ABSTRACT / SUMMARY

In this experiment, the main purpose is to investigate the validity of the Bernoulli
equation when applied to the steady flow of water in a tapered duct. In addition, flow rates
and both static and total pressure heads in a rigid convergent or divergent tube of known
geometry for a range of steady flow rates also measured. Bernoullis Theorem Demonstration
Unit (Model: FM 24) is used in order illustrates those circumstances to which Bernoulli's
Theorem may be applied. For this experiment, the pressure difference is taken from tapping
point A to tapping point F. The time taken for the water to fill up the water tank up to 3 liter
also recorded. Then, the flow rate, velocity, dynamic head and total head can be calculated by
using the data obtained. Based on the results, it can be conclude that for both convergent and
divergent flow, the total head pressure increase. This is valid for the Bernoullis theorem for a
steady flow of water and the velocity increased along the same channel. In addition, the flow
rates and both static and total head pressure in a rigid convergent or divergent of known
geometry for a range of steady flow rates are also calculated. The flowrates increased in all
the three flow of the experiment. The total pressure head increases neither convergent nor
divergent flow.

INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, fluid mechanics has established itself as an analytical field from the use of the
traditional laws of statics, dynamics, and thermodynamics to circumstances whereby fluids
may be treated as continuous media. The laws affiliated with this are conservation of mass,
energy, and momentum. Bernoulli theorem in fluid mechanics is the relation among the
pressure, velocity, and elevation in a moving fluid, in which, we assumed that the
compressibility and viscosity of the fluid are negligible and the flow is steady.
Daniel Bernoulli (1700-1782), Swiss mathematician, claims that for an inviscid flow,
an increase in the speed of the fluid happens concurrently with a decrease in pressure or a
decrease in the fluids potential energy. This is known as Bernoullis theorem or Bernoullis
principle. For example, in a horizontal pipe, the highest fluid pressure is in the section where
the fluids speed is the lowest, while the lowest fluid pressure is in the section where the
fluids speed is the highest.
In industry, the fluids speed can be determined by utilizing a device such as venturi
meter or an orifice plate where it is placed into the pipeline to lower the diameter of the flow.
For an incompressible fluid flowing in horizontal device, the reduction in the diameter will
cause the fluids speed to increase thus reducing the pressure. This phenomenon is known as
the venture effect. Bernoullis principle corresponds to the principle of the conservation of
energy. In a steady flow, the sum of all forms of mechanical energy along the streamline is
the same at all points. Thus, allow us to understand the Bernoullis principle.

Figure 1: Venturi tube

AIMS / OBJECTIVES
1. To investigate the validity of the Bernoulli equation when applied to the steady flow
of water in a tapered duct.
2. To measure flow rates and both static and total pressure heads in a rigid convergent or
divergent tube of known geometry for a range of steady flow rates.