Group Exercises Solution 2

Chapter 12

Home works in Note 8

1. Find all possible subgroups of S3
Solution: Because that the size of S3 is | S3 |=6, the size of
subgroup must be a factor of 6, so possibly 1, 2, 3 or 6

If size = 1, the subgroup is

1 2 3
1 2 3

If size = 2, the subgroups are

1 2 3
1 2 3
,
1 2 3
1 3 2

1 2 3
1 2 3
,
1 2 3
3 2 1

If size = 3, the subgroup is

1 2 3
1 2 3
,
1 2 3
2 1 3

1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
,
,
1 2 3
2 3 1
3 1 2

If size = 6, the subgroup is S3

2

2. Let A={1, 2, 3, 4, 5} define 2 permutation and

(1) =4, (2) =3, (3) =5, (4) =1, (5) =2
(1) =2, (2) = 3, (3) =1, (4) =4, (5) =5
Find 2, 2, and
Solution: 2 (1) =((1))= (4)=1
2 (2) =((2))= (3)=5
2 (3) =((3))= (5)=2
2 (5) =((5))= (2)=3
2 (4) =((4))= (1)=4
2

1 2 3 4 5
1 5 2 4 3

Then 2 (1) =((1))= (4)=3

2 (2) =((2))= (3)=1

2 (3) =((3))= (1)=2

2 (4) =((4))= (4)=4

2 (5) =((5))= (5)=5

1 2 3 4 5
3 1 2 4 5

Similarly
(1) =((1))= (2)=3
(2) =((2))= (3)=5
(4) =((4))= (4)=1

(3) =((3))= (1)=4

(5) =((5))= (5)=2

1 2 3 4 5
3 5 4 1 2

And (1) =((1))= (4)=4

(2) =((2))= (3)=1

(3) =((3))= (5)=5

(4) =((4))= (1)=2

(5) =((5))= (2)=3

1 2 3 4 5
4 1 5 2 3

)
4

Home work in Note 9

1. Find all Homomohrpism mappings from group Z12 to group Z 6
Solution: Z12 = {0,1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6, 7,8,9,10,11 } , Z 6 = {0,1, 2, 3, 4,5}
Let be an Homomohrpism from group Z12 to group Z 6 , then
we always have (0) = 0

( maps identity to

indentity )

order of 1 in Z12 is 12, the order of (1) must be a factor of 12.

So it could be 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12.
But in Z 6 the order of any element must be a factor of 6.
So it only could be 1, 2, 3, 4 , 6, 12.
If order of (1) is 1, then (1) = 0 ( only identity has order 1)
So (2) = (1 + 1) = (1) + (1) = 0, (3) = (1) + (2) = 0
and (4) = (5) = (6) = (7) = (8) = (9) = (10) = (11) = 0
5

If order of (1) is 2, in Z 6 , 3+3 = 6(mod 6)=0, 3 has order 2

then (1) = 3. So
(2) = (1 + 1) = (1) + (1) = 3+3 = 6(mod 6)=0
(3) = (1 + 2) = (1) + (2) = 3+0 = 3
(4) = (1 + 3) = (1) + (3) = 3+3 = 6(mod 6)=0

(5) = (1 + 4) = (1) + (4) = 3+0 = 3

(6) = (1 + 5) = (1) + (5) = 3+3 = 6(mod 6)=0
(7) = (1 + 6) = (1) + (6) = 3+0 = 3
(8) = (1 + 7) = (1) + (7) = 3+3 = 6(mod 6)=0
(9) = (1 + 8) = (1) + (8) = 3+0 = 3
(10) = (1 + 9) = (1) + (9) = 3+3 = 6(mod 6)=0
(11) = (1 + 10) = (1) + (10) = 3+0 = 3
(0) = 0
6

If order of (1) is 3, in Z 6 , 2+2+2 = 6(mod 6)=0, 2 has order 3

then (1) = 2. So
(2) = (1 + 1) = (1) + (1) = 2+2 = 4
(3) = (1 + 2) = (1) + (2) = 2+4 = 6(mod 6)=0
(4) = (1 + 3) = (1) + (3) = 2+0 = 2
(5) = (1 + 4) = (1) + (4) = 2+2 = 4
(6) = (1 + 5) = (1) + (5) = 2+4= 6(mod 6)=0
(7) = (1 + 6) = (1) + (6) = 2+0 = 2
(8) = (1 + 7) = (1) + (7) = 2+2 = 4
(9) = (1 + 8) = (1) + (8) = 2+4 = 6(mod 6)=0

(10) = (1 + 9) = (1) + (9) = 2+0 = 2

(11) = (1 + 10) = (1) + (10) = 2+2 = 4
(0) = 0
7

However in Z 6 , 4+4+4 = 12(mod 6)=0, 4 has order 3

So if order of (1) is 3, we also could choose (1) = 4. Then
(2) = (1 + 1) = (1) + (1) = (4+4)(mod 6)=8(mod 6)=2
(3) = (1 + 2) = (1) + (2) = 4 + 2= 6(mod 6)=0
(4) = (1 + 3) = (1) + (3) = 4+0 = 4
(5) = (1 + 4) = (1) + (4) = (4+4)(mod 6)=8(mod 6)=2
(6) = (1 + 5) = (1) + (5) = 4 + 2= 6(mod 6)=0
(7) = (1 + 6) = (1) + (6) = 4+0 = 4
(8) = (1 + 7) = (1) + (7) = (4+4)(mod 6)=8(mod 6)=2
(9) = (1 + 8) = (1) + (8) = 4 + 2= 6(mod 6)=0

