SOM Lab

SUBJECT: MECHANICS OF MATERIALS - II
LAB INCHARGE: KHURRAM HAMEED, PUNHAL SAHTO

LAB SUPERVISOR: AWIAS MEHMOOD
LABORATORY MANUAL
Experiments
Experiment
Object
Page No.
To compare the theoretical and experimental deflections of simply
04
No.
1.
supported beam at the mid span when a concentrated load is applied

at the mid span.
2.
To compare the theoretical and experimental deflections of simply
09
supported beam at any point across the beam span when a

concentrated load is applied at the mid span.
3.
To calculate the theoretical and experimental values of maximum
14
slope for simply supported beam when a point load is applied at its
mid span.
4.
To measure the deflection of point loading for simply supported
17
beam at any arbitrary distance from the left side support and away
5.
from point load (i.e. at a distance from left side support).
To compare the maximum values of theoretical and experimental
20
deflections of overhanging beam for the portion between
supports behind the overhanging section.

6.
To compare the theoretical and experimental deflections of
24
overhanging beam for the portion for any distance from left
7.
side support of section .
To determine the central deflection of a fixed ended beam loaded at
27
mid span by point load and to compare with theoretical value.

8.
To perform compression test parallel to fibers on wooden cubes
30
when load is applied.

9.
To determine the central deflection of a cantilever beam loaded at
34
10.
To determine the central deflection of a cantilever beam loaded at
38
the free end by point load and to compare with theoretical value.
11.
To compare the theoretical and experimental deflections of fixed

beam at any point across the beam span when a concentrated load is
42
applied at the mid span.

12.
To determine the shear modulus and shear stress for a given shaft
45
using torsion apparatus.

13.
To determine the diameter vertical deflection of a circular curved
48
bar.
14.
To determine the vertical deflection of a semicircular curved bar.
50
15.
To determine the vertical deflection of a quarter circular curved bar.
52
16.
To Perform Impact Test on Izod Impact Testing Machine and
54
determine the modulus of toughness of a test specimen of given

material.
17.
To perform Charpys Impact test on steel samples in Tension.
57
18.
To investigate the parts and fatigue strength of materials through
60
Fatigue Testing Machine.

19.
To determine the modulus of elasticity and the modulus of rupture

of a wooden beam.
64
EXPERIMENT No. 01
OBJECTIVE:To compare the theoretical and experimental deflections of simply supported beam at the mid
span when a concentrated load is applied at the mid span
APPARATUS:Beam deflection apparatus, dial gauge with magnetic stand, hangers, weights and specimen.
Beam deflection Apparatus

RELATED THEORY:Beams are structural members supporting loads applied at various points along the member.
A beam undergoes bending by the loads applied perpendicular to their axis of the structure.
Beams are supported in structures via different configurations.
Simply supported beam, Continues beam, cantilever beam, end supported beam, End
supported cantilever beam, combination beam, fixed beam
Consider a simply supported beam of length, L. The cross section is rectangular, with width,
b, and depth, h.
4
Concentrated load, W, is applied to the center of the simply supported beam.
The beam will bend downward as a result of the load w.
The deflection () is the vertical displacement of the of the beam as a result of the
load w.
The deflection () of a simply supported, center loaded beam can be calculated from
the following formula.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:1) Level the apparatus, measure the breadth and depth of the given beam cross-section and
place the beam on the supports so that the length between the supports is 600 .
2) Now set the dial gauge tip at the mid span of the beam and set the scale to zero reading,
neglecting the weight of the beam and that of the hanger.
3) Add 2 load and read the deflection from the dial gauge scale.
4) Increase the load in fixed increments and for each load record the deflection.
5) Calculate the theoretical deflection for the used loads and compare with experimental
values.
6) Repeat the experiment for a 500 span for the same beam specimen.
7) You can also repeat the entire experiment for another beam specimen.
8) Plot graphs of load against theoretical and experimental deflections and and
show the results on the same graph.
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

= concentrated load
= span length of beam between supports
modulus of elasticity of beam material (mild steel) = = 210 109 2

= breadth of beam
= depth of beam
moment of inertia of beam about an axis perpendicular to load = =

