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A Legáltalánosabb Svéd Segédigék Alakjai
A Legáltalánosabb Svéd Segédigék Alakjai
A Legáltalánosabb Svéd Segédigék Alakjai
The most common Swedish modal auxiliaries with their inflection are listed below:
A legltalnosabb svd segdigk alakjai
Infinitive Present
Past
Supine
Meaning
skola
(skolat)
kunna
kan
kunde
kunnat
vilja
vill
ville
velat
fr
fick
ftt
mste
mste
bra
br
borde
bort
tr
torde
is probably
mtte
lr
lt
ltit
lta
lter
.behva
let
..szksges, kell
3.4.4. Tense
General
The grammatical category tense has to do with time-relations expressed by systematic grammatical
contrasts. In the Germanic languages, the expressions for tense are either an inflectional ending on
the verb (John opened the door) or a tense auxiliary in combination with a particular non-tensed
(non-finite) verb form (John will open the door); a small group of verbs (strong verbs) do not use
endings but express tense with differnt forms of the verb (we sing every day, we sang every day; he
is happy, he was happy).
All Germanic languages express a cotrast between present (he is here), past (he was here), and
future (he will be here), usually also the perfect/pluperfect meaning is expressed (he has been
here, he had been here).
Swedish
Present tense
The present tense ends in -r: han ppnar drren, vi sjunger varje dag.
Past tense
Like the other Germanic languages, Swedish forms the past tense with a dental suffix (weak
conjugation) or a change in the stem vowel (strong conjugation): han ppnade drren he opened
door.the, vi sjng varje dag we sang every day.
Future tense
Swedish has three main ways to express the future:
a. with the present tense form (mainly verbs referring to a change of state): han ppnar drren om
en timme he opens door.the within an hour (= he will open ...)
b. with the auxiliary kommer + att + infinitive, han kommer att ppna drren om en timme he
comes to open door.the ... (= he will open...) or
c. with the modal skall + infinitive, han ska ppna drren om en timme he shall open door.the ... (=
he will open ...).
Perfect/pluperfect
The perfect/pluperfect auxiliary is always ha have, followed by a specific uninflected verb form
called the supine, which always ends in -t: han har ppnat drren he has opened door.the, vi
hade sjungit we had sung.
henne he kicks/ kicked her, supine, han hade sparka henne he had kicked her or infinitive, han
rkade sparka henne he happened to kick her.
The most common verbs (among the 500 most common words) of the first conjugation, according
to Alln (1972), are:
(2)
acceptera accept, elfogad,
arbeta work, dolgozik,
behandla treat, bnik, foglalkozik vkivel,
bertta tell, elmond, elmesl,
betala pay, fizet,
betrakta watch, observe, nz,
bilda form, alakt, forml,
bruka use to, hasznl, alkalmaz,
brja begin, kezd, elkezd,
diskutera discuss, megbeszl,
frga ask, krdez,
fungera function, mkdik,
frklara explain, magyarz, kifejt,
frlora lose, veszt,
handla buy, act, vsrol,
hoppa jump, (fel)ugrik
hvda uphold, maintain, assert, llt, kiemel,
intressera interest, be of interest to, rdekldik,
kalla call, hv, szlt,
klara manage, intz,
konstatera establish, prove, point out, megllapt,
kosta cost, kerl valamibe, kstl valamibe
likna resemble, compare, hasonlt,
lyckas succeed, manage, sikerl, boldogul,
lmna leave, retire, hand over, tad,
mena mean, akar,
omfatta grasp, encircle, comprise, tfog, krlvesz,
presentera present, bemutat,
rkna count, szmol,
sakna miss, hinyzik, hinyol,
samla collect, sszegyjt,
skapa create, alkot, csinl, ltrehoz, teremt,
skildra describe, relate, brzol, krlr,
stanna stay, stop, megll,
svara answer, vlaszol,
tala speak, (el)mond, beszl,
tvinga force, erltet,
utnyttja utilize, exploit, use, hasznost,
utveckla develop, fejleszt,
verka seem, ltszik, tnik (vhol vmlyennek)
visa show, mutat,
vnta wait, vr,
gna devote, ajnl, szn, szentel, odaad,
ka increase, gyarapszik, nvekszik,
ppna open, kinyit, nylik,
3
(9)
bit - biter - bet - bitit - biten bite
flyg - flyger - flg - flugit - flugen fly, repl
finn - finner- fann - funnit - funnen find tall, tart, tekint, vl vminek
ta - tar - tog - tagit - tagen take, fog, vesz, visz
The infinitive is formed by adding -a to the stem flyg!, flyga fly! (to) fly.
Strong verbs are divided into groups depending on the vowel alternation series. Thus, in (9) are
illustrated the series i - e - i, y - - u, i - a - u and a - o - a. The most common series together with
some example of each are given in (10) (top of next page); all the strong verbs among the top 500 in
Alln (1972) are included in this list, except some compounded ones.