CHAPTER

MECHANICS OF
SOLIDS
Torsion

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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Contents
Introduction

Statically Indeterminate Shafts

Torsional Loads on Circular Shafts

Sample Problem 3.4

Net Torque Due to Internal Stresses

Design of Transmission Shafts

Axial Shear Components

Stress Concentration

Shaft Deformations
Shearing Strain
Stresses in Elastic Range
Normal Stresses
Torsional Failure Modes
Sample Problem 3.1
Angle of Twist in Elastic Range

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Suggested Problems
3.1, 3.2, 3.7, 3.8, 3.11, 3.12, 3.19, 3.21, 3.23,
3.27, 3.32, 3.36, 3.42, 3.43, 3.48, 3.51, 3.52,
3.53, 3.57, 3.58, 3.70, 3.72, 3.74, 3.76, 3.84,
3.86, 3.87, 3.154, 3.155

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Torsional Loads on Circular Shafts
Interested in stresses and strains of
circular shafts subjected to twisting
couples or torques
Turbine exerts torque T on the shaft
Shaft transmits the torque to the
generator
Generator creates an equal and
opposite torque T

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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Net Torque Due to Internal Stresses
Net of the internal shearing stresses is an
internal torque, equal and opposite to the
applied torque,
T dF dA

Although the net torque due to the shearing

stresses is known, the distribution of the stresses
is not
Distribution of shearing stresses is statically
indeterminate must consider shaft
deformations
Unlike the normal stress due to axial loads, the
distribution of shearing stresses due to torsional
loads can not be assumed uniform.
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Axial Shear Components
Torque applied to shaft produces shearing
stresses on the faces perpendicular to the
axis.
Conditions of equilibrium require the
existence of equal stresses on the faces of the
two planes containing the axis of the shaft
The existence of the axial shear components is
demonstrated by considering a shaft made up
of axial slats.

The slats slide with respect to each other when

equal and opposite torques are applied to the
ends of the shaft.

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Shaft Deformations
From observation, the angle of twist of the
shaft is proportional to the applied torque and
to the shaft length.
T
L

When subjected to torsion, every cross-section

of a circular shaft remains plane and
undistorted.
Cross-sections for hollow and solid circular
shafts remain plain and undistorted because a
circular shaft is axisymmetric.
Cross-sections of noncircular (nonaxisymmetric) shafts are distorted when
subjected to torsion.
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Shearing Strain
Consider an interior section of the shaft. As a
torsional load is applied, an element on the
interior cylinder deforms into a rhombus.
Since the ends of the element remain planar,
the shear strain is equal to angle of twist.
It follows that
L or

Shear strain is proportional to twist and radius

max

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and max
L
c

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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Stresses in Elastic Range
Multiplying the previous equation by the
shear modulus,
G

G max

From Hookes Law, G , so

max

The shearing stress varies linearly with the

radial position in the section.

J 12 c 4

Recall that the sum of the moments from

the internal stress distribution is equal to
the torque on the shaft at the section,

T dA max 2 dA max J
c
c

J 12 c24 c14

The results are known as the elastic torsion

formulas,

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max

Tc
T
and
J
J
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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Normal Stresses
Elements with faces parallel and perpendicular
to the shaft axis are subjected to shear stresses
only. Normal stresses, shearing stresses or a
combination of both may be found for other
orientations.
Consider an element at 45o to the shaft axis,
F 2 max A0 cos 45 max A0 2

45o

F max A0 2

max
A
A0 2

Element a is in pure shear.

Element c is subjected to a tensile stress on
two faces and compressive stress on the other
two.
Note that all stresses for elements a and c have
the same magnitude
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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Torsional Failure Modes
Ductile materials generally fail in
shear. Brittle materials are weaker in
tension than shear.
When subjected to torsion, a ductile
specimen breaks along a plane of
maximum shear, i.e., a plane
perpendicular to the shaft axis.
When subjected to torsion, a brittle
specimen breaks along planes
perpendicular to the direction in
which tension is a maximum, i.e.,
along surfaces at 45o to the shaft
axis.
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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Sample Problem 3.1
SOLUTION:
Cut sections through shafts AB
and BC and perform static
equilibrium analysis to find
torque loadings

Shaft BC is hollow with inner and outer

diameters of 90 mm and 120 mm,
respectively. Shafts AB and CD are solid
of diameter d. For the loading shown,
determine (a) the minimum and maximum
shearing stress in shaft BC, (b) the
required diameter d of shafts AB and CD
if the allowable shearing stress in these
shafts is 65 MPa.
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Apply elastic torsion formulas to

find minimum and maximum
stress on shaft BC
Given allowable shearing stress
and applied torque, invert the
elastic torsion formula to find the
required diameter