= experimental deflection
6
3
12
theoratical deflection =
=
3
=
48
Beam 1 ( = , = . , =
Obs.
()
()
()
()
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Beam 2( = , = . , =
Obs.
()
()
()
()
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Beam 3( = , = . , =
Obs.
()
()
()
()
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
7
()
()
()
(%)
(%)
(%)
COMMENTS:-
EXPERIMENT NO. 02
OBJECTIVE:To compare the theoretical and experimental deflections of simply supported beam at any
point across the beam span when a concentrated load is applied at the mid span

RELATED THEORY:Beams are structural members supporting loads applied at various points along the member.
A beam undergoes bending by the loads applied perpendicular to their axis of the structure.
Beams are supported in structures via different configurations.
Simply supported beam, Continues beam, cantilever beam, end supported beam, End
supported cantilever beam, combination beam, fixed beam
Consider a simply supported beam of length, L. The cross section is rectangular, with width,
b, and depth, h.
9
Concentrated load, W, is applied to the center of the simply supported beam.
The beam will bend downward as a result of the load w.
The deflection () is the vertical displacement of the of the beam as a result of the
load w.
The deflection () of a simply supported, center loaded beam can be calculated from
the following formula.
10
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:1) Level the apparatus, measure the breadth and depth of the given beam cross-section
and place the beam on the supports so that the length between the supports is
600 .
2) Now set the dial gauge tip at the mid span of the beam and set the scale to zero
reading, neglecting the weight of the beam and that of the hanger.
values.
8) Plot graphs of load against theoretical and experimental deflections and

and show the results on the same graph.

= concentrated load
modulus of elasticity of beam material (mild steel) = = 2.1 105 2

= breadth of beam
= depth of beam

11
3
12
=
Obs.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Obs.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Obs.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
3
=
48
Beam 1 ( = , = . , =
()
()
()
()
()
()
(%)
Beam 2( = , = . , =
()
()
()
()
()
()
(%)
Beam 3( = , = . , =
()
()
()
()
()
()
(%)
12
COMMENTS:-
13
EXPERIMENT NO. 03
OBJECTIVE:To calculate the theoretical and experimental values of maximum slope for simply supported
beam when a point load is applied at its mid span.

EEPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:1) Level the apparatus, measure the breadth and depth of the given beam cross-section and
14
5) Use graphical technique to find out experimental value of slope.

6) For this purpose draw a parabolic curve on graph paper or using AutoCAD by the help of
these points i.e. and. Now from the parabola drawn, calculate the value of slope
directly from the graph.
7) This Slope is measured by drawing at ends or and then calculate angle directly
from the graph at either of ends or .
8) Experimental slope is then calculated by taking tangent of the angle measured.

9) Calculate the theoretical value of slopes for different loads by using the following
formula and compare with the corresponding experimental values.

= concentrated load

= breadth of beam
= depth of beam

= experimental slope a the ends

theoratical slope at the ends =
=
15
2
=
16
3
12
Obs.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Obs.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Obs.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Beam 1 ( = , = . , =
()
()
() ()
()
()
(%)
Beam 2( = , = . , =
()
()
() ()
()
()
(%)
Beam 3( = , = . , =
()
()
() ()
()
()
(%)
COMMENTS:-
16
EXPERIMENT NO. 04
OBJECTIVE:To measure the deflection of a simply supported beam at any arbitrary distance from the
left side support under the point load

EXPERIMENTALPROCEDURE:1) Level the apparatus, measure the breadth and depth of the given beam cross-section and
2) Set the beam apparatus as simply supported beam and set the dial gauge tip at a distance
from left side support of beam so that > , where is the distance of dial gauge from
right hand support of the beam.
3) Now place hanger at point and set the dial gauge scale to zero reading.
17
4) Neglecting the weight of the beam and that of the hanger, add 2 load and read the
deflection from the dial gauge scale.
5) Increase the load in fixed increments and for each load record the deflection. Calculate
the theoretical deflection for the used loads and compare with experimental values.

= concentrated load
= distance of point load from left end support
= distance of point load from right end support

= breadth of beam
= depth of beam
3
12
= theortical deflection
theoratical deflection = =
=
18
2 2
3
Obs.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Obs.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Obs.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Beam 1 ( = , = . , =
()
()
()
()
()
Beam 2 ( = , = . , =
()
()
()
()
()
Beam 3 ( = , = . , =
()
()
()
()
()
COMMENTS:-
19
()
()
()
()
()
()
(%)
(%)
(%)
EXPERIMENT NO. 05
OBJECTIVE:To measure the deflection of point loading for simply supported beam at any arbitrary
distance from the left side support and away from point load (i.e. at a distance from left
side support).

