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Stability Theory III
Stability Theory III
TABLE OF CONTENTS :
| Effect of cargo shifting on GZ | GZ curve transverse shift | GZ curve changing the trim | GZ curve
decreasing the beam | GZ curve decreasing the freeboard | GZ curve decreasing the FSC | GZ curve
flooding | GZ curve ice accretion | GZ curve in neutral condition | GZ curve in stable condition | GZ
curve in unstablel condition | GZ curve increase in draught | GZ curve increasing the beam | GZ
curve increasing the freeboard | GZ curve increasing the FSC | GZ curve timber cargo |
- 1 -
During a course of a voyage, the bulk cargo, originally trimmed level within a hold, shifts
to one side. Describe with the aid of diagrams, the effect that this shift of cargo would have
on the curve of statical stability.
(1) Solid bulk cargoes are liable to shift when the angle of heel due to heavy weather rolling
exceeds their angle of repose.
(2) When the cargo shifts, the vessels develops a heel angle and the vessel roll about the
angle of list.
(3) Subsequent rolling will result in the ship being heeled to a greater angle of heel on the
listed side that will lead to further shift of cargo.
(4) When a solid bulk cargo shifts, a large chunk of cargo is lying off the centre line which
has the effect of a weight added at a height.
(5) The following diagram represents the shifting of cargo within a hold.
(6) It can be seen that a wedge of grain has moved from g to g1.
(7) Thus G moves towards the added weight and away from the centre line to a new position
G1
(8) This has two effects on the vessels righting lever GZ.
(9) A small vertical component causes the G to rise from G to GV resulting in the increase of
he KG and decrease in GM.
(10) A large horizontal component which causes the ships centre of gravity to move off
centre line - G to GH causing list.
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Vertical shift of G
Loss of GZ to vertical comp
= GGV x Sin
Horizontal shift of G
Loss of GZ to horizontal
comp = GGH x Cos
11) The original GZ will be reduced as a result of both components of the shift of
G to give the final condition after the shift of cargo has taken place.
12) If the vessel has sufficient stability then it would remain in a listed, yet stable
condition.
13) Provided that the rolling motion and cargo shift does not take the angle of heel
beyond the point max of G, it will be harder to heel the ship further and
subsequent shifts of cargo will diminish
14) The following diagram shows the effect of shift on solid bulk cargo on vessels
statical stability.
.
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Describe with the aid of a labeled sketch the following initial stability conditions, when
applied to a freely floating vessel in the upright condition.
STABLE CONDITON
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de
- 5 -
NEUTRAL CONDITION
- 6 -
UNSTABLE CONDITION
- 7 -
Describe with the aid of sketches, the effects on a ships curve of statical stability for the
following conditions:
- 8 -
1) From the above diagram, it can be seen that with increase in the beam, the outward
movement of B to B1 is much greater. This creates a larger value of BM and effectively
increases the GM of the vessel.
2) The following figures illustrate two GZ curve, one for narrow beam and other for wider beam
vessel.
3)
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
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1)
From the above diagram, it can be seen that with decrease in the beam, the
outward movement of B to B1 is much reduced. This creates a reduction in value of
BM and effectively decreases the GM of the vessel.
2)
The following figures illustrate two GZ curve, one for narrow beam and other for
wider beam vessel.
3)
a)
b)
c)
- 10 -
d)
e)
f)
g)
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1) The above figure indicates two ships of similar characteristics, having different freeboard.
2) At angle of heel upto deck edge immersion of smaller greater freeboard ship, the curve of
statical stability will be exactly same.
3) At angles of heels beyond deck edge immersion of smaller freeboard vessel, the values of GZ
will be smaller for smaller freeboard vessel since the curve steepness does not continue any
more upto large angles of heel.
4) This is as a result of reduction in the size of water plane areas as compared to larger
freeboard vessel.
5) The following diagram illustrates GZ curve for both vessels.
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1) The above figure indicates two ships of similar characteristics, having different freeboard.
2) At angle of heel upto deck edge immersion of smaller freeboard ship, the curve of statical
stability will be exactly same.
3) At angles of heels beyond deck edge immersion of smaller freeboard vessel, the values of GZ
will be greater for greater freeboard vessel since the curve steepness continues upto large
angles of heel
4) This is as a result of increase in the size of water plane areas as compared to smaller
freeboard vessel.
5) The following diagram illustrates GZ curve for both vessels.
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edge
- 14 -
Shifting weight transversely (OR) Transverse shift of cargo (eg R-Ro units)
(OR) List due to off centre weight
1) From the above figure it can be seen that if a weight is transversely moved across the deck,
the G of the vessel moves parallel to and in the same direction as the movement of weight.
2) The righting lever is thus reduced from GZ to GHZ1 as a result of transverse shift of weight.
Please consider the environment before printing out these copies
- 15 -
Increase in draught:
(Assuming KG remains the same)
1)
2)
3)
4)
No change in the GM
Angle of deck edge immersion is reduced due to reduction in the freeboard.
Area under the curve is reduced due to reduction in the angle of deck edge immersion.
Reduction in the range of positive stability.