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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Sample
SOLUTION:Problem 3.1
Cut sections through shafts AB and BC
and perform static equilibrium analysis
to find torque loadings

M x 0 6 kN m TAB

M x 0 6 kN m 14 kN m TBC

TAB 6 kN m TCD

TBC 20 kN m

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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Sample Problem 3.1
Apply elastic torsion formulas to
find minimum and maximum
stress on shaft BC

c24 c14 0.0604 0.0454

2
2

13.92 10

max 2

TBC c2 20 kN m 0.060 m

J
13.92 10 6 m 4

Given allowable shearing stress and

applied torque, invert the elastic torsion
formula to find the required diameter

max

Tc
Tc

J c4
2

65MPa

6 kN m
c3
2

c 38.9 103 m

d 2c 77.8 mm

86.2 MPa

min c1

max c2

min
86.2 MPa

min 64.7 MPa

45 mm
60 mm

max 86.2 MPa

min 64.7 MPa

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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS

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Angle of Twist in Elastic Range
Recall that the angle of twist and maximum
shearing strain are related,
max

c
L

In the elastic range, the shearing strain and shear

are related by Hookes Law,
max

max
G

Tc
JG

Equating the expressions for shearing strain and

solving for the angle of twist,

TL
JG

If the torsional loading or shaft cross-section

changes along the length, the angle of rotation is
found as the sum of segment rotations
Ti Li
i J i Gi

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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Statically Indeterminate Shafts
Given the shaft dimensions and the applied
torque, we would like to find the torque reactions
at A and B.
From a free-body analysis of the shaft,
TA TB 90 lb ft

which is not sufficient to find the end torques.

The problem is statically indeterminate.
Divide the shaft into two components which
must have compatible deformations,
1 2

TA L1 TB L2

0
J1G J 2G

TB

L1 J 2
TA
L2 J1

Substitute into the original equilibrium equation,

LJ
TA 1 2 TA 90 lb ft
L2 J1

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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS

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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Sample Problem 3.4
SOLUTION:
Apply a static equilibrium analysis on
the two shafts to find a relationship
between TCD and T0

Apply a kinematic analysis to relate

the angular rotations of the gears
Find the maximum allowable torque
on each shaft choose the smallest

Two solid steel shafts are connected

by gears. Knowing that for each shaft
Find the corresponding angle of twist
G = 11.2 x 106 psi and that the
for each shaft and the net angular
allowable shearing stress is 8 ksi,
rotation of end A
determine (a) the largest torque T0
that may be applied to the end of shaft
AB, (b) the corresponding angle
through which end A of shaft AB
rotates.
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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Sample Problem 3.4
SOLUTION:
Apply a static equilibrium analysis on
the two shafts to find a relationship
between TCD and T0

M B 0 F 0.875in. T0

Apply a kinematic analysis to relate

the angular rotations of the gears

rB B rCC
rC
2.45 in.
C
C
rB
0.875in.

M C 0 F 2.45 in. TCD

TCD 2.8 T0

B 2.8C

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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Sample Problem 3.4
Find the T0 for the maximum
Find the corresponding angle of twist for each
allowable torque on each shaft
shaft and the net angular rotation of end A
choose the smallest

A / B

max

T 0.375in.
TABc
8000 psi 0
0.375in.4
J AB
2

T0 663lb in.

max

TCD c
2.8 T0 0.5 in.
8000 psi
0.5 in.4
J CD
2

T0 561lb in.

T0 561lb in

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561lb in. 24in.

TAB L

J ABG 0.375 in. 4 11.2 106 psi

2

0.387 rad 2.22o

C / D

TCD L
2.8 561lb in. 24in.

J CDG 0.5 in. 4 11.2 106 psi

2

0.514 rad 2.95o

B 2.8C 2.8 2.95o 8.26o

A B A / B 8.26o 2.22o

A 10.48o
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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Design of Transmission Shafts
Principal transmission shaft
performance specifications are:
- power
- speed
Designer must select shaft
material and cross-section to
meet performance specifications
without exceeding allowable
shearing stress.

Determine torque applied to shaft at

specified power and speed,
P T 2fT
T

P
2f

Find shaft cross-section which will not

exceed the maximum allowable
shearing stress,
max

Tc
J

J 3
T
c
c 2
max

solid shafts

J
4 4
T

c2 c1
c2 2c2
max

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hollow shafts

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Stress Concentrations
The derivation of the torsion formula,
max

Tc
J

assumed a circular shaft with uniform

cross-section loaded through rigid end
plates.
The use of flange couplings, gears and pulleys
attached to shafts by keys in keyways, and
cross-section discontinuities can cause stress
concentrations
Experimental or numerically determined
concentration factors are applied as
max K

Tc
J

Fig. 3.32 Stress-concentration factors

for fillets in circular shafts.

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