Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Thermodynamics.: Made by Engr. Ayesha Ali
Thermodynamics.: Made by Engr. Ayesha Ali
Thermodynamics.
Chapter 4
Forward
Heat Engine
Q1 + ve
W - ve
Q2 - ve
Q - ve
Q2
1
Reverse
Heat Engine W + ve
Low temperature
energy reservoir
Q2 + ve
>
Entropy
a thermodynamic quantity representing the unavailability of a system's thermal
energy for conversion into mechanical work, often interpreted as the degree of
disorder or randomness in the system.
Entropy follows the second law of thermodynamics.
Consider a reversible adiabatic process for any system on a Pv diagram shown by AB.
Then it undergoes a reversible isothermal process at temperature T1 from B to C.
Then it undergoes a Reversible adiabatic process from C to A.
Heat is only transferred from B to C during the isothermal process. It means that the
system draws heat from a reservoir at one fixed temperature. This is impossible
because it violates the second law. Therefore, it is concluded that it is not possible
to have two reversible adiabatic processes passing through the same state A.
One important characteristic of a thermodynamic property of a system is that its any
fixed value is represented by a unique line on a diagram of properties. The
uniqueness of the lines implies that two lines representing two different values of
the same property will never cross each other.
Keeping in view the above-mentioned characteristic of a thermodynamic property it is
concluded that there must be a property represented by a reversible adiabatic
process. This property is called entropy, s.
T s diagram
Reversible Processes on the T s diagram.
Reversible Isothermal Process.
Heat Supplied =
T ( s2 s1 )
For Perfect gas
From non-flow equation
dQ =
du + P dv
From Joules law
du
Cv dT
dQ =
Cv dT + P dv
For an isothermal process, dT = 0
Therefore, dQ =
P dv
made by Engr. Ayesha Ali
R ln (v2 / v1) =
T (s2 s1)
R ln (P1 / P2)
R T ln (v2 / v1)
Enthalpy properties
The change H is positive in endothermic
reactions, and negative in heat-releasing
exothermic processes.
Carnot
T1 T2 s B s A
T
1 2
T1 s B s A
T1
made by Engr. Ayesha Ali
Efficiency=
( h2 h1 )
Cp (
( h3 h4 )
Cp (
( h3 h2 )
Cp (
( h4 h1 )
Cp (
1 - ( T4 T1 ) / ( T3 T2 )
made by Engr. Ayesha Ali
-1
1 - 1 / rv
isentropic compression
reversible constant pressure
isentropic expansion
reversible constant volume
Thermal efficiency, =
Q / Q1
=
1 - ( - 1 ) / * ( 1) rv-1 +
made by Engr. Ayesha Ali