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5)
6)
7)
8)
Departure and Arrival condition curve on the same axis. Explain the reasons
for the differences between the two curves
OR
During the course of a voyage the stability of a vessel may change. State the
likely causes of such a change and show the effect this has on the vessels GZ
curve.
It is assumed that during the voyage oil and water are consumed from the double bottom and
other low level tanks reducing the GM and the reduction of weight causes a slight increase of the
freeboard.
1) GM decreases.
2) Angle of deck edge immersion increases due to increase in freeboard.
3) Area under the curve decreases due to reduction in the GM and increases due to increased
angle of deck edge immersion. The overall effect is usually a reduction of area. Displacement
reduces and hence the dynamical stability will almost certainly decrease.
4) Range of stability decreases duet to reduced GM and increases due to increased angle of deck
edge immersion. The overall effect is usually a reduction of range.
5) Max GZ value decreases.
6) Angle of max GZ decreases.
Please consider the environment before printing out these copies
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7) No angle of loll
8) No list.
Reasons:
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- 19 -
Lowering a KG
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
Increasing the KG
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
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GZ curve for vessel with a ZERO GM affected by a rise in the KG and Reduction
in the KG
1) The following diagram illustrates three curves, one with zero GM, curve showing the effect
on zero GM curve when KG is increased and the other when the KG is reduced.
2) When the GM is zero the vessel is in neutral condition. A further heel will produce righting
lever and subsequent positive stability.
3) When the KG is increased from a condition where initial GM is zero,
a) the initial GM is reduced giving negative GM (-0.2m in this case).
b) Range of stability reduces from angle of loll to angle of vanishing stability.
c) Area under the curve decreases.
d) Max GZ value decreased
e) Angle of max GZ value decreases.
f) Vessel will be in unstable condition and will continue to heel until she rests at angle
of loll.
g) No change in the angle of deck edge immersion.
h) No list condition.
4) When the KG is decreased from a condition where initial GM is zero, then
a) the initial GM increases producing positive GM (0.2m in this case)
b) Range of stability is increased.
c) Area under the curve increases
d) Max GZ
e) Angle of max GZ increases
f) No angle of loll
g) No list
h) Angle of deck edge immersion remains the same.
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GM is reduced.
Angle of deck edge immersion remains the same.
Area under the curve is reduced.
Range of stability is reduced.
Max GZ value is reduced.
Angle of Max GZ is reduced.
No angle of loll. However if the FSE is much higher then it could result in negative GM and
subsequent angle of loll.
8) No list
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Stiff Ship:
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Tender Ship:
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- 26 -
A vessel operating in severe winter conditions may suffer from ice accretion on
decks and superstructure which is not symmetrical.
Describe the effects of this on the overall stability of the vessel making a
particular reference to the curve of statical stability.
- 27 -
Vertical shift of G
Loss of GZ to vertical comp
= GGV x Sin
Horizontal shift of G
Loss of GZ to horizontal
comp = GGH x Cos
- 28 -
12) It can be seen from the above curve that due to unsymmetrical ice accretion:
a) GM is reduced due to increase of weight due to ice high on the ship.
b) Angle of deck edge immersion Very little change because of freeboard decreased a little
due to extra weight of ice. However it is easily reached on the heeled side.
c) Dynamical stability or the area under the curve is reduced due to reduced GM (curve is
lowered) and reduced due to heeling arm curve (area above curve). Overall effect area under
the curve largely reduced making the ship less able to resist heeling by external force.
d) Reduction in the maximum GZ. Also all values of GZ across the range of stability are
reduced.
e) Angle of maximum GZ values small reduction.
f) Range of stability greatly reduced from List angle to angle of vanishing stability.
g) No angle of loll. However vessel could loll over is the GM was to be negative.
h) List depends upon the value of GM and the horizontal shift of G.
- 29 -
A vessel loads a packaged timber cargo on deck such that there is an increase in
the vessels KG and an effective increase in freeboard. Using a sketch show the
effects of loading this cargo on the vessels GZ curve.
Loading timber on deck has the two major effects on ship viz.,
1) Increase in KG due to deck cargo.
2) Increase in freeboard as the stack of timber cargo on deck acts as additional reserve
buoyancy.
3) The following diagram has two GZ curves, one indicating the GZ curve for vessel prior
loading timber deck cargo and the other after loading timber cargo on deck.
Please consider the environment before printing out these copies
- 30 -
Show how a curve of statical stability produced using ordinary KN values differs
from a curve produced using KN values labeled Free Trim
- 31 -
TABLE OF CONTENTS :
| Effect of cargo shifting on GZ | GZ curve transverse shift | GZ curve changing the trim | GZ curve
decreasing the beam | GZ curve decreasing the freeboard | GZ curve decreasing the FSC | GZ curve
flooding | GZ curve ice accretion | GZ curve in neutral condition | GZ curve in stable condition | GZ
curve in unstablel condition | GZ curve increase in draught | GZ curve increasing the beam | GZ
curve increasing the freeboard | GZ curve increasing the FSC | GZ curve timber cargo |
- 32 -