EXPERIMENTALPROCEDURE:1) Level the apparatus, measure the breadth and depth of the given beam cross-section and
2) Set the beam apparatus as simply supported beam and set the dial gauge tip at a distance
from left side support of beam so that < , where is the distance of point load from
left hand support and is the distance of point load from right hand support of beam.
20
3) Now place hanger at point and set the dial gauge scale to zero reading.
4) Neglecting the weight of the beam and that of the hanger, add 2 load and read the
deflection from the dial gauge scale.
6) This would be the deflection away from the point load at a particular distance from the
left support of the beam.
values.
8) Repeat the experiment for a different value of and 500 span for the same beam
specimen.
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION

= concentrated load
= istance of any point from left end support at which deflection is to be determined
= distance of point load from left end support

= breadth of beam
= depth of beam
3
12
21
=
Obs.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Obs.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Obs.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
[ 3 (2 2 )]
=
6
Beam 1 ( = , = . , =
()
()
()
()
()
Beam 2 ( = , = . , =
()
()
()
()
()
Beam 3 ( = , = . , =
()
()
()
()
()
22
()
()
()
()
()
()
(%)
(%)
(%)
COMMENTS:-
23
EXPERIMENT NO. 06
OBJECTIVE:To compare the maximum values of theoretical and experimental deflections of overhanging
beam for the portion between supports behind the overhanging section.
APPARATUS:-
Beam deflection apparatus, dial gauge with magnetic stand, hangers, weights and specimen.

2) Set the beam apparatus in such a way that it becomes overhanging and both the supports
are placed at points and respectively.
3) Now set the dial gauge tip at any distance = 0.577 from point on the upper
surface of the beam and set the scale to zero reading.
24
4) Place hanger at the free end (i.e. on overhanging portion) of the beam.
5) Neglecting the weight of the beam and that of the hanger.
values.

= concentrated load
= istance of mean deflection of portion of overhanging beam from point

=
= 0.577
= length of overhanging portion

= breadth of beam
= depth of beam
3
12
25
0.06422
Obs.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Obs.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Obs.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Beam 1 ( = , = . , =
()
()
()
()
()
Beam 2 ( = , = . , =
()
()
()
()
()
Beam 3 ( = , = . , =
()
()
()
()
()
COMMENTS:-
26
()
()
()
()
()
()
(%)
(%)
(%)
EXPERIMENT NO. 07
OBJECTIVE:To compare the theoretical and experimental deflections of overhanging beam for the portion
for any distance from left side support of section
APPARATUS:-
Beam deflection apparatus, dial gauge with magnetic stand, hangers, weights and specimen.

2) Set the beam apparatus in such a way that it becomes overhanging and both the supports
are placed at points and respectively.
27
3) Now set the dial gauge tip at any distance from point on the upper surface of the
beam and set the scale to zero reading.
4) Place hanger at the free end (i.e. on overhanging portion) of the beam.
5) Neglecting the weight of the beam and that of the hanger.
6) Add 2 load and read the deflection from the dial gauge scale. Increase the load in fixed
increments and for each load record the deflection.
values.

= concentrated load
= distance of an arbitrary point from left end support of overhanging portion

= length of overhanging portion

= breadth of beam
= depth of beam

28
2
3

6
3
12
Obs.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Obs.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Obs.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Beam 1 ( = , = . , =
()
()
()
()
()
Beam 2 ( = , = . , =
()
()
()
()
()
Beam 3 ( = , = . , =
()
()
()
()
()
COMMENTS:-
29
()
()
()
()
()
()
(%)
(%)
(%)
EXPERIMENT NO. 08
OBJECTIVE:To determine the central deflection of a fixed ended beam loaded at mid span by point load
and to compare with theoretical value.
APPARATUS:Fixed Beam deflection apparatus with clamps, hanger, weights, dial gauge, Vernier caliper
Fixed Beam deflection apparatus

