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Ointment
Ointment
Type
Oleaginous
Gre
asy
/
Water
Wash
X
Water
Soluble
X
Absorb/Co
ntain H2O
Uses
Examples
Petrolatum
Synthetic esters
Lanolin derivatives (Lanolin
oil & hydrated lanolin)
Vaseline
X
/
/
X
x
x
/
/(limited)
Protectant
Emollient
Vehicle for
drug prone
to
hydrolysis
Protectant
Emollient
Vehicle for
Aqueous
solution
Emollient
Vehicle for
solids &
liquids
Characteristics of Ointments
-
Use
-
Absorption
base
Emulsion
base
o/w
w/o
Water
soluble (no
lipid
content)
Packaging
-
Preparation
A.
B.
Incorporation/Levigation
a. Mortar and pestle to reduce impalpable powder from
grittiness, form soft nucleus
Fusion method use of heat
a. Heat high melting point first (wax, spermaceti) H2O bath before
adding soft oleaginous material
Levigating Agents
-
Emollient
Vehicle for
Solids &
liquids
Local
anesthetics
Hydrophilic petrolatum
Wool fat (anhydrous lanolin)
Aquaphor
Aqua base
Polysorb*
Hydrophilic ointment,
vanishing cream, dermabax,
velvachol
Hydrous lanolin, cold cream,
eucerin, nivea, rose water
ointment
Polyethylene glycol
Polybase
PEG (MW <600) clear
PEG (MW > 1000) wax-like
Creams
-
Types
1.
2.
O/W
-
White
Ointment
Category
Ointment
base
Use
Emollient,
protective
barrier, vehicle
Synonyms
Simple ointment
Zinc
Oxide
Medicated
Ointment
Antiseptic
protectant, mild
astringent
Sulfur
Ointment
Medicated
Ointment
Unguentum Sulfuris
Yellow semisolid
preparation
Cold
Cream
w/o emulsion
based cream
Used topically,
rectally and
vaginally
Emollient
Cleansing Cream
Ointment base
White semisolid
preparation
I.
I.
Description
Homogenous, viscous,
semi-solid preparation with
greasy, thick oily
appearance
White semisolid
preparation
Computed Amount
20g
1.5g = 1.77 mL
6.5g
10g
Container
15g ointment
jar with
glassine
10g ointment
jar with
glassine
30g ointment
jar
II.
Computed Amount
0.75g
14.25g
15 g
Label
Red label;
Official
Preparation
(USP)
Red label;
Official
Preparation
(USP)
Remarks
Hydrous ointments and
ointments made from it should
be kept in a well-closed
container in a cool place
Mechanic Incorporation
Preserved in well closed
container
Avoid prolonged exposure to
temperature exceeding 30C
Contains NLT 9.5% & NMT
10.5% sulfur
Same procedure as Zinc Oxide
Ppt sulfur is active ingredient
Mineral oil is levigating
White ointment is hydrocarbon
base
This is water in oil emulsion
based
Preparation is fusion method
Spermaceti is viscosity modifier
2 Components
o Solute dissolved
o Solvent dissolver
Methods
o Simple Solution
Cinnamon oil
o Solution by Extraction
Called extractives
Cinnamon
Water
Category
Pharmaceutic:
Solution
Pharmacological:
Aromatic Water
Peppermint
Water
Solution
Camphor
Water
Pharmaceutical:
Liquid Dosage
Form Solution
Pharmacological:
Aromatic Water
Use
Used in passive
haemorrhage
from lungs,
stomach, kidneys
or uterus in
chronic diarrhea
and dysentery and
flatulency
Carminative, to
mask
unpleasant taste
WAYS
Mucilage
-
Synonyms
Description
Aqua cinnamomi,
Clear colorless solution with
aqua cimamomi
cinnamon odor
fortis, aqua
cinnamomi
spirituosa, spiritus
cinnamomi
Label
White label;
Unofficial
Preparation
Container
30mL amber
bottle
Remarks
Aromatic water is not very stable. They
deteriorate easily due to evaporation and mold
growth
Used to mask unpleasant taste
Precaution: should not be used when fever or
inflammation is present
Aqua Menthos,
Pepperitas
Concentrata
White label;
Unofficial
Preparation
30mL amber
bottle
Red label;
Unofficial
Preparation
30mL amber
bottle
Storage: Preserve in
an air tight
container
Calcium
Hydroxide
Strong
Iodine
Pharmaceutical:
Solution
Pharmacological:
Topical Astringent
Pharmaceutical:
Solution
Pharmacological:
Astringent
Acacia
Mucilage
Pharmaceutical:
Mucilage
Pharmacological:
Emulsifying Agent
Magnesium
Citrate
Pharmaceutical:
Solution
Pharmacological:
Saline Laxative
Simple
Syrup
Chocolate
Syrup
Dakins
Solution
