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Electrical Machines II PDF
Electrical Machines II PDF
Colombonagar,Janagoan,Warangal
ANDHRA PRADESH-506167
LABORATORY MANUAL
of
ELECTRICAL MACHINES II
Prepared by
P.ANIL KUMAR
Assistant Professor
for
III B.Tech EEE
DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
INDEX
Page No
List of experiments as per university
5-7
8-10
Experiment Name
1.
11-16
2.
17-22
3.
23-26
4.
5.
31-34
6.
35-38
7.
39-43
52-55
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
27-30
44-47
48-51
56-60
61-63
Experiment Name
OC & SC test on single phase transformer
Experiment Name
10
EXP.NO. 01
DATE:
1 - TRANSFORMER
T/F
Rated power
LV side
HV side
Rated voltage
Rated current
Frequency
APPARATURS REQUIRED:
SL.NO
Type
Ammeter
MI
Ammeter
MI
Voltmeter
MI
Voltmeter
MI
Wattmeter
EDM(LPF)
Wattmeter
EDM(UPF)
Dimmerstat
Range
Quantity
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: OC AND SC TESTS ON A SINGLE PHASE
TRANSFORMER
0-1A,
MI
1A
Ph
||
||
||
230/ 0|| 270V
230V,
|| DVariac
1,50Hz
|| P
AC
|| S
Supply
|| T
||
N
1
||
A
||
Ph
||
||
||
||
230V,
||
1,50Hz
||
AC
||
Supply
||
N
||
||
||
2KVA
240 / 415 V
A
V
0-150V
,MI
O
C
LV
0-10 A
MI
5
A
230/ 0270V
DVariac
300V ,5 A L,
PF
150V,1 0 A,
UPF
H
V
2KVA
415 /240 V
A
V
0-30 V
,MI
P
S
T
S
C
H
v
V
V
5
A
LV
10
PROCEDURE :
OC TEST :
(1) All the connections are done as per the circuit diagram of OC test
(2) By using 1- variac apply rated voltage to the circuit.
(3) At this rated voltage note down voltmeter, ammeter & wattermeter readings.
(4) From the values we can find R0 and X0
SC TEST :
(1) All the connections are done as per the circuit diagram of SC test
(2) By using 1- variac rated current is made to flow in the circuit.
(3) At this rated current note down voltmeter, ammeter & wattermeter readings.
(4) From this values we can find out R01 & X01
PRECAUTIONS :
(1) Open circuit test is performed on LV side i.e meters are connected LV side and HV side will be
open circuited.
(2) For short circuit test is connect meters on HV side and LV side will be short circuited
(3) Rated voltage and rated current must be maintained in OC test and SC test respectively
11
TABULAR COLUMNS
Observations:
OC TEST:
Vo
Volts
Io
Amps
Wo
Watts
Isc
Amps
Wsc
Watts
SC TEST:
Vsc
Volts
CALCULATIONS:
Efficiency vs Load
Power factor lagging
%LOAD
0.2
0.4
0.6
25
50
75
12
0.8
100
125
Regulation
Power factor laging
%LOAD
0.2
0.4
0.6
UPF
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.4
25
50
75
100
125
EQUALENT CIRCUIT:
V1 =240V R
R02
X02
X0
MODEL GRAPHS
Regulation
Pf lea
d
leading
Pf lagging
Regulation
13
0.2
RESULT:
14
EXP.NO. 02
DATE:
1 - TRANSFORMERs
T/F-1
T/F
Rated power
LV side
Rated voltage
Rated current
Frequency
APPARATURS REQUIRED:
15
HV side
T/F-2
HV side
LV side
Type
Ammeter
MI
Ammeter
MI
Voltmeter
MI
Voltmeter
MI
Wattmeter
EDM(LPF)
Wattmeter
EDM(UPF)
Dimmerstat
Range
Quantity
THEORY:Without conducting any actual loading test is the Sumpners test which can only
be conducted simultaneously on two identical transformers. In conducting the Sumpners test
the primaries of the two transformers are connected in parallel across the rated voltage
supply(V1), while the two secondaries are connected in phase opposition. As per the
superposition theorem, if V2 source is assumed shorted, the two transformers appear in opencircuit to source V1 as their secondries are in phase opposition and therefore no current can
flow in them. The current drawn from source V1 is thus 2I0 (twice the no-load current of each
transformer) and power is 2P0 (= 2Pi , twice the core loss of each transformer). When V1 is
regarded as shorted, the transformers are series-connected across V2 and are short-circuited
on the side of primaries. Therefore, the impedance seen at V2 is 2Z and whenV2 is adjusted to
circulate full-load current (Ifl), the power fed in is 2Pc (twice the full-load copper-loss of each
transformer). Thus in the Sumpners test while the transformers are not supplying any load,
full iron-loss occurs in their core and full copper-loss occurs in their windings; net power
input to the transformers being(2Po+2Pc).The heat run test could , therefore, be conducted on
the two transformers, while only losses are supplied.
For each trans former the results are
Voltage =V1 , Current = I0 /2 , Core losses = P0 /2
Voltage =Vsc /2 , Current = Isc , Copper losses = Psc /2
P0 = Pi (iron-loss)
P0 = V1 I0cos0
cos0 = P0 / V1 I0
16
Iw = I0cos0, I = I0sin0
R0 = V1/ Iw , X0 = V1 / I.
Vsc =Voltage, Isc = Current , Psc = Power (Copper loss)
Z 01= V sc / ISC = R 012 + X 012
2
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
||
||
||
0|| 230/
270V
230V,
|| DVariac
1,50Hz
|| P
AC
|| S
Supply
|| T
||
N
1A
||
||
5A
||
||
Ph
||
||
|| D
230V,
230/0-270V
|| P Variac
1,50Hz
|| S
AC
|| T
Supply
||
||
N
||
||
300V,10A,LPF
0-1A,MI
1A
Ph
0-300V,MI
240 V
150V,10A,UPF
0-10A,MI
A
C
0150V,MI
||
0
||
D ||
P ||
S || V
T ||
||
||
||
||
240V
2KVA
240/415
V
415 V
415 V
0-600V,MI
PROCEDURE :
||
NAME PLATE
(1) Connections are done as per the circuit diagram.
DETAILS:
(2) By using the variac rated voltage is 240V is made to apply across the low voltage side
of the transformer.
17
RECAITIONS:
1) The Dimmer stat should be kept at minimum O/P position initially.
2) The Dimmer stat should be varied slowly & uniformly.
TABULAR COLUMNS
Observations:
Primary Side:
Vo
Volts
2Io
Amps
2Wo
Watts
Isc
Amps
2Wsc
Watts
Secondary Side:
2Vsc
Volts
CALCULATIONS:
Efficiency vs Load
Power factor lagging
18
%LOAD
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
25
50
75
100
125
Regulation:
Power factor laging
UPF
%LOAD
25
50
75
100
125
EQUALENT CIRCUIT:
V1 =240V R
R02
X02
X0
MODEL GRAPHS
Regulation
19
RESULT:
20
DATE:
EXP.NO.3
To conduct the no load & blocked rotor test on 3- phase induction motor
& to draw the equivalent circuit of 3- phase squirrel cage induction motor.
Induction Motor
Rated Power
Rated Voltage
Rated Current
Rated Speed
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No
Name of apparatus
Type
1.
Ammeter
MI
2.
Voltmeter
MI
3.
Wattmeter
EDM
21
Range
Qty.
Tachometer
5.
Connecting Wires
digital
THEORY :
A 3-phase induction motor consists of stator, rotor & other associated parts. In the stator
,a 3- phase winding (provided) are displaced in space by 120. A3- phase current is fed to the
winding so that a resultant rotating magnetic flux is generated. The rotor starts rotating due to
the induction effect produced due the relative velocity between the rotor
Winding & the rotating flux.
As a general rule, conversion of electrical energy to mechanical energy takes place in to the
rotating part on electrical motor. In DC motors, electrical power is conduct directly to the
armature, i.e, rotating part through brushes and commutator. Hence, in this sense, a DC motor
can be called as 'conduction motor'.
However, in AC motors, rotor does not receive power by conduction but by induction in
exactly the same way as secondary of a two winding T/F receives its power from the primary.
So, these motors are known as Induction motors. In fact an induction motor can be taken as
rotating T/F, i.e, one in which primary winding is stationary and but the secondary is free.
The starting torque of the Induction motor can be increase by improving its p.f by adding
external resistance in the rotor circuit from the stator connected rheostat, the rheostat resist
ance being progressively cut out as the motor gathers speed. Addition of external resistance
increases the rotor