THEORY:A fixed beam is support by fixed supports at both ends. The slop of the beam is thus zero at
each end, and a couple will have to be applied at each end and to make the slop there have
this value. The applied couples will be opposite sign to that of bending moment, due to
loading.
30
PROCEDURE:1)
Set the Deflection of Beam apparatus on a horizontal surface.
2)
Measure the breadth and depth of the given beam cross-section.
3)
Set the beam on the fixed supports at both ends so that the length between the supports
4)
is 980 .
Now set the dial gauge tip at the mid span of the beam and set the scale to zero
6)
Add 2 load and read the deflection from the dial gage.
7)
Calculate the theoretical deflection for the used loads and compare with experimental
5)
Increase the load in fixed increments and for each load record the deflection.
values.
8)
9)
Repeat the experiment for a 560 mm span for the same beam specimen.
You can also repeat the entire experiment for another beam specimen.
10) Plot graphs of load W against theoretical and experimental deflections th and exp

= concentrated load

= breadth of beam
= depth of beam

=
31
3
=
3
3
12
Beam 1 ( = ,
Obs.
()
()
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Beam 2 ( = ,
Obs.
()
()
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Beam 3 ( = ,
Obs.
()
()
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Beam 4 ( = ,
Obs.
()
()
1
2
3
4
5
= . , =
()
()
= . , =
()
()
()
()
(%)
(%)
= . , =
()
()
()
(%)
= , =
()
()
()
(%)
32
6
7
8
9
10
COMMENTS:-
33
EXPERIMENT No. 09
OBJECTIVE:To compare the theoretical and experimental deflections of fixed beam at any point across the
beam span when a concentrated load is applied at the mid span

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:1) Set the Deflection of Beam apparatus on a horizontal surface.
2) Measure the breadth and depth of the given beam cross-section.
3) Set the beam on the fixed supports at both ends so that the length between the supports
is 980 .
34
5) Add 2 load and read the deflection from the dial gage.
values.
8) Repeat the experiment for a 560 mm span for the same beam specimen.
10) Plot graphs of load W against theoretical and experimental deflections th and exp and

= concentrated load

= breadth of beam
= depth of beam

=
Obs.
1
2
3
4
3
=
48
Beam 1 ( = , = . , =
()
()
()
()
()
35
3
12
()
(%)
5
6
7
8
9
10
Obs.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Obs.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Obs.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Beam 2 ( = , = . , =
()
()
()
()
()
()
(%)
Beam 3 ( = , = . , =
()
()
()
()
()
()
(%)
Beam 4 ( = , = , =
)
()
()
()
()
()
()
(%)
36
COMMENTS:-
37
EXPERIMENT NO. 10
OBJECTIVE:To determine the central deflection of a cantilever beam loaded at the free end by point load
and to compare with theoretical value
APPARATUS:Fixed Beam deflection apparatus with clamps, hanger, weights, dial gauge, Vernier caliper
Fixed Beam deflection apparatus

THEORY:A fixed beam is support by fixed supports at both ends. The slop of the beam is thus zero at
each end, and a couple will have to be applied at each end and to make the slop there have
this value. The applied couples will be opposite sign to that of bending moment, due to
loading.
38
PROCEDURE:1) Set the Deflection of Beam apparatus on a horizontal surface.

3) Set the beam on the fixed support at one end so that the span of the beam is 980 .
4) Now set the dial gauge tip at the mid span of the beam and set the scale to zero
5) Add 2 load at the free end and read the deflection from the dial gage.
values.
10) Plot graphs of load W against theoretical and experimental deflections th and exp

= concentrated load

= breadth of beam
= depth of beam

=
39
3
=
3
3
12
Beam 1 ( = ,
Obs.
()
()
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Beam 2 ( = ,
Obs.
()
()
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Beam 3 ( = ,
Obs.
()
()
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Beam 4 ( = ,
Obs.
()
()
1
2
3
4
5
= . , =
()
()
= . , =
()
()
()
()
(%)
(%)
= . , =
()
()
()
(%)
= , =
()
()
()
(%)
40
6
7
8
9
10
COMMENTS:-
41
EXPERIMENT No. 11
OBJECTIVE:To compare the theoretical and experimental deflections of cantilever beam at any point
across the beam span when a concentrated load is applied at the free end

