvt, ChuispastonBot, Srujanjoshi, The Hitch22, 50imp, NorCal764, Cedric88, IamBeastly20, Italiano111, ClamDip, Grampion76, Insommia, YianniCart, Jasonli42, BabbaQ, Terra Novus, Spicemix, Armenia81, Brycehughes, Gsken, Whoop whoop pull up, Mjbmrbot, WoundedWolfgirl,
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KnightxxArrow, Joefromrandb, Conveyance, Route11, Movses-bot, TV1981HS, Canadaisawesome, Kman665, Garretgwozdz13, Magister Scienta, JesseW900, Jokeroler, Omnisome, YuMaNuMa, Pillow2011, Billim1, Themane2, Wakavankhai, Tellsgeschoss, ColdWarCharlie, Zephyr911, Vulpesinculta51, Pepsi132, Frietjes, Ekcrbe, RajaNeela1993, 08OceanBeach SD, Twillisjr, Hazhk, O.Koslowski,
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Qwerasdfzxcv1234, Economiesofscale, Kg vasilev, 149AFK, Patapsco913, Q Ramona, Castncoot, Rezabot, Househelps, Brickmack, Zia
demion, Andrewbarber79, Delaywaves, Bigjust12345, Zmaher, Dangoodman, Hektossus, Crohall, Noitazilivic, ClaireFanch, Diaments
7.0, Kievaughn, Strovolos01, Al Villarruel, North Atlanticist Usonian, Chindia (China-India), IgnorantArmies, Miracle dream, Jrobin08,
Mightymights, Helpful Pixie Bot, Alexandru M., Jonathan-Morris711, Westnest, 19starwars77, JHarrelson, Ss2343, Paulmec, Danielfarzan, Calidum, Gob Lofa, Radarsnobles, Santiagobernstein, Gothiclm, Srithikdatta, Hiuby, Technical 13, Kinaro, Gatsby4life, The
lost library, Excel23, Grig541, REJS H, BG19bot, Neptunes Trident, Thomasjamesfoster96, Mackoy20, Pine, Mouloud47, Phamdangkhoa2410, Ymblanter, Ctryellowbird, Prcc27, TempDog123, Chaosname, Success123$, Archrith, Argentsky, Amelapay, Germanlight,
Kndimov, Zabararmon, Herzie, Northamerica1000, Shanesterman, Undernage, ChaseJ589, Hallows AG, Joeykai, Dave Lars, HIDECCHI001, ISpinksy, Tjl1128, Frze, Arcanicus, AvocatoBot, Raybob95, Darkness Shines, Ravelnine, Lamp coin, Dkdantastic, Ella Plantagenet, Tjohnson2, Chris the Paleontologist, Ivannoriel, Jacob.clarke19617, Snow Rise, Mark Arsten, Midnight Green, Nakul Dhoot,
Compfreak7, Beastcuber, Dipankan001, Bubby33, Cadiomals, Scientiom, Zach Vega, LIbertyInSpace, 987li, John Torn, Wikih101, Annasalia, Jeancey, Cgx8253, Alvin Lee, The Almightey Drill, Ollieinc, Billrnyc, HazelGHC, Philpill691, Medo4, Keon Milton, Ernio48,
Tamara Ustinova, Riverarvi, 23haveblue, Jayadevp13, Gwickwire, Wahula, Gaylencrufts, Gug01, ProudIrishAspie, Ubiquinoid, Scuppers1,
Adamstraw99, InTheRevolution2, TBrandley, Oldschooldsl, Thegreatgrabber, AntanO, Kxcd, Loriendrew, Esvbie\eongvrklakjmatthew,
Astros4477, , Intensity254, Wer900, Enciclopediaenlinea, Socialistguy, Shredder2012, Carsenegame, Broadside Perceptor, BattyBot, Factsearch, Rwenonah, Pendragon5, Player072, Jeremy112233, Arthur Chevailier, Payton407, Euphoriaq, Dmeek7750,
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Needed, Disneyland Resort4, Alishakitty, Retrospector87, Fireyfanboy, TehPlaneFreak, VictorD7, Cerabot~enwiki, MicronationKing,
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98, Samhse, N0n3up, Milfot02, FNCwatcher, Azertopius, The rolling beetle, 946towguy, GrassHopHer, Barjimoa, JaconaFrere, Tyman222, G S Palmer, Lakun.patra, Skr15081997, Benjamin Jerey Powell, Wikipedian228, UndeadZombieBoy, Pendrum~enwiki,
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should I have a User Name?, Randixx, Architect2014, PointsofNoReturn, Trackteur, Salamibus, Amature-Nascent, Monopoly31121993,
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Inependantyo, MusenInvincible, Orelbon, Magyam, Kuku51, Chrome113, Kuku61, PresPCA, Prhdbt and Anonymous: 3611
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