ACI Appendix D Updates for ACI 318-11

By Mark Bartlett, PE
RLG Consulting Engineers

SE University, January, 2013

www.LearnWithSEU.com

Topics to be covered

Review of Appendix D (ACI 318-02, 05, 08)



Very brief review

Major 2011 Updates to Appendix D





Adhesive Anchors
Seismic Revisions
Installation and Inspection of Anchors

What does IBC 2009 say about anchors?

How to correctly specify post-installed anchors

2

ACI Appendix D Updates for ACI 318-11

REVIEW OF APPENDIX D
(ACI 318-02, 05, 08)
3

Appendix D D.2.2
Strength design method for anchorage to
concrete

CIP anchors

 Headed

bolts, Hooked bolts, Headed studs,

Appendix D D.2.2

Post-installed anchors
 Undercut

anchors, Expansion anchors

(Sleeve anchors and Wedge anchors) and
Adhesive anchors (new in 2011)
 Post-installed Anchors must undergo prequalification testing
ACI 355.2 for mechanical anchors

ACI 355.4 for adhesive anchors

Appendix D D.2.2

Anchors not covered

 Specialty

inserts
 Through-bolts
 Screw-type anchors
 Multiple anchors connected to a single plate
at the embedded end of the anchors
 Grouted anchors (not the same as adhesive
anchors)
 Powder or pneumatic actuated nails
6

ACI 318 - Appendix D

Strength design method for anchorage to concrete
(i.e. Nu Nn or Vu Vn)

Nu & Vu Ultimate capacities determined from

service loads multiplied by load factors

Nn & Vn Nominal capacities determined from

equations

Strength reduction factor based on factors such

as failure mode, supplemental reinforcement and
anchor category
7

Appendix D Design Equations & Failure Modes

Design equations check multiple

failure modes
 Steel

capacity (Tension and Shear)

 Concrete breakout capacity (Tension and
Shear)
 Pullout/Pull-through capacity (Tension)
 Concrete Pryout (Shear)
 Concrete side-face blowout (Tension for
CIP anchors only)
 Bond Strength (Tension for Adhesive
Anchors only)
8

Tension Equations

Steel (D.5.1)

Concrete Breakout (D.5.2)

Pullout/Pull-through (D.5.3)

Concrete Side-face Blowout (D.5.4)

Bond Strength (D.5.5)

Nsa = nAse,N futa

Ncbg = ANc/ANco(ec,N ed,N c,N cp,N Nb)

Npn = c,P Np

Nsb = (160ca1Abrg)fc

Nag = ANa/ANao ec,Na ed,Na cp,Na Nba

9

Shear Equations

Steel (D.6.1)

Concrete Breakout (D.6.2)

Concrete Pryout (D.6.3)

Vsa = n 0.6 Ase,V futa

Vcbg = AVc/AVco (ec,V ed,V c,V h,V Vb)
Vcpg = kcp Ncb
10

Effects of Reinforcement

Anchor Reinforcement (D.4.2.1)

 Where

anchor reinforcement is provided in

accordance with D.5.2.9 and D.6.2.9, calculation of
the concrete breakout strength in accordance with
D.5.2 and D.6.2 is not required.
 Refer to sections D.5.2.9, RD.5.2.9, D.6.2.9 and
RD.6.2.9 for specific requirements

11

Effects of Reinforcement

Supplemental Reinforcement (D.4.2.1)

 Configuration

and placement similar to anchor

reinforcement
 Not specifically designed to transfer the full design
load from the anchors into the structural member
(ex. stirrups for shear reinforcement)

Condition A with supplemental reinforcement

Condition B without supplemental reinforcement

 Explicit

design of supplemental reinforcement is not

required (RD.4.3)
12

Phi () factors- Section D.4.3

Factor

Failure Mode

Anchor
Property

Steel

Ductile
Brittle

Side Face
Blowout

CIP

0.75

0.75

0.70

0.70

CIP
Cat. 1
Cat. 2
Cat. 3
CIP
Cat. 1
Cat. 2
Cat. 3
CIP
Cat. 1
Cat. 2
Cat. 3

0.75
0.75
0.65
0.55

0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75

0.70
0.65
0.55
0.45
0.70
0.65
0.55
0.45
0.70
0.65
0.55
0.45

0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70

Breakout

Pullout

Pryout

What about Bond Failure?

