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Jom 0212 45
Jom 0212 45
Phase Diagrams
Knowledge of the
phase equilibria
of solder-alloy and
solder/substrate
systems provides the
basic roadmap for
the initial selection
of candidate solders
and contributes to
the understanding
of solder wetting
and spreading.
of high-temperature lead-free candidate
solder alloys1 showed that the only
lead-free alloys that fulfilled the initial
selection criteria (toxicity, cost, oxidation resistance, solidus temperature,
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Sn-Ag-Cu
Sn-Bi-Cu
Sn-Ag-In
Few experimental phase diagram data
are available for this system. Korhonen
and Kivilahti21 used six ternary alloys
that were annealed at 250C to gain
information about phase boundary
locations and differential scanning
calorimetry (DSC) to investigate the
melting/solidification behavior of the
alloys. The temperature of the ternary
eutectic where the liquid decomposes
into Ag2In and the intermediate Sn-In
phases and was reported to be
about 113C.
Sn-Cu-Ni
Extensive phase diagram data are
available for the Cu- and Cu,Ni-rich
part of this system.34 The experimental
data show that the binary Sn-Cu and
Sn-Ni phases have extended ternary
homogeneity ranges. A series of ternary
phases has been reported but it is not
clear whether these phases are true
ternary phases or extended ternary
homogeneity ranges of the binary
phases. No experimental data are
available for tin concentrations larger
than an atomic fraction of 0.6. Gupta et
al.42 proposed that a transition (type II)
reaction, L + Ni3Sn4 Cu6Sn5 + (Sn),
occurs in the tin-rich corner. However,
without experimental evidence this is
rather speculative. A thermodynamic
Sn-Ag-Sb
A series of 21 alloys was studied with
differential thermal analysis (DTA) and
electron microprobe analysis (EMPA)
and used for the construction of a
liquidus surface.40 The intermediate
phases of the Ag-Sn ((Ag) and Ag3Sn)
and Ag-Sb systems ((Ag) and Ag3Sb)
were found to form continuous homogeneity ranges in the ternary system.
The tin-rich invariant reaction was
reported as a transition (type II)
reaction, L + SbSn Ag 3(Sb,Sn) +
(Sn), at 234.8C with xAg = 0.05 and
xSb = 0.06 as the composition of the
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