26 FEBRUARI 2015

Mining System
HENDRA HARISMAN, ST., M.ENG.SC.

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Mining operations life stages

Prospecting
discovery of mineral deposit
Exploration
ore body definition size, shape, geometry, ore, waste, etc.
Development
mineral rights acquisition, environmental impact statement, construction of
access roads, surface facilities, access to ore body

Mining operations life stages

Exploitation
excavate ore body
surface or underground mining methods/systems
Reclamation and closure
site restoration

Mining system selection

Spatial characteristics of the deposit
Size height, thickness, and other dimensions
Shape tabular, lenticular, massive, or irregular
Attitude dip, strike
Depth, mean and extreme values
Ore boundaries
Existence of previous mining

Mining system selection

Spatial characteristics of the deposit
Surface vs. underground
Mine layout
Materials handling
Production rate

Mining system selection

Geologic and hydrologic conditions
Mineralogy and petrology sulphides vs. oxides in copper
Chemical composition primary and secondary minerals
Deposit structure folds, faults, etc.
Planes of weakness joints, fractures, shear zones
Uniformity of grade
Existence of strata gases

Mining system selection

Geologic and hydrologic conditions
Selective and non-selective mining methods
Ground support requirements
Pumping and drainage requirements
Mineral processing and smelting requirements

Mining system selection

Geotechnical properties
Ore and rock strength
State of stress (pre-mining, post-mining)
Rock mass rating
Other physical properties specific gravity, voids, porosity,
permeability, moisture content

Mining system selection

Geotechnical properties
Equipment selection
Support requirements

Mining system selection

Economic considerations
Reserves (grade and tonnage)
Production rate (tonnes per day/month/year)
Mine life
Productivity
Capital and operating costs

Mining system selection

Economic considerations
Output
Investment
Cash flow
Payback period
Profit

Mining system selection

Technological factors
Recovery proportion of ore extracted
Dilution
Flexibility to changing conditions
Selectivity between ore and waste
Mechanization
Capital and labour requirements

Mining system selection

Technological factors
Choice among possible methods
Subsequent operations processing, smelting, environment

Mining system selection

Environmental concerns
Waste disposal
Workforce
Safety
Atmospheric control ventilation, air quality, heat and humidity
Subsidence or caving effects
Post-mining use

Mining system selection

Procedure
Engineering judgement some factors are not quantifiable
Quantified evaluations
- computerized operations research based methods

Mining system selection

Conceptual study physical characteristics and production
potential of mining methods and layouts are assessed
Engineering study quantified parameters are compared
Detailed design study drawings and construction specifications
for preferred method are prepared
Flexibilities and variations in the preferred methods must be
considered at this stage
Possible new technologies

Mining system
Surface mining systems
Underground mining systems

Surface mining systems

Open pit mining
Metallic and non-metallic ores
Mass production
Open cast/strip mining
Coal
Quarrying
Dimension stones marble, granite
Solution mining

Underground mining systems

Unsupported mining systems

Room and pillar mining
Stope and pillar mining
Shrinkage stoping
Sublevel stoping

Underground mining systems

Supported systems
Cut-and-fill stoping
Stull stoping
Square-set stoping

Underground mining systems

Caving systems
Long-wall mining
Sublevel caving
Block caving