TRIBOLOGY

Q1.2
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)

TUTORIAL SHEET ANSWERS

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Q1.3
(i)
Elastic according to Hertz up to pm 1.2Y 0.4 H
(ii)
Palloy = 13.8 kN
Q1.4
75 mm
Q 1.5
12 rollers, evenly distributed
po = 8.5 MPa
Wood is very isotropic so Hertz probably not valid
Q1.6
No effect on contact shape
Steel/steel, po = 2.92 GPa
Steel/Si3N4, po = 3.30 GPa
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q 2.1
(a)

Mineral oil = 7.67 cSt at 70C

Polymer oil = 12.9 cSt at 70C

(b)

Mineral oil VI =100

Polymer containing oil VI = 147
(from tables data sheet 4.1 since nomograph 4.3. is inaccurate)

(c)

Mineral oil: -35C viscosity = 4998 cSt = 4248 cP OK low temp. cranking
-40C viscosity = 10222 cSt = 8687 cP OK low temp. pumping
Polymer oil: -35C viscosity = 6413 cSt = 5451 cP OK low temp. cranking
-40C viscosity = 14146 cSt = 10324 cP OK low temp. pumping
So Mineral oil is 0W
and Polymer solution is 0W/20 (assuming HTHS is OK)

(d)

As expected the polymer acts as a viscosity index improver or viscosity

modifier

Q 2.2
(a)

= 7.9 cP

(b)

= 552 Pas

Q 2.3
40C = 9.0 cSt, 100C = 3.3 cSt
Q 2.4
(a)

c = 203.6 K
b = 694.2 K
lna = 0.164 cP
Gives -5C = 7900 cP
50C = 55.0 cP

(b)

ASTM equation gives (using 20C and 60C values, i.e. those with temp closest
to unknown temperature.

-5C = 4785 cP
50C = 56.3 cP
(c)

Extrapolation not a good idea, especially to high viscosities

Q2.5
(a)

40C, A = 0.000410
100C, A = 0.000105

(b)

D = ln(6.632)/(1/313-1/373) = 3681
A1 = 8.61*10-8

(c)

(HTHS) = 2.20 cP

Results depend quite strongly on whether T = 313 K, 373 K or 313.15 K, 373.15 K

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q 3.1
(b)
(c)

W* = -0.162
ln(h) versus ln(U/WL) will be linear when there is negligible heating effect, the
lubricant Newtonian and there is a fully-flooded contact.
Non-linearity at high speeds is inevitable because of shear hearing.

Q 3.2 (a)

Optimum at 6W* = 0.069

Visc at 55C = 114.2 cP

B = L = 16 mm
(b)

Friction force per unit length is independent of L/B ratio so same at

L/B = 1 as L/B =
= -54 N

Q 3.3
(a)

55C = 95.5 cP

(b)

ISO VG 320

(c)

55C = 0.109 Pas

= 0.68

(d)

= 0.004

(e)

Q* = 0.54
Q = 20 cm3/min

(e)

44 rev/min, 0.115 m/s

(f)

13000 rpm

Q3.4
(a)

Simplified, substituted equations are

eff K p
Teff 60 5.54
(veff in cS )
Q*
6.67

eff in cS

eff

Teff = 102C
Tmax = 110C
ho = 19.5 m
(b)

pmean = W/LD = 15.5 MPa (acceptable)

ho is reasonable
Tmax is OK
So OK

Q3.5
(a)

Constant flow pump

W = 3750, 10% reduction in h gives 37% increase in load support

(b)

Capillary
W = 3400, 10% reduction in h gives 15% increase in load support

Q 3.6
(b) 8.3 secs.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q 4.1
(a)

q m / q 9.7 *10 3
q m / po 0.12
This is isoviscous-rigid

(b)

Use HD film thickness equation for roller on flat (equation 8c in notes)

ho = 21 m

Q 4.2

(a) Water
gv
gE

GW 3
U

W 8/3
2

2.8 * 10 4
6.3 * 10 7

U
Off scale of fig 8.6 but clearly Isoviscous-Elastic (I-E)

(b) Mineral Oil

gv
gE

GW 3
U

W 8/3

U
Also I-E

2.1 * 10 3
1.66 * 10 4

(c) Honey
gv
gE

GW 3
U2

3.85

W 8/3

66.9
U2
Isoviscous Rigid (HD) regime

Q 4.3

(a)

W = 490.0 N
b = 0.216 mm

U = (u1+u2)/2 = 0.192 m/s

(b)

20 =1113 cP
ho = 1.92*10-7 = 0.192 m
Heat dissipated Q Fu s t 3Wu s t =1693 J

(c)

T 7.7 o C
= 606 cP
ho = 0.13 m
Q 4.4

(a) U = 4.188 m/s

SRR = 0.4(40%) (could be either sign)
(b) po = 1.45 GPa
pmean = /4 * po = 1.14 GPa
(c) Dowson & Toyoda equation for line contact
hc = 0.38 m
(d) = 0.10
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q 5.1

(a)

Rq

D tan10
3

= 0.407 m

(b) Rq = 0.228 m

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q 6.2 (a) hNi = 3.8 mm

Q 6.3 (b) kA =4.1*10-8
(d) At h = 40 nm at MM, kA = 1.1x10-8
At h = 150 nm at QQ, kA = 4.1x10-8
Q 6.4 (b)

3 m
8 m
25 m
40 m

L10 (Mc)
8.65
4.75
2.4
1.6

L50 (Mc)
12
6.1
3.2
2.15

(c) L10 (30 um) = 2.02 x 106 cycles (L10 = 17.7FS-0.639)