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Week 2 - Intermodal Ports
Week 2 - Intermodal Ports
Engineering
Dr. Evrim Ursavas
Logistics
Deals with the planning and control of :
Material flows
Related information
Mission is to get
Logistics system
Includes not only all the functional activities
determining the flow of materials and
information, but also the infrastructures, means,
equipment and resources that are indispensable
to the execution of these activities;
- made up of facilities, where one or more
functional activities are carried out (e.g. storage
and distribution).
Distributors
Suppliers
Manufacturers
Flows of material
Flows of information
Customers
Different modalities:
Rails (Train)
Road (Truck)
Water (Ship)
Air (Plane)
Pipeline
Local transport
company
Terminal operator
Carrier
Terminal operator
Local transport
company
12
Maturity
Growth
Introduction
basic functions
No standardisation in freight
Hardly any suppliers and customers
Local focus
time
Introduction: containers
Dimensions of containers have been
standardized.
TEU (twenty-feet equivalent unit) is used to
refer to one container of twenty feet.
2 TEU: a container of 40 feet.
Reefer: container with electricity for products
that need cooling.
Containerized traffic introduced in the midfifties.
Container shipping
History
Container handling
Containers are transported by ships, trucks or
trains.
Ports and terminals are used to transship
containers from one mode of transportation to
another.
Within ports, containers are transshipped with
material handling equipment like vehicles and
cranes.
Container fleet
31.74
Singapore
29.94
Hong Kong
24.38
Shenzhen
22.57
Busan
16.17
Ningbo-Zhoushan
14.72
Guangzhou
14.26
Qingdao
13.02
13.01
Rotterdam
11.88
Figures of 2011
(in million TEU)
http://www.worldshipping.org/about-the-industry/global-trade/top-50-world-container-ports
Arrival
of the ship
import containers
load plan
Unloading plan
(Un)loading
of the ship
Transportation of
containers
export containers
Stack
Internal
Transport
other modalities
Flow of containers
ROTTERDAM
Flow of containers
Modes of transport
-
Train;
road vehicle (e.g. truck);
aircraft;
ship (for transport on oceans, seas, lakes, canals and
rivers);
- pipeline.
Differ with respect to cost and transit time.
Intermodal transport
- some modes of transport do not allow a door-to-door
connection between any origin and destination and should
be used jointly with other modes;
- the commodities can be stored temporarily and then
consolidated into different bins.
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Rail transport
- Inexpensive (especially for long-distance movements),
relatively slow, quite unreliable.
- Reasons:
> convoys transporting freight have low priority compared
to trains transporting passengers;
> direct train connections are quite rare;
> a convoy includes tens of cars to be worth operating.
- Consequences:
> railroad is a slow mover of raw materials (coal,
chemicals etc.) and of low-value finished products
(steel, paper, sugar, tinned food etc.);
> with the aim of reducing the transfer cost, it is preferred
to ship multiple loads of the wagon capacity (carload
transfers, or CL).
Introduction
TL
- TL service moves a full load directly from its origin to its
destination in a single trip (see Figure 2).
LTL
- if shipments add up to much less than the vehicle capacity,
it is more convenient to resort to several trucking services in
conjunction with cross-docking terminals (see Figure 3);
- LTL trucking is slower than TL trucking.
Introduction
Phoenix
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Introduction
Palm Springs
Line D
San Diego
Line A
Phoenix
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Introduction
Air transport
- Often used along with road transport in order to provide
door-to-door services;
- very fast in principle (the cruise speed of commercial flights
is from 0.75 to 0.86 Mach);
- slowed down in practice by freight handling at airports;
- not competitive for short- and medium-haul shipments;
- quite popular for the transport of high-value products over
long distances (about 20%, in value, of the world trade uses
air as the mode of transport);
- capacity (in terms of both weight and volume) of the
aircrafts is relatively limited, compared to that of trains and
ships.
Introduction
Water transport
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Introduction
Pipeline transport
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Introduction
Intermodal transport
- Moving freight with more than one mode of transport;
- hybrid services, with a reasonable trade-off between cost
and transit time;
- only few combinations of the five basic modes of transport
are convenient;
- most frequent intermodal services: aircraft-truck
(birdyback ) transport, train-truck (piggyback )
transport, ship-truck (fishyback ) transport;
- containers are the most common load units in intermodal
transport and can be moved in two ways:
> loaded on a truck and the truck is then loaded onto a
train, a ship or an aircraft (trailer-on-flatcar );
> loaded directly on a train, a ship or an aircraft
(container-on-flatcar ).
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