(10) = (1 + 9) = (1) + (9) = 4+0 = 4

(11) = (1 + 10) = (1) + (10) = (4+4)(mod 6)=8(mod 6)=2
(0) = 0
8

If order of (1) is 6. In Z 6 , 1+1+1+1+1+1 = 6(mod 6)=0,

1 has order 3. We can choose (1) = 1. So

(2) = (1 + 1) = (1) + (1) = 1+1 = 2

(3) = (1 + 2) = (1) + (2) = 1+2 = 3
(4) = (1 + 3) = (1) + (3) = 1+3 = 4
(5) = (1 + 4) = (1) + (4) = 1+4 =5
(6) = (1 + 5) = (1) + (5) = 1+6 = 6(mod 6)=0
(7) = (1 + 6) = (1) + (6) = 1+0 = 1
(8) = (1 + 7) = (1) + (7) = 1+1 = 2
(9) = (1 + 8) = (1) + (8) = 1+2 = 3
(10) = (1 + 9) = (1) + (9) = 1+3 = 4
(11) = (1 + 10) = (1) + (10) = 1+4 = 5
(0) = 0

However in Z 6 , 5+5+5+5+5+5= 30(mod 6)=0, 5 has order 6

So if order of (1) is 5, we also could choose (1) = 5. Then
(2) = (1 + 1) = (1) + (1) = (5+5)(mod 6)=10(mod 6)=4

(3) = (1 + 2) = (1) + (2) = ( 5 + 4 ) (mod 6)= 9(mod 6)=3

(4) = (1 + 3) = (1) + (3) = ( 5+3) (mod 6)= 8(mod 6)=2

(5) = (1 + 4) = (1) + (4) = (5+2)(mod 6)=7(mod 6)=1

(6) = (1 + 5) = (1) + (5) = (5 + 2)(mod 6)= 6(mod 6)=0
(7) = (1 + 6) = (1) + (6) = 5+0 = 5
(8) = (1 + 7) = (1) + (7) = (5+5)(mod 6)=10(mod 6)=4
(9) = (1 + 8) = (1) + (8) = (5+4)(mod 6)=9(mod 6)=3
(10) = (1 + 9) = (1) + (9) = (5+3)(mod 6)=8(mod 6)=2
(11) = (1 + 10) = (1) + (10) = (5+2)(mod 6)=7(mod 6)=1
(0) = 0
10

2. Find all Homomorphism mappings from group Z 4 to group Z8

Solution: Z 4 = {0,1, 2,3, 4} , Z8 = {0,1, 2,3, 4,5, 6, 7 }

Let be an Homomohrpism from group Z 4 to group Z8 , then

we always have (0) = 0

( maps identity to

indentity )

order of 1 in Z 4 is 12, the order of (1) must be a factor of 4.

So it could be 1, 2, 4
If order of (1) is 1,
then (1) = 0 ( only identity has order 1) . So

(2) = (1 + 1) = (1) + (1) = 0, (3) = (1 + 2) = (1) + (2) = 0

(4) = (1 + 3) = (1) + (3) = 0
If order of (1) is 2. In Z8 , 4+4 =8(mod 8) = 0, 4 has order 2.
So we choose (1) = 4, then
(2) = (1) + (1) = (4 + 4)(mod 8) = 0
(3) = (1) + (2) = 4 + 0 = 4, (4) = (1) + (3) = (4 + 4)(mod 8) =
11 0

If order of (1) is 4.
In Z8 , 2+2+2+2 =8(mod 8) = 0, 2 has order 4.
So we choose (1) = 2, then
(2) = (1) + (1) = 2 + 2 = 4

(3) = (1) + (2) = 2 + 4 = 6.

(0) = 0
Also in Z8 , 6+6+6+6 =24(mod 8) = 0, 6 has order 4.
So we choose (1) = 6, then
(2) = (1) + (1) = 12(mod 8) = 4

(3) = (1) + (2) = (6 + 4)(mod 8) = 2.

(0) = 0
12

Home works in note 10

1. In Z8 the multiplication group is G = { 1, 3, 5, 7}
Make its multiplication table and find its isomorphic
permutatiuion group H
x
1
3
5
7

1
1
3
5
7

3
3
1
7
5

5
5
7
1
3

7
7
5
3
1

Replace 3 by 2, 5 by 3, 7 by4
x
1
3
5
7

1
1
2
3
4

2
2
1
4
3

3
3
4
1
2

4
4
3
2
1

x
1
3
5
7

1
1
2
3
4

2
2
1
4
3

3
3
4
1
2

4
4
3
2
1

In 1st row 1 (1234).

In 2nd row 3(2143)

In 3rd row 5 (3412).

In 4th row 7(4321)

So we have isomorphism :

(
(3) = (
H = {(

(1) =

1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4

)
)

1 2 3 4
3 4 1 2

1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4

), (

(2) =

(4) =
1 2 3 4
2 1 4 3

1 2 3 4
2 1 4 3

(
), (

1 2 3 4
4 3 2 1

1 2 3 4
3 4 1 2

), (

1 2 3 4
4 3 2 1

13

)}

14

2. Let group G = { 1, i, 1, i }
group H =

1 0
1 0
1 0 1 0
,
,
,
0 1
0 1
0 1
0 1

Prove that there is no isomorohism between G and H

Proof: In G, order(i ) = 4
In H , order of
order of

1 0
0 1
1 0
0 1

=1,
=2,

order of
order of

0 1

=2,

1 0
0 1

=2

No element in H has order 4. Because isomorphism keeps order,

therefore there is no isomorohism between G and H

15