Protectant
Emulsifying
Agent
Employed with
others
Antigoiter
Germicidal
Fungicidal
Antiseptic
Keratolytic
Thyrotoxicosis
Pill binder,
suspending
agent,
emulsifying
agent,
demulcent
Saline cathartic,
Purgative,
Laxative
Lime water,
calcium
hydroxide
Lugols solution,
Liquor Iodo
Fortis, Iodo
aquasa, liquor
iodi
Mucilage Acacia,
Mucilage of Gum
Arabic
Citrate of
Magnesia, Liquor
Magnesi Citratis,
Lemonada
Purgante
Syrup
Red label;
Official
Preparation
(USP)
Red label
White label;
Unofficial
Preparation
White label;
Official
Preparation
(USP)
Pharmaceutical:
Flavoring,
Clear, saturated viscous
White label;
60mL flint bottle
Special Handling: preserve in a tight container
Syrup
sweetening
solution with sweet taste Official
preferably at temperature not exceeding 25 degrees
Pharmacological:
agent
Preparation
Celsius
Flavoring Agent
(NF)
Technique: Percolation
Pharmaceutical:
Flavoring vehicle Cocoa, Cocoa
Non medicated, dark
White label;
15mL narrow mouth Na Benzoate and Glycerin are preservatives
Syrup
Syrup
brown, viscous saturated Official
amber bottle
Pharmacological:
aqueous solution
Preparation
Flavoring Agent
(NF)
Solution
Disinfectant
Sodium
Clear light yellow solution
Red Label
Sterile narrow mouth
Expiry date of solution is 30 days after compounding
and
hypochlorite
with characteristic odor of
amber bottle covered
Beyond use is for extemporaneous non commercial
antiseptic
solution, Clorox
chlorine
in aluminium foil
products
Solution must be discarded 48 hours after opening
It must be stored at room temperature
Water = 14 days beyond use date
Solid = 30 days beyond use date, 5 mos. commercial
Strong Iodine
Calcium Hydroxide Solution
Ingredients
Calcium Hydroxide
Purified water qs ad
OA
3g
1000mL
CA
0.09g
30mL
Ingredients
KI
Iodine
Purified water qs ad
OA
100g
50g
1000mL
CA
1.5g
.75g
15mL
Magnesium Citrate
Ingredients
OA
CA
Magnesium Carbonate
15g
2.14g
27.4g
3.91g
Syrup
60mL
8.57mL
Talc
5g
0.71g
Lemon Oil
.1mL
0.01mL
Potassium Bicarbonate
2.5g
0.36g
Purified water qs ad
350mL
50mL
Sucrose
Glucose
Glycerine
NaCl
Vanilla
Sodium benzoate
Purified water qs ad
600g
180g
50mL
2g
0.2g
1g
1000mL
4g
2.7g
0.75mL
0.03g
0.003g
0.015g
15mL
Peppermint Water
Ingredients
Peppermint Oil
90% Ethanol
Purified Talc
Purified water
Original Amount
30mL
600mL
50g
1000mL
Computed Amount
0.6mL
18mL
1.5g
30mL
Simple Syrup
Ingredients
Sucrose (d= 1.313)
Purified water qs ad
OA
850g
1000mL
CA
51g
60mL
Cinnamon Water
OA
350g
2g
1000mL
CA
5.25g
0.03g
15mL
Dakins
Ingredients
Cinnamon Oil
Purified water
Original Amount
2Ml
1000mL
Computed Amount
0.06mL
30mL
Acacia Mucilage
Ingredients
Acacia
Benzoic Acid
Purified water qs ad
Camphor Water
Ingredients
Camphor Crystals
95% Ethyl Alcohol
Purified Talc
Purified water qs ad
OA
2g
40mL
15g
1000mL
CA
0.06mL
1.2mL
.45g
30mL
Chocolate Syrup
Ingredients
Cocoa
OA
180g
CA
2.7g
Ingredients
Clorox 5.5%
Sodium Bicarbonate
Citric Acid
Clear tap water
To make
Original Amount
95mL
27.4g
30g
946mL
1000mL
Computed Amount
2.85mL
0.91g
0.03g
0.03mL
30mL
o Additives:
Polyols, such as glycerin or sorbitol, may be added to retard crystallization
of sucrose or to increase the solubility of added ingredients.
Alcohol often is included as a preservative and also as a solvent for
flavors.
Further resistance to microbial attack can be enhanced by incorporating
antimicrobial agents.
When heat is used in the preparation of syrups, inversion of a slight portion
of the sucrose may take place, forming dextrose(Glucose & Fructose
darker and sweeter)
If a sugar solution is excessively heated, the sweet taste is destroyed and a
dark brown liquid is formed. This process is known as caramelization.
Methods of preparation:
1- Solution with heat
2- Agitation without heat
3- Addition of a medicating liquid to syrup
4- Percolation
5- Reconstitution
Preserved at 60-85% w/v
Lower than 60 microbial growth
Greater than 80 crystallization