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Numerical Methods
Numerical Methods
Numerical Methods
Problem 1:
Numerical Solution
We use the Gauss-Seidel iterative technique to find the numerical solution of
the problem above (Please refer to the MATLAB codes: gaussseidel.m and
Problem1.m).
The numerical
solution upto four decimal places is
11.5094 11.5094 19.0566 16.9983 11.5094
i.e.
c1 = 11.5094
c2 = 11.5094
c3 = 19.0566
c4 = 16.9983
c5 = 11.5094
Reasons for choosing Gauss-Siedel method
Gauss-Siedel method usually converges faster than the Jacobi method.
Convergence
We applied the Gauss-Seidel iterative techniques for 20 iterations and all the
ci s seemed to converge by iteration number 10 to their respective values
Error analysis
We computed the solution by the Gauss-Seidel iterative technique as well as the
analytical technique (Problem1.m). Following was the error corresponding to
6
each ci s in the order
of 10 upto four decimal places
0.0251 0.0251 0.0415 0.2558 0.1122
It is evident that the Gauss-Seidel iterative technique gives a very small error if
the number of iterations is not too small.
Problem 2
Unsteady-State Analysis of Reactors: Consider the same problem as problem 1. We will now consider the unsteady state problem and determine the ci s.
Please refer to figure 1 for reference. Symbols have similar meanings and every
entity is in appropriate units.
dc1
= 0.12c1 + 0.02c3 + 1
dt
For reactor 2,
dc2
= Q12 c1 Q23 c2 Q24 c2 Q25 c2
dt
which upon substitution of the given values reduces to
V2
dc2
= 0.15c1 0.15c2
dt
For reactor 3,
dc3
= Q03 c03 + Q23 c2 Q31 c3 Q34 c3
dt
which upon substitution of the given values reduces to
V3
dc3
= 0.025c2 0.225c3 + 4
dt
For reactor 4,
V4
dc4
= Q24 c2 + Q34 c3 + Q54 c5 Q44 c4
dt
6
dc5
= 0.03c1 + 0.01c2 0.04c5
dt
We have the following set of differential equations equations
dc1
= 0.12c1 + 0.02c3 + 1
dt
dc2
= 0.15c1 0.15c2
dt
dc3
= 0.025c2 0.225c3 + 4
dt
dc4
= 0.1c3 0.1375c4 + 0.025c5
dt
dc5
= 0.03c1 + 0.01c2 0.04c5
dt
Numerical Solution
We used Runge-Kutta method for systems of differential equations with h = 0.2
to solve our system (Please refer to MATLAB code: Problem2.m).
The numerical
solution upto four decimal places is
11.5094 11.5093 19.0566 15.9085 11.3401
i.e.
c1 = 11.5094
c2 = 11.5093
c3 = 19.0566
c4 = 15.9085
c5 = 11.3401
Reasons for choosing Runge-Kutta 4th order method
Runge-Kutta 4th order method is employed for this purpose because it gives
better approximation to the actual solution as compared to the Euler or the
modified-Euler formula.
Convergence
We applied the Runge-Kutta method for systems of differential equations for
600 iterations and all the ci s seemed to converge by iteration number 500 to
their respective values
Error Analysis
It is difficult to estimate the actual error but we find the estimated error between
our last iteration and second last iteration. Following was the error corresponding to each ci s upto
four decimal places
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 0.0014
We can say that since the number of iterations is high the solution seems to be
converging to the actual solution. We can minimize the error by increasing the
number of iterations.
c2 = 11.5093
c3 = 19.0566
c4 = 15.9085
c5 = 11.3401