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5 B7 - Tools
5 B7 - Tools
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2.
3.
"As much as 95% of quality related problems in the factory can be solved
with seven fundamental quantitative tools." - Kaoru Ishikawa
4.
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7.
Check Sheets
Histograms
Scatter Plots
Control Charts
Pareto Analysis
Flowcharts
Fish Bone / Cause-and-Effect
Diagram
Check Sheets:
The check sheet is a tool that facilitates collection of
relevant data, displaying it in a visual form easily
understood by the brain. Check sheets make it easy to
collect data for specific purposes and to present it in a
way that automatically converts it into useful
information.
Histograms:
Histograms have to do with variability. Two kinds of data
are commonly associated with processes: attributes data and
variable data.
An attribute is something that the output product of the process either
has or does not have.
Variable data are data that result when something is measured.
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Histograms:
Histograms:
Constructing a Histogram
From a set of data:
sum
mean (x)
Max
Min
Range (max-min)
Constructing a Histogram
Use range to estimate beginning and end
Calculate the width of each column by
dividing the range by the number of columns
Range
= Width
# of Columns
Range/Columns=7/7=1 slice
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Constructing a Histogram
How is this helpful to Acme?
2 slices of pizza most common order placed
Distribution of sales useful for forecasting next
Thursdays late night demand
Histogram
65
70
60
50
40
33
30
20
8
10
12
0
0
1
Slices of Pizza
Scatter Diagram
Scatter Plots
Defective Pies
1
8
5
20
14
4
6
Scatter Diagrams
Easier to see direct
relationship
25
20
15
10
5
0
In this simple example, you can find the existing relationship without
much difficulty but
20
40
60
80
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Scatter Diagrams
Control Chart
10
5
0
0
20
40
60
80
Control Charts
Control Chart
Upper Limit
Lower Limit
Unacceptable
deviation
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Control Charts
Acme example
Control Charts
Upper Limit
17 inches
16 inches=
Lower Limit
15 Inches
Small Pie
Pareto Chart
Pareto Chart
Named after Italian economist and sociologist
Vilfredo Pareto. (19th c. sociologist &
economist)
Pareto charts are important because they can
help an organization decide where to focus
limited resources.
Data are arrayed along an X-axis and a Yaxis.
Pareto Chart
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Pareto Analysis
Slices
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Frequency
1
33
65
8
12
0
0
1
%
.3
13.09
25.79
3.17
4.76
0
0
.3
Flow Charts
Used in a total quality setting for charting the inputs,
steps, functions, and outflows of a process to understand
more fully how the function works and who or what has
input into and influence on the process, its inputs and
outputs, and even its timing.
A picture of a process that shows the sequence of steps
performed.
Graphical tool used to trace the flow & sequence of
various operations of a process or event.
Symbols have meanings
21
43
34
75
56
67
Slices of Pizza
Flow Chart
Symbols:
START
DELAY
INPUT/ OUTPUT
DECISION POINT
INSPECTION
PROCESS
OPERATION
FLOW DIRECTION
END
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Take Customer
Order
Money?
yes
no
Get Pizza
Lockup
Put More in
Oven
no2 Pies
yes
Available?
no
yes
Time
to close?
Take to Customer
Take Customer
Order
Money?
yes
no
Get Pizza
Lockup
Put More in
Oven
no 2 Pies
yes
Available?
no
yes
Time
to close?
Take to Customer
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Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
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Shrinkage
employees
Shrinkage
Anti-theft tags poorly designed
Shrinkage
shoplifters
shoplifters
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employees
attitude
training
new trainee
benefits
practices
Shrinkage
Expensive merchandise out in the open
No security/ surveillance
shoplifters
SUMMARY
Stratification Diagram
A technique that separates data gathered from a variety of
sources so that patterns can be seen (asq.org)
Used to determine if an output is stratified according to a
category related to output
Run Charts
In the context of the seven total quality tools, run charts and
control charts are typically thought of as being one tool
together.
The weakness of the run chart is that it does not tell whether
the variation is the result of special causes or common causes.
Run Chart
Run-Chart
It records the output results of a process over time
thus it is also called a trend chart.
Used to graphically depict the status of process
over a period of time and the target.
Slices/hour
8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4
PM- AM
PM- AM
PM- AM
Thursday
Thursday
Thursday
Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Time
10