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Function of Complex Variable: Z X + Iy
Function of Complex Variable: Z X + Iy
...(i)
Where the real numbers x and y are called as the real and imaginary parts of z which are denoted
by
Re (z) = x and Im (z) = y
The term
Therefore
z = x 2 + y2
z = x iy
...(ii)
z+z
z+z
Re (z) =
2
2
zz
zz
Result 2 : Subtracting equations (i) and (ii), we get y =
Im ( z) =
2i
2i
Complex numbers are used in engineering, particularly in electronics. Real numbers are used to
denote electrical resistance, imaginary numbers are used to denote reactance, and complex numbers are
used to represent impedance.
Result 1: Adding equations (i) and (ii), we get x =
Fig. 1.1
1.4 CONTINUITY
A function w = (z) is said to be continuous at z = z0 if (z0) exists, lim f ( z) exists and lim (z) = (z0).
z z0
z z0
Further (z) is said to be continuous in any region R of the z-plane, if it is continuous at every point of the
region R.
Remark
It is noteworthy that if (z) is continuous then both u and v are also continuous.
1.5 DIFFERENTIABILITY
A function w = (z) defined in a certain Region R is said to be differentiable at z = z0 if the limit
'(z0) = lim
z 0
= lim
z z0
f ( z0 + z) f (z0 )
z
f ( z) f ( z0 )
z z0
As z = z0 + z
exist. The above limit should be the same along any path from z to z0
derivative of (z) : If w = (z) is differentiable in the region R then the derivative of (z) is defined as
f ( z + z) f ( z)
dw
= f (z) = lim
.
z0
dz
z
Remark
A function (z) may be differentiable in a region except possibly for a finite number of points. These
points are called singular points or singularities of (z) in the region.
Theorem 1: Necessary conditions for (z) to be analytic: The necessary condition for w = (z) = u
+ iv to be analytic at any point z = x + iy is that the four partial derivatives
v
u u v
, ,
and
should
y
x y x
u
v
=
x
y
and
u
v
=
y
x
Proof: Let (z) be analytic at any point z in a region R then by differentiability, we have
f (z + z) f ( z)
z 0
z
(z) = u + iv
f (z) = lim
We know that
\
...(i)
f (z) = lim
u + iv
z0
z
= lim
or
u
v
f (z) = lim + i lim
z 0 z
z 0 z
Since '(z) exists, the limit value along two paths must be equal.
...(ii)
axis)
z = x + iy
y= 0
z = x or dz dx,
or
u
v
f (z) = lim + i lim
x 0 x
x 0 x
u
v
+i
f (z) =
x
x
Path II: Along y-axis (imaginary axis)
on y-axis
\
x= 0
z = iy
and
dz dy
dz = idy
Again from equation (ii), we get
u iv
u v
= lim i +
+
f (z) = lim
y 0 iy
iy y 0 y y
...(iii)
u
v
f (z) = i lim + lim
y 0 y y 0 y
u v
f (z) = i +
y y
or
or
...(iv)
u v
u
v
= i +
+i
y y
x
x
Equating real and imaginary parts, we have
u v
u
v
= and
=
x y
y
x
or
u x = v y and uy = v x
These are Cauchy-Riemann equations.
Theorem 2: Sufficient condition for (z) to be analytic
The function w = (z) is analytic in a region R if
u v u
v
= ,
=
(i)
x y y
x
(ii) The partial derivatives
f (z) = u( x, y) + iv( x, y)
Proof: Let
\
v
u u v
, ,
and
are all continuous in R.
y
x y x
f ( z + z) = u( x + x, y + y) + iv( x + x, y + y)
Expand by Taylors* theorem and neglecting the higher power in terms of dx and dy, we get
u
v
u
v
f ( z + z) = u( x, y) + x + y + i v( x, y) + x + y
y
y
x
x
u v
u v
= [u( x, y) + iv ( x, y)] + + i x + + i y
x
y
x
y
u v
u v
f ( z + z) = f ( z ) + + i x + + i y
x
y
x
y
or
We are given
* f ( x + h, y + k ) = f ( x , y) +
u
v u
v
= ,
=
x
y y
x
1 f
f 1 f
f
h + k + h + k + K
y
y
1 x
2 x
...(i)
x
x
x
x
v
v
u
u
= f ( z ) + + i x + + i iy
x
x
x
x
v
u
= f ( z ) + + i (x + iy)
x
x
v
u
f ( z + z) = f ( z ) + + i z
x
x
or
f (z + z) f ( z)
u
v
=
+i
z
x
x
f ( z + z) f ( z)
v
u
lim
=
+i
z 0
z
x
x
u
v
+i
f (z) =
x
x
u v
But we are given
are continues i.e. they exist
,
x x
Therefore '(z) in equation (ii) also exist.