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:1) Set the Deflection of Beam apparatus on a horizontal surface.
3) Set the beam on the fixed support at one end so that the span of the beam is 980 .
42
5) Add 2 load at the free end and read the deflection from the dial gage.
values.
10) Plot graphs of load W against theoretical and experimental deflections th and exp and

= concentrated load

= breadth of beam
= depth of beam
3
12
=
Obs.
1
2
3
4
5
3
[ 3 2 ]
6
Beam 1 ( = , = . , =
()
()
()
()
()
43
()
(%)
6
7
8
9
10
Obs.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Obs.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Obs.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Beam 2 ( = , = . , =
()
()
()
()
()
()
(%)
Beam 3 ( = , = . , =
()
()
()
()
()
()
(%)
Beam 4 ( = , = , =
)
()
()
()
()
()
()
(%)
COMMENTS:44
EXPERIMENT NO .12
OBJECTIVE:To determine the shear modulus and shear stress for a given shaft using torsion apparatus.
APPARATUS:Torsion apparatus, dial gauge, lever, L-key, Weights, test shaft.
Torsion apparatus
THEORY:Torsion is the engineering word used to describe the process of twisting a member about its
longitudinal axis. A torsion test is quite instrumental in determining the value of modulus of
rigidity (ratio of shear stress to shear strain) of a metallic specimen.
Member in torsion are encountered in many engineering applications. The most common
application is provided by transmission shafts, which are used to transmit power from one
point to another. For example, the shaft used to transmit power from the engine to the rear
wheels of an automobile. These shafts can be either solid or hollow.
45
EXPERIMENTALPROCEDURE:1) Set the clamping distance of the supports at 600 and clamp the test shaft at both
ends.
2) Position the lever and set the dial gauge tip on the lever groove in compressed form.
3) Set the gauge scale to Zero.
4) Note that 1 reading of the dial gauge measures 1angle of twist.
5) Now put the load in suitable increments and for each load record the angle of twist.
6) Calculate the corresponding values of shear modulus and shear stress.
7) Repeat the experiment with a new span of 200 of the same shaft.
8) You can also repeat the entire experiment with new test shaft specimen.

diameter of shaft = = 8
span length = = 600
moment arm = = 60
applied load =
4
polar moment of inertia = =
32
torque = =
angle of twist =
shear stress = =
16
3
shear modulus of rigidity = = 57.3

Obs.
1
2
3
4
5
()
Shaft ( =
()
()
( )
46
/2
()
(2 ) (2 )
6
7
8
9
10
Obs.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Obs.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
()
Shaft ( =
()
()
2
()
( ) (2 )
()
Shaft ( =
()
()
()
(2 ) (2 )
( )
( )
COMMENTS:-
47
EXPERIMENT NO. 13
OBJECTIVE:To determine the diameter vertical deflection of a circular curved bar
APPARATUS:Curve bar apparatus, dial gauge with attachment, hangers, weights.
Curved bar apparatus

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:1) Level the apparatus and place the dial gauge inside the ring, in the dial gauge fixing
attachment.
2) Attach the hanger to the loading point then apply the load in suitable increments and note
the dial gauge reading for each load.
3) Remove the load in the same increment and read the dial gauge for each load.
4) Calculate the mean experimental deflection.
5) Calculate the theoretical deflection by the following formula:
48
3 4
=

2 2
6) Compare the mean experimental deflection with the theoretical deflection.

7) Plot a graph of load against deflection.

modulus of elasticity of the ring material (steel) = = 2.1 105 2
radius of the ring =
3
moment of inertia = =
12
breadth of ring =
thickness of ring =
theoretical deflection =
3 4
=

2 2
experimental deflection =
Obs.
1
2
3
4
5
()
()

100
()
Forward Backward Mean
COMMENTS:-
49
()
(%)
EXPERIMENT NO. 14
OBJECTIVE:To determine the vertical deflection of a semicircular curved bar.

attachment.
2) Attach the hanger to the loading point then apply the load in suitable increments and
note the dial gauge reading for each load.
50
3 4
=

2 2


3
12
breadth of ring =
thickness of ring =
3 4
=

2 2
Obs.
1
2
3
4
5
()
()