Condition A
Tension
Shear
Use Condition B

Use Condition B

Use Condition B

Condition B
Tension
Shear
0.75
0.65
0.65
0.60

13

Post-Installed Anchor Category

Category 1
 Low

sensitivity to installation and high reliability

Category 2
 Medium

sensitivity to installation and medium

reliability

Category 3
 High

sensitivity to installation and lower reliability

Determined from testing per ACI 355.2

 Mechanical

anchors only

14

Interaction of Tension and Shear - Section D.7

15

Interaction of Tension and Shear - Section D.7

If Vua 0.2Vn full tension allowed

If Nua 0.2Nn full shear allowed
Otherwise
Nua Vua < 1.2
+
Nn Vn
16

ACI Appendix D Updates for ACI 318-11

MAJOR 2011 UPDATES

ADHESIVE ANCHOR ADDITION
17

Adhesives in Appendix D

Biggest Change to Appendix D

 Like

mechanical anchors, you still need input

from manufacturers

 More

than just design equations

Assumptions regarding installation conditions

Installation by trained personnel

18

Adhesives in Appendix D

Section D.2.2
 Minimum

concrete age of 21 days at the time

of anchor installation
Moisture issue, not strength

Cover this information in your general notes and
specs

Common that anchors are installed prior to 21
days

19

Adhesives in Appendix D

Section D.3.5
 Horizontal

or upwardly inclined installations

and anchors subjected to sustained tension
loading must satisfy D.4.1.2 (45% capacity
reduction)

Satisfy Installer certification and inspection

requirements per D.9.2.2 D.9.2.4

 These

installations will be more expensive

20

Adhesives in Appendix D

Section D.3.6
 40%

reduction in lightweight concrete (20% for

expansion and 0% for CIP and undercut)

Section D.3.7
 fc

< 10,000 psi for CIP

 fc < 8,000 psi for Post-installed

Difficulty of expanding wedge type anchors in very

high strength concrete (VHSC)

Adhesive bond strength negatively affected in
VHSC

21

Adhesive in Appendix D

Section D.4.1.2
 Adhesive

anchors resisting sustained tension

loads
0.55 Nba > Nua,s

Nba : Basic bond strength in tension per D.5.5.2

Nua,s: Factored sustained tension load

 Sustained

tension loads (hanging loads) are

especially critical
22

Adhesives in Appendix D

Section D.5.5: Bond strength of

adhesive anchor in tension
Na = ANa/ANao ed,Na cp,Na Nba

(D-18)

Single Anchor

Nag = ANa/ANao ec,Na ed,Na cp,Na Nba (D-19)

Group of anchors

23

Adhesives in Appendix D
Nag = ANa/ANao ec,Na ed,Na cp,Na Nba
 ANa:

Influence area for a

group of adhesive
anchors
 ANao: Influence area for a
single anchor
ANao= (2cNa)2

cNa = 10da(uncr/1100)

da = anchor diameter

uncr: bond stress (per
testing / manuf.)

24

Adhesives in Appendix D
Nag = ANa/ANao ec,Na ed,Na cp,Na Nba
 ec,Na

: Modification for eccentric loading

 ed,Na

: Modification for edge effects

 cp,Na

: Modification for adhesive anchors

designed for uncracked concrete without
supplementary reinforcement to control
splitting
25

Adhesives in Appendix D
Nag = ANa/ANao ec,Na ed,Na cp,Na Nba

26

Manufacturers Info
Permitted Embedment
Depth Range

Minimum Anchor
Spacing

Critical and Minimum

Edge Distance

Minimum Concrete
Thickness

27

Manufacturers Info
Steel Strength in
Tension

Concrete Breakout
Strength in Tension
28

Temperature Range during

service life (interior or
exterior conditions)

Continuous or
Periodic Inspection
Dry or Water-saturated
Concrete

Strength reduction
factors ( factor)

29

Software

Use it
 Simpson
 Hilti
 Powers
 Free

downloads

30

ACI Appendix D Updates for ACI 318-11

MAJOR 2011 UPDATES

SEISMIC REVISIONS
31

Appendix D Seismic

Section D.3.3.1
 Additional

requirements if Seismic Design

Category is C, D, E or F

Section D.3.3.2
 Appendix

D does not apply for anchors

located in a plastic hinge

Section D.3.3.3
 Post-installed

anchor must pass simulated

seismic testing
32

Appendix D Seismic

Section D.3.3.4.1
 If

seismic forces are less than 20% of total

tensile force, the extra requirements of section
D.3.3.4.3 are not necessary

Section D.3.3.4.2
 If

seismic forces are more than 20% of total

tensile force, the extra requirements of section
D.3.3.4.3 are necessary
33

Appendix D Seismic

Section D.3.3.4.3
 Without

reading the commentary, this section

is hard to follow
 Anchors and their attachments must satisfy
one of options (a) through (d)
 This section is trying to prevent brittle failures
from occurring during a seismic event