or
...(ii)
w = (z)
or
w = (x + iy)
As z = x + iy
or
w = (r cos q + ir sin q)
or
x = r cos
y = r sin
or
w = (reiq)
u + iv = (reiq)
As cos + i sin = ei
...(i)
u
v
= f (rei )ei
+i
r
r
...(ii)
u
v
+i
= f (rei )rei i
...(iii)
r
Equating real and imaginary part, we get
As i 2 = 1
1 u
v
u
v
=
= r
r
r
r
u 1 v
v
u
=
=r
and
r r
r
Thus, the C-R equations in polar coordinates are
1 u
u 1 v
v
and
=
=
r
r r
r
Any function of x and y say u(x, y), having continuous partial derivatives of first and second order and
also satisfying Laplaces equation is called a Harmonic function.
The Laplace equation is
2u
x 2
2u
y 2
= 0.
Theorem: The real and imaginary parts u and v of an analytic function of (z) are harmonic.
Proof: We are given that (z) is an analytic function.
u
v
u
v
and
=
=
x
y
y
x
By C-R equations
2u
x 2
...(i)
2v
2v
2u
and 2 =
yx
xy
y
On adding, we get
2u
x 2
2u
y 2
=0
2u
2v
2u
2v
= 2 and
= 2
xy
xy
y
x
...(ii)
On adding, we get
2v
x 2
2v
y 2
=0
...(iii)
Hence from equations (ii) and (iii) both u and v are harmonic functions.
(z) = u + iv
...(i)
v = v (x, y)
v
v
dx + dy
y
x
dv =
or
u
u
dx + dy
y
x
As
...(i)
u v
= , C - R equation
x y
v
u
=
x
y
M =
where
u
u
,N =
y
x
M
2 u N 2 u
= 2,
=
y
y x x 2
...(ii)
2u
x 2
2u
y 2
=0
2u
x 2
2u
y 2
2u
M
= 2
y
y
and
N
2u
= 2
x
y
M
N
=
y
x
which is the condition of any differential equation of the Mdx + Ndy = 0, to be exact. So equation (i)
can be integrated and v can be found.
Hence both u and v are known and as such (z) = u + iv can be determined.
z = x iy
and
\
x =
Now
z+z
zz
, y=
2
2i
...(i)
z+z zz
z+z zz
f (z) = u
,
,
+ iv
2
2
2i
i
2
This relation is an identify* in two independent variables z and z .
...(ii)
...(iii)
Now
or
Here we choose,
f (z) =
u
v
+i
x
x
f (z) =
u u
i
x
y
...(iv)
...(v)
u
= 1 ( x, y) = 1 ( z, 0)
dx
u
= 2 ( x, y) = 2 ( z, 0)
dy
As
u
v
= (C - R equation)
y
x
As x = z, y = 0
f (z) = 1 (z, 0) i 2 ( z, 0)
On integrating, we get
f ( z) =
u v
in equation (iv), we get
=
x y
f (z) =
v
v
+i
y
x
*An identity is a relation which satisfies for every value of the variable.
Ex. sin2 q + cos2 q = 1, is an identity which satisfies for every value of q.
...(vi)
10
v
= 1 ( x, y) = 1 ( z, 0)
y
v
= 2 ( x, y) = 2 (z, 0)
and
x
From equation (vi), we get
Now choose
f (z) = 1 (z, 0) + i 2 ( z, 0)
On integrating, we get
f ( z) = [1 (z, 0) + i 2 ( z, 0)] dz + C
Working Rules
(i) If u is given find
u
u
= 2 ( x, y) .
= 1 ( x, y) and
y
x
(ii) Putting x = z and y = 0 in above, get the value of f1 (z, 0) and f2 (z, 0).
(iii) Use the value of f1 (z, 0) and f2 (z, 0) in the formula
f (z) =
v
v
= 1 ( x, y) and
= 2 ( x, y)
y
x
(ii) Putting x = z and y = 0, get the value of y1 (z, 0) and y2 (z, 0).
(iii) Use the value of y1 (z, 0) and y2 (z, 0) in the formula
Entire Function
If w = (z) is analytic at every value of z in a region is called entire function.