100
()
COMMENTS:-
51
()
(%)
EXPERIMENT NO. 15
OBJECTIVE:To determine the vertical deflection of a quarter circular curved bar

attachment.
2) Attach the hanger to the loading point then apply the load in suitable increments and note
the dial gauge reading for each load.
52
3 4
=

2 2


3
12
breadth of ring =
thickness of ring =
3 4
=

2 2
Obs.
1
2
3
4
5
()
()

100
()
COMMENTS:-
53
()
(%)
EXPERIMENT NO. 16
OBJECTIVE:To Perform Impact Test on Izod Impact Testing Machine and determine the modulus of
toughness of a test specimen of given material
APPARATUS:Impact test Machine, Vernier caliper, specimen.
Izod Impact Testing Machine
54
THEORY:In an impact test a specially prepared notched specimen is fractured by a single blow from a
heavy hammer and energy required being a measure of resistance to impact.
Impact load is produced by a swinging of an impact weight W (hammer) from a height h.
Release of the weight from the height h swings the weight through the arc of a circle, which
strikes the specimen to fracture at the notch.
TOUGHNESS:Toughness is the resistance of a substance against a sudden impact of load.
OR
Toughness is the ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform without
fracture.
There are following types of load Modulus of toughness is defined as energy absorbed per
unit volume by the specimen when it is loaded from zero to failure. Mathematically
Modulus of toughness = energy absorbed / volume.
Its unit is N/m2
Ability of material to resist external forces

OR
Amount of energy absorbed in plastic range

P.E = m.g.h.
BENEFITS OF TESTING:The data produced after testing can be used in many ways like.
Manufacturing of locomotive wheels.
Coins.
Connected Rod.
55
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1) Set the apparatus.
2) Measure the dimensions of the sample.
3) Lift the hammer to an appropriate knife edge
4) Position and note the energy stored in the hammer as 1 . Hammer energy store should be
160 as per calibration of the Izod apparatus.
5) Locate the specimen in Machine supports.
6) Release the hammer. The hammer will break the piece and shoot other side of the
specimen.
7) Note the residual energy indicated on the scale by the hammer as 2 . Impact strength of
the specimen is the difference of the initial energy stored in the hammer and residual
energy.
= 1 2
8) Compute the modulus of toughness by using the following relation

modulus of toughness = M. O. T =
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCUALTIONS

initial energy = 1 =
residual energy = 2
impact strength = = 1 2
Obs.
1
2
3
4
5
volume of specimen = = 7000 109 3
Initial Energy Residual Energy

()
()
Impact Strength
()
COMMENTS:-
56
Modulus of Toughness
. . ( )
EXPERIMENT NO.17
OBJECTIVE:To perform Charpys Impact test on steel samples in Tension
APPARATUS:Charpys impact machine, Vernier caliper, Steel specimen
Charpys Impact Machine

TYPES OF LOADS:1. Dead load/Static load
2. Dynamic load/Live load
3. Impact load
DEAD LOAD/STATIC LOAD:The load which does not change its magnitude, direction and position is termed as static load.
Self-weight of a structures or permanent features of building is called dead weight.
57
LIVE LOAD/DYNAMIC LOAD:The load which changes its magnitude, direction and position, or, one of these is called
dynamic load. E.g. moving vehicles on the bridge
IMPACT LOAD:Sudden application of large magnitude of force in short interval of time e.g. : Earthquake
load, blast load.
IMPORTANT FACTORS:The toughness of a material include: low temperatures, high strain rates (by impact or
pressurization), and stress concentrators such as notches cracks and voids.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE: Set the apparatus for tension test in the machine.
Measure the specimen Length and Dia. With the help of Vernier caliper.
Set the tension test arrangement.
Machine scale needle must be zero before lifting the hammer freely.
Lift the hammer up to the maximum height, then leave it freely and note the angle. It
is 1 .
Take the sample and set it into the machine and drop the hammer from its maximum
height.
The hammer will break the sample and then measure the angle as2 .
CALCULATIONS AND OBSERVATIONS

mass of fork = = 22.4
length of specimen = =
diameter of specimen = =
2

volume of specimen = =
4
mass of charpys impact test machine hammer = 10.2

= 9.81 2
58
= 760
1 =
2 =
1 = cos 1
2 = cos 2
1 = 1
2 = 2
= 1 2
= (1 2 )
= (cos 1 cos 2 )
Obs.
Test Specimen
1
2
3
4
5
Angle
. . =
Height ()
COMMENTS:-
59
Energy( )
. .
( )
EXPERMENT NO: 18
OBJETIVE:To investigate the parts and fatigue strength of materials through Fatigue Testing Machine
APPARATUS:Fatigue Testing Machine, Test Specimen, Hanger, weights, Vernier caliper
Fatigue Testing Machine

THEORY:Fatigue Testing Machine is used to determine the relationship between the Stress range and
the number of counts it can be applied before causing failure. Testing machines are used by
60
applying cyclic varying stresses and cover tensions, compressions, Torsion and bending for a
combination of the stresses. This kind of machine is suitable to test the fatigue strength of
metals or other materials under bending and rotating. The Fatigue testing machine is usually
used to test the bending fatigue limit of metals under the action of rapidly alternating bending
force.
PROCEDURE:1) Cover the guide-plate with the cover sheet to avoid any scratch on the surface by the
spanner.
2) Insert the right and left pads between the clamps and the body frame, which is to make
the main spindle at the horizontal level.
3) Take off the spindle inside the main shaft core and change it with the elastic clamp whose
diameter should be accordance with that of the tested specimen.
4) Insert the specimen into the elastic clamps and tighten it.
5) Check the distance between the left and the right clamps and make sure it is 150
0.5 .
6) Check jumping of the specimen and assure that jumping should not over0.3 .
7) In order to check jumping of the specimen, put a micrometer on the surface of the body
frame, then inspect at three points (two ends and the center of the specimen)
8) Put the weights on the pulling rod, take off the pads, then start the motor.
9) Turn the hand wheel to apply the load on the specimen. Meanwhile, record the original
numbers on the counter.
10) After the specimen broken, write down the final numbers on the counter and then subtract
the original value, and then multiply 100 to get the fatigue circles value .
DETERMINATION OF FATIGUE STRESS:
To determine the fatigue stress of a certain metal, 6 to 8 specimens are required.

1) First of all, select a certain load for the first piece of specimen according to the abovementioned method.
2) Start the test under this selected load and record broken circles .
61
3) From the second piece of specimen, make the bending stress 20~40 2 less than
that of the last piece.
4) Similarly, record the circles at specimen broken.
5) Provided the pieces of specimen were not broken under bending stress after
reaching the stipulated basic circles (generally, for non-ferrous metals, this value is
107 and for ferrous metals is 108 ), to get an accurate bending fatigue stress, another1 or 2
pieces of specimen are needed to test.
6) The stress value +1 of the + 1 piece of specimen should be the average stress value
of the last two pieces.
+1 = 1 +
If the + 1 piece of the specimen is not broken under bending stress +1 after reaching the
stipulated circles, at the same time, the difference between +1 and 1 is not larger than
10 2 , then select the final bending stress +1 as the limit fatigue stress.

length of specimen = =
diameter of test specimen = =

=
=
=
64
32
3
= 0.6 (steel)
= 0.4 (ferrous steel)

62
Obs.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
()
()
( )
.
=
( )
COMMENTS:-
63
( )
()
EXPERIMENT NO. 19
OBJECTIVE:To determine the modulus of elasticity and the modulus of rupture of a wooden beam
APPARATUS:Universal Testing Machine, Vernier caliper, Measuring tape.
Universal Testing Machine

THEORY:BENDING MOMENT:Algebraic sum of all the moments located between a cross section and one end of the
structural member. Bending moment that bends beam convex downward is positive and one
that bends beam convex upward is negative
64
ELASTIC CURVE:The deflected shape of longitudinal axis of beam is called elastic curve.
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY:It is the ratio of unit stress to unit strain and it is determined as the slope of the straight line
from zero to proportional limit from stress strain diagram. Modulus of elasticity is given by
following relation:
=
MODULUS OF RUPTURE:
Maximum tensile bending stress that can be developed in a beam before failure or it is
the energy absorbed per unit volume when the specimen is loaded from zero to failure load.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MODULUS OF TOUGHNESS (M.O.T) AND MODULUS
OF RUPTURE:
Modulus of toughness can be determined by tension or compression test however modulus of
rupture is only determined for members subjected to bending.
FLEXURAL FORMULA:
The relationship between flexural stress and bending moment is expressed by flexural
formula and is given as
Where
(1)
= flexural stress
= bending moment at a particular section

= distance of fiber from neutral axis
= moment of inertia
65
FLEXURAL EQUATION:
As
And equation can be written as
So flexural equation is
TYPES OF FAILURE:

= =
a) SHEAR FAILURE:
These failures generate at support and cause diagonal cracks.
b) FLEXURAL FAILURE:
These failures generate at the center and cause vertical cracks.
c) FLEXURAL SHEAR FAILURE:
These failures generate between support and center and cause the cracks which are vertical
from the bottom and diagonal from the top.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:1) First turn on the computer & come into operation of software state.
2) Measure length, width and depth of beam.
3) Press Power On on the top of control console & start the button Pump On at once.
4) Mark the points on the beam showing position of support and point loads.
5) Start oil pump power set.
6) Install upper two point bending plates on the bottom of lower crosshead.
7) Set specimen in the machine according to two points loading.
66
8) Fill some related specimen information of machine software.

9) Select the mode compression test in machine software.
10) Adjust the test load zero & re-set peak value.
11) Apply load gradually with care.
12) Apply load until the specimen fails.
13) After test stop the machine from software when specimen fails.
14) Plot a graph of load against deflection and find the slop.
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:-
= =
= =
= = 2
= =
=
modulus of rupture = . . =
67
3
2
Obs.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
()
()
32
Modulus of Elasticity = =
43
()
( )
COMMENTS:-
68
. .
( )
( )

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SUBJECT: MECHANICS OF MATERIALS - II

LAB INCHARGE: KHURRAM HAMEED, PUNHAL SAHTO

To compare the theoretical and experimental deflections of simply

supported beam at the mid span when a concentrated load is applied

To compare the theoretical and experimental deflections of simply

supported beam at any point across the beam span when a

To calculate the theoretical and experimental values of maximum

To measure the deflection of point loading for simply supported

from point load (i.e. at a distance from left side support).

To compare the maximum values of theoretical and experimental

deflections of overhanging beam for the portion between

supports behind the overhanging section.

To compare the theoretical and experimental deflections of

side support of section .

To determine the central deflection of a fixed ended beam loaded at

mid span by point load and to compare with theoretical value.

To perform compression test parallel to fibers on wooden cubes

when load is applied.

To determine the central deflection of a cantilever beam loaded at

To determine the central deflection of a cantilever beam loaded at

To compare the theoretical and experimental deflections of fixed

applied at the mid span.

using torsion apparatus.

To determine the diameter vertical deflection of a circular curved

To determine the vertical deflection of a semicircular curved bar.

To determine the vertical deflection of a quarter circular curved bar.

To Perform Impact Test on Izod Impact Testing Machine and

determine the modulus of toughness of a test specimen of given

To perform Charpys Impact test on steel samples in Tension.

To investigate the parts and fatigue strength of materials through

Fatigue Testing Machine.

To determine the modulus of elasticity and the modulus of rupture

Beam deflection Apparatus

Concentrated load, W, is applied to the center of the simply supported beam.

The beam will bend downward as a result of the load w.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

= span length of beam between supports

modulus of elasticity of beam material (mild steel) = = 210 109 2

moment of inertia of beam about an axis perpendicular to load = =

Beam deflection Apparatus

Concentrated load, W, is applied to the center of the simply supported beam.

The beam will bend downward as a result of the load w.

8) Plot graphs of load against theoretical and experimental deflections and

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

= span length of beam between supports

modulus of elasticity of beam material (mild steel) = = 2.1 105 2

moment of inertia of beam about an axis perpendicular to load = =

Beam deflection Apparatus

5) Use graphical technique to find out experimental value of slope.

8) Experimental slope is then calculated by taking tangent of the angle measured.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

= span length of beam between supports

modulus of elasticity of beam material (mild steel) = = 2.1 105 2

moment of inertia of beam about an axis perpendicular to load = =

= experimental slope a the ends

Beam deflection Apparatus

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

= span length of beam between supports

= distance of point load from left end support

= distance of point load from right end support

modulus of elasticity of beam material (mild steel) = = 2.1 105 2

Beam deflection Apparatus

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION