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3, Special Issue:
The Proceeding of International Conference on Soft Computing and Software Engineering 2013 [SCSE13],
San Francisco State University, CA, U.S.A., March 2013
Doi: 10.7321/jscse.v3.n3.15
e-ISSN: 2251-7545
INTRODUCTION
Preprocessing
Input
Data:
Vehicle
Image
- Image Geometry
Operation
- Grayscale
Tresholding
- Binarization
Tresholding
- Grayscale
- Binarization
Feature
Extraction
Filtering
83
Segmentation
Character
Recognition
Output:
Alphanumeric
Text
The International Journal of Soft Computing and Software Engineering [JSCSE], Vol. 3, No. 3, Special Issue:
The Proceeding of International Conference on Soft Computing and Software Engineering 2013 [SCSE13],
San Francisco State University, CA, U.S.A., March 2013
Doi: 10.7321/jscse.v3.n3.15
e-ISSN: 2251-7545
A. Geometric Operation
TestImg1 =rgb2gray(TestImg1);
C. Binarization Process
Binarization is a process of converting grayscale image into
black and white image or 0 and 1. Previously, the gray
scale image consists of different level of gray values; from 0
to 255. To improve the quality and extract some information
The International Journal of Soft Computing and Software Engineering [JSCSE], Vol. 3, No. 3, Special Issue:
The Proceeding of International Conference on Soft Computing and Software Engineering 2013 [SCSE13],
San Francisco State University, CA, U.S.A., March 2013
Doi: 10.7321/jscse.v3.n3.15
e-ISSN: 2251-7545
The International Journal of Soft Computing and Software Engineering [JSCSE], Vol. 3, No. 3, Special Issue:
The Proceeding of International Conference on Soft Computing and Software Engineering 2013 [SCSE13],
San Francisco State University, CA, U.S.A., March 2013
Doi: 10.7321/jscse.v3.n3.15
e-ISSN: 2251-7545
Clustering methods
Boundary detection: extensions of the edge detection
techniques
Clustering techniques can be used to any domain, eg: any Ndimensional color or feature space, including spatial
domains coordinates. This technique segments the image by
placing similar elements into groups, or clusters, based on
some similarity measure. Clustering is differ from region
growing and shrinking methods, where the mathematical
space used for clustering. The details of each methods in
segmentation are explained in the next sections.
V. IMAGE SEGMENTATION
One of the most popular topics in image
processing study is image segmentation. The segmentation
process becomes important to the processing of the image
to find the meaningful information where it comes from the
meaningful regions which represent higher level of data.
The analysis of image requires large amount of low level of
data which is in pixel to be extracted into meaningful
information.
A. Thresholding
Thresholding is one of the simplest and most popular method
in image segmentation. Two common types of thresholding
are outlined as follow:
i.
Local thresholding is referred when an image is
partitioned into subregions, and each subregion carry
different value of threshold. Local threshold method
also called as adaptive thresholding schemes [1719].
ii.
Global thresholding is referring to assigning only
one threshold value to the entire image.
Thresholding techniques also can be categorized into two
levels:
i.
Bilevel thresholding: the image is two (2) regions
which are object (black) and background (white).
ii.
Multithresholding: the image is composed of few
objects with different surface characteristics thus
need multiple value of threshold.
The International Journal of Soft Computing and Software Engineering [JSCSE], Vol. 3, No. 3, Special Issue:
The Proceeding of International Conference on Soft Computing and Software Engineering 2013 [SCSE13],
San Francisco State University, CA, U.S.A., March 2013
Doi: 10.7321/jscse.v3.n3.15
e-ISSN: 2251-7545
ii.
iii.
B. Edge
Detection
E. Histogram-based methods
F. Region-growing
methods
Region Growing and Shrinking [77-99] technique use row
and column (r,c) based image domain. It can be considered as
subset of clustering methods, but limited to spatial domain.
The methods can be:
Local : operating on small neighbourhoods, or
Global : operating on the entire image, or
Combination of both
Region-based
segmentation
image
G. Split-and-merge
methods
D. Compression-based
methods
In this method, segmentation will be done in a way the
image will be compressed based on the similarity of the
patterns of textures or boundary shape of the image. This
method aims to minimize the length of the data where the
optimal segmentation can be achieved. There are few ways
on how to calculate the coding length of the data such as
87
The International Journal of Soft Computing and Software Engineering [JSCSE], Vol. 3, No. 3, Special Issue:
The Proceeding of International Conference on Soft Computing and Software Engineering 2013 [SCSE13],
San Francisco State University, CA, U.S.A., March 2013
Doi: 10.7321/jscse.v3.n3.15
e-ISSN: 2251-7545
B. Neural
Network
A Multi-Layer Perceptron Neural Network (MLP NN) [113,
115] in Figure 10 is commonly used in pattern recognition.
MLP has been used to solve various problems by training it in
supervise learning with the back-propagation algorithm [109,
110, 115, 119]. The training is done in order to make the
input leads to a specific target output [111, 116]. The initial
weight is randomly generated, and iteratively modified [113].
The weight is modified using the error between the
corresponding outputs with desired output. Neural network
learns through updating their weight [110]. The purpose of
adjusting the weight is to make the output closer to the
desired output. It is very important to expand the size of
training database in neural network because the efficiency
and accuracy of the character recognition will be improved
[109].
The International Journal of Soft Computing and Software Engineering [JSCSE], Vol. 3, No. 3, Special Issue:
The Proceeding of International Conference on Soft Computing and Software Engineering 2013 [SCSE13],
San Francisco State University, CA, U.S.A., March 2013
Doi: 10.7321/jscse.v3.n3.15
e-ISSN: 2251-7545
C. Chain
Code
Chain code is one of the techniques that are able to do
the character recognition process [122]. It is one of the
shape representations that are used to represent a
boundary of a connected sequence of straight line
segments [122]. The representation is based on 4connectivity and 8-connectivity of the segment that may
proceed in clockwise or in anticlockwise direction like
in Figure 11 [122, 123, 125]. Collision might be
occurred when there is multi-connectivity in the character,
and thus multiple chain codes is produces to represent the
segment of the character [123, 126]. Besides, the same
character might produce different chain code depend on
the starting point and their connectivity direction [124].
Thus in order to standardize the character recognition,
some additional parameter is needed and calculated
[126]. Some constant parameters that need to justify are
segment slope angle, character height and the index in the
row [126].
Figure 12. Hidden Markov Model topology for license plate image adapted
from S.A. Daramola, E. Adetiba, et. al [127]
VI.
Figure 11. Direction number for 4-directional chain code and 8directional chain code adapted from N.A. Jusoh, J.M.
D. Hidden
Model
CONCLUSION
Markov
VII.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The International Journal of Soft Computing and Software Engineering [JSCSE], Vol. 3, No. 3, Special Issue:
The Proceeding of International Conference on Soft Computing and Software Engineering 2013 [SCSE13],
San Francisco State University, CA, U.S.A., March 2013
Doi: 10.7321/jscse.v3.n3.15
e-ISSN: 2251-7545
[23]
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San Francisco State University, CA, U.S.A., March 2013
Doi: 10.7321/jscse.v3.n3.15
e-ISSN: 2251-7545
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The Proceeding of International Conference on Soft Computing and Software Engineering 2013 [SCSE13],
San Francisco State University, CA, U.S.A., March 2013
Doi: 10.7321/jscse.v3.n3.15
e-ISSN: 2251-7545
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