34

Appendix D Seismic

Section D.3.3.4.3 (a)

 Transmit

element.

tensile loads via a ductile steel

Upset
Threads

35

Appendix D Seismic

Section D.3.3.4.3 (b)

 Ductile

yielding of the attachment

Section D.3.3.4.3 (c)

 Anchor

capacity limited by a non-yielding attachment

like a wood sill plate

Section D.3.3.4.3 (d)

 Anchors

designed for maximum tension obtained

from design load combinations that include E with E
increased by o
36

Appendix D Seismic

Section D.3.3.4.4
 25%

reduction to anchor
tensile strength for all failure
modes (except steel) given
in table D.4.1.1
 Assume concrete is cracked
unless demonstrated that it
remains uncracked

37

Appendix D Seismic

Section D.3.3.4.5
 When

anchor reinforcement is provided, no

reduction in anchor tensile strength is
required
 D.5.2.9 requires a 25% reduction in the
design of the anchor reinforcement

38

Appendix D Seismic

Section D.3.3.5.1
 If

seismic forces are less than 20% of total

shear force, the extra requirements of section
D.3.3.5.3 are not necessary

Section D.3.3.5.2
 If

seismic forces are more than 20% of total

shear force, the extra requirements of section
D.3.3.5.3 are necessary
39

Appendix D Seismic

Section D.3.3.5.3
 Shear

ductile requirements similar to the ones for

tension loads
 (a) ductile yield mechanism in the attachment
 (b) anchors designed for the maximum shear that can
be transmitted to the anchors by a non-yielding
attachment
 (c) Anchors designed for maximum shear obtained
from design load combinations that include E with E
increased by o
40

Appendix D Seismic

Section D.3.3.5.4
 When

anchor reinforcement is provided, no reduction

in shear strength is required

Section D.3.3.6
 Anchors

subject to both tension and shear shall be

designed to satisfy D.7 (interaction equation) with
tensile strength calculated from D.3.3.4.4 (25%
reduction)

Section D.3.3.7
 Anchor

reinforcement must be ASTM A615 Grades

40 and 60 or ASTM A706 Grade 60

41

Appendix D Seismic

Section D.3.4
 Adhesive

anchors installed horizontally or upwardly

inclined shall be tested per ASTM 355.4 for sensitivity
to installation direction

Section D.3.5
 For

adhesive anchors subjected to sustained tension

loading, D.4.1.2 (45% reduction) shall be satisfied
 Installer certification and inspection requirements
shall be in accordance with D.9.2.2 through D.9.2.4
42

Appendix D Seismic

Section D.3.6
 Modification

factor for lightweight concrete

CIP and undercut anchor concrete failure 1.0

Expansion and adhesive anchor concrete failure - 0.8
Adhesive anchor bond failure 0.6

Section D.3.7
 fc

max is 10,000 psi for CIP and 8,000psi for PI

43

ACI Appendix D Updates for ACI 318-11

MAJOR 2011 UPDATES

INSTALLATION AND INSPECTION
OF ANCHORS
44

Appendix D Section D.9

Section D.9.1
 Anchors

shall be installed by qualified

personnel in accordance with the
contract documents.
 The contract documents shall require
installation of post-installed anchors
in accordance with the
Manufacturers Printed Installation
Instructions (MPII).
 Installation of adhesive anchors shall
be performed by personnel trained to
install adhesive anchors.

45

Appendix D Section D.9

Section D.9.2
 Installation

of anchors shall be inspected in

accordance with section 1.3 (Inspection) and
the general building code.
 Adhesive anchors shall be subject to the
following additional requirements (sections
D.9.2.1 through D.9.2.4)

46

Appendix D Section D.9

Section D.9.2.1
 The

contract documents shall specify proof loading

where required in accordance with ACI 355.4.
 The contract documents shall also specify all
parameters associated with the characteristic bond
stress used for the design including:

minimum age of concrete

concrete temperature range
moisture condition of concrete at time of installation
type of lightweight concrete (if applicable)
requirements for hole drilling and preparation
47

Appendix D Section D.9

Section D.9.2.2
 For

horizontal and upwardly inclined adhesive

installations, the installer shall be certified by an
ACI/CRSI Adhesive Anchor Installer Certification
Program or equivalent.

Section D.9.2.3
 Acceptability

of other certifications is the responsibility

of the licensed design professional.

48

Appendix D Section D.9

Section D.9.2.4
 Horizontal

and upwardly inclined installations

require continuous special inspection
 Inspector shall be specially approved for that
purpose by the building official

49

ACI Appendix D Updates for ACI 318-11

IBC 2009 SECTION 1912

50

IBC 2009 Section 1912

Anchorage to Concrete Strength Design

 CIP

anchors, expansion anchors and

undercut anchors shall be designed in
accordance with Appendix D of ACI 318
 The strength design of anchors that are not
within the scope of Appendix D of ACI
318shall be in accordance with an
approved procedure.

Concrete screws, specialty inserts, etc.

51

Poll Question
Where do you currently specify the requirements for
post-installed concrete anchors?
A. Specifications only
B. General Notes only
C. Details only
D. Specs and Details
E. General Notes and Details
F. Specs, General Notes and Details
52

ACI Appendix D Updates for ACI 318-11

HOW TO PROPERLY SPECIFY

CONCRETE ANCHORS
53

Specifying Concrete Anchors

Specifications
 Add

a dedicated section for concrete anchors

 Include both CIP and PI anchors
 Sample specs can be downloaded from either
Simpson or Hilti

Download both and use the best parts of each one

 Useful

for legal reasons, but how practical is

the information?
54

Specifying Concrete Anchors

General Notes
 Add

a dedicated section for concrete anchors

 Include both CIP and PI anchors
 Sample general notes can be downloaded
from either Simpson or Hilti

These will probably not include the requirements

called out in Appendix D section D.9.2.1


minimum age of concrete, concrete temperature range,

moisture condition of concrete at time of installation, etc.
55

Specifying Concrete Anchors

Details
 If

possible, stay generic; If not, be very

specific about the anchor
 Refer back to the general notes or
specifications for additional information
 Create a standard anchor detail and refer
to it when possible

56

Specifying Concrete Anchors

Good Term

Torque-Controlled Anchor


Refer to General Notes for

ASTM designation

Not all adhesives are epoxies;

not all epoxies are structural

Epoxy Grout or Grout



Too generic

Epoxy Anchor


Threaded rod separate

Threaded Rod

Expansion Anchor / Exp. Bolt



Referenced in App. D;
includes rod and adhesive

Structural Adhesive


A little wordy, but accurate

Adhesive Anchor


Bad Term

Grouted anchors are different

Bolt


Too generic; bolts are not fully

threaded
57

Specifying Concrete Anchors

58

Specifying Concrete Anchors

59

Specifying Concrete Anchors

60

Specifying Concrete Anchors

61

Specifying Concrete Anchors

Type of threaded rod is

not called out

GC may feel that he can

determine the Or Equal
alternative

62

Specifying Concrete Anchors

Drill & Epoxy Grout is too

open ended
Older adhesives have not been
tested per ACI 355.4 and are
not allowed




Simpson SET and AT

Hilti HY 150 and RE 500
Powers Power-Fast

Acceptable versions




Simpson SET-XP & AT-XP

Hilti HY150 MAX-SD & RE500-SD
Powers PE1000+ and AC100+
Gold
63

Specifying Concrete Anchors

8 embed. is too deep

Exp. Bolt is too generic
Older Exp. Bolts not
tested per ACI 355.2 and
are not allowed per code




Simpson Wedge-All
Hilti Kwik Bolt 3
Powers Power-Stud

Acceptable versions




Simpson Strong-Bolt 2
Hilti Kwik Bolt TZ
Powers Power-Stud+ SD1
64

Specifying Concrete Anchors

Exp. Bolt again



Exp. Bolt gets:




Not a big deal here

5,000 lbs. tension

18,000 lbs. shear

Overkill


anchor acceptable

65

Summary
Adhesive Anchors added to Appendix D

Seismic provisions re-written

New installation and inspection
requirements

Proper anchor specifying is critical

Fix that stair stringer detail

66

Questions

67

ACI Appendix D Updates for ACI 318-11

By Mark Bartlett, PE
RLG Consulting Engineers

SE University, January, 2013

www.LearnWithSEU.com