Dynamics

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Objectives

To understand the concept of force and understand its vectorial

character
To establish the relationship between force and the variables that
define the movement

To understand the meaning of Newton's laws

To identify the different types of motion in terms of applied forces.

To know the physical meaning of dynamic quantities

To know and understand the importance of the principles of

conservation of energy, angular momentum, and know how to use for
solving problems
Transfer the concepts used for one point system to a system of
material points
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Contents
1. Force and Motion: Newton's laws
2. Particle systems
3. Conservation Theorems
4. Work and Energy
Bibliography

F. Fsicos de la Ingeniera II (SPUP-064)

Fsica (Alonso-Finn)

Fsica (Tipler)

Temas Preliminares de Fsica (CD) (SPUPV-429)

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Relationship with other topics

Mathematics / Physics
Vectors

d
r t
dt

d r dt

Relationship with various scientific and technological

areas (Energy / Principle of conservation)

Mechanics

Rigid body dynamics

Center of mass calculation

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Preliminary concepts

Mass: m

Force: F
Momentum: p=mv
O( F
)=r F

Moment of a force: M
Angular momentum: L =r p

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P1

Newton's Laws
p =0

ct
e
j
b
o
y
r
e
. Ev
w
a
l
t
s
r
i
F
iform
n
u
f
o
e
t
main
i n a st a
e
r
o
t
s
d
n
motion te e of motion
at
in that st external
n
unless a plied to it.
p
force is a

v =CST

m
v =0
m

www.schooltube.com/video/2555122616ce8f15ffdb/Force-and-Motion-Newtons-Law-of-Inertia
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Newton's Laws

F =m
a
. The
w
a
l
d
n
bject is
o
Seco
n
a
f
o
tion
accelera tion of the net
ec
It
in the dir rce acting on it.
fo
net
e
external
h
t
o
t
l
a
tion
is propor rce and is
fo
e
external roportional to th
p
inversely e object.
th
mass of

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F
a =
m

a
a

Newton's Laws
A = R

orces
F
.
w
a
l
al
u
Third
q
e
n
i
r
ccu
always o ite pairs. If
os
and opp xerts a force
e
l but
a
u
object A
q
e
n
t B, a
c
e
j
b
o
erted
n
x
o
e
s
i
e
c
for
opposite
ect A.
j
b
o
n
o
tB
by objec

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Newton's Laws
p =0

F =m a
A = R

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Problems: 1, 4

Third law: The stubborn horse

According to
Newton's third law,
whatever force I
exert on the cart, the
cart will exert an
equal and opposite
force on me, so the
net force will be zero
and I will have no
chance of
accelerating the cart

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Frictional forces
Fluid:

F kf (v )

Solids:

F app

F s , k=N
Static friction:

app< s N

F s=F

Kinematic friction:

F k= k N
s coefficient of static friction
k coefficient of kinetic friction
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Frictional forces
Fluid:

F kf (v )

Solids:

F app

F s , k=N
Static friction:

app< s N

F s=F

Kinematic friction:

F k= k N
s coefficient of static friction
k coefficient of kinetic friction
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Applications of Newton's Laws

N =m g cos

F s ,max
(j )m g cos

F s ,max =m g sin

m g sin i

m
g

tan= s

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Problems: 6, 7

Variable mass system

Second law. The acceleration of an object is in the

direction of the net external force acting on it. It is
proportional to the net external force and is inversely
proportional to the mass of the object.
=m a
F

d p

F=
dt
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Variable mass system

m
dm
v p

m+dm

p i=m v + dm v p

v + d
v

p f =(m+ dm)(v +d v )

d p = p f pi =m d v (v p
v ) dm=m d v
u dm
d p
d v
dm

F=
=m
u
dt
dt
dt
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the velocity of the

impacting material
relative to the object

Variable mass system

Thrust: Rocket propulsion

t
v

t+ d t
v + d v

pi =m v

p
d

v
dm

F=
=m
u
dt
dt
dt

mdm

v + u
dm

For
F =0
m0
v=v 0+ u ln
m

The gas is exhausted at a

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speed u relative
todethe rocket
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Problems: 3,

Conservation of Momentum
If the net external force on a system is zero, the total linear
momentum of the system remains constant

d p

R=
dt

R =0 d p =0

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Conservation of Angular Momentum

If the net external torque acting on a system is zero, the total
angular momentum of the system is constant

d
LA d
d rA
d p
= ( r A p )=
p + rA
=
dt
dt
dt
dt

d p
= M A
= rA
= rA F
dt
M A =0 d LA =0

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Systems of particles
Point particles

mi
n

Extended objects

mi

m= m i

mk

i=1

mj
Forces and momentum
{ R , M 0 }

fij
fji

F iDepartamento de
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F j

The Centre of Mass

r cm

mi ri

r cm

r dm

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Centre of gravity
Centre of the parallel sliding
vector system

OC =

*
v
OP i ) ( v i
OP i)
(
i
i

*
i

mi gi
G

r i

m j g j

i v i

( mi gi r i )
r G =

m i gi
i

r j

( mi r i )
r cm =

mi
i

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Problems: 8, 9, 10

P
1

Centre of mass theorem

i + f ij =mi
F
ai

F External forces

i
F

F i + f ij = mi a i

f Internal forces

f
ij

r i

i,j

d2

f
ji

R= m i
i

d r i
dt

m i r i

(
)
i

dt

d 2 ( mr cm )
dt

=m

r j

j
F

d r cm

R=m
dt 2

R=m a cm

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d 2 r cm
dt

Centre of mass theorem

The motion of any object or system of particles can be described in terms of the motion of the
centre of mass plus the motion of individual particles in the system relative to the centre of
mass
2

d r cm

R=m
2
dt

1
F

m1

m2

CM

i mi
F

2
F
m3

...

R=m a cm

CM

3
F
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R
M

The Centre of Mass

The motion of any object or system of particles can be described in terms of the motion of the
centre of mass plus the motion of individual particles in the system relative to the centre of
mass
2

d r cm

R=m
2
dt

R=m a cm

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Conservation of Linear Momentum

If the net external force on a system is zero, the total momentum of the
system remains constant.

d pi d p cm d p

R=
=
=
dt
dt
dt

R =0 p=0

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Conservation of angular momentum

d
LA d
d r Ai
d pi
= (r Ai pi )=
p i+ r Ai
=
dt
dt i
dt
dt
i

=
i

d pi
i+ f i) = r i
A
r Ai
= r i( F
F i= M
dt
i
(*) i

If the net external torque acting

on a system is zero, the total
angular momentum of the
system is constant.

A=
M

d i L Ai
dt

d
LA
=
dt

A =0 L A =0
M

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Conservation of angular momentum

(*)

r i f i= ( r i f ij )=0

f
ij
r i

f ji

r ij
r j

r i f ij + r j f ji =
=(r i r j ) f ij =
=r ij f ij =0

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Conservation theorems
Linear momentum

Angular momentum

d pi d p cm d p

R=
=
=
dt
dt
dt

R =0 p=0

A=
M

d i L Ai
dt

d
LA
=
dt

A =0 L A =0
M

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Conservation theorems: applications

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Conservation theorems: applications

FL
pf
pf

pi

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pi

Work and energy

Work

d r = Md

W = F

B
A

Power

dW
P=
dt
Ec K

Kinetic energy: kinetic energy theorem

B

1
2
2

W = Fd r = m ( v B v A ) =K B K A
2
A
B
A

Kinetic energy in a system of particles:

1
1
2
K = m i v i =
2
i 2

1
2
m
v
+
m
v
'
i

i
i
2
i
i

2
cm

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Problem: 13

Potential energy
Potential energy is the energy stored in a body or in a system due
to its position in a force field or due to its configuration.

h
1 2
U= k x
2
U =mgh

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Problem: 2, 14, 15

Potential energy
A force is conservative if the total work it does on a particle is zero
when the particle moves around any closed path returning to its initial
position.

dU
F ( x)=
dx
B

F ( x) dx= U =U A U B
A

E p U
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Conservation of mechanical energy

B
A

W =W T =W c + W nc = K
W T = U + W nc = K
W nc = K + U
W nc =0 K + U =0

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Conservation of mechanical energy

Potential energy HIGH
Kinetic energy low

W nc =0 K + U =0

Potential energy low

Kinetic energy HIGH

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Roller coaster

Problems: 5, 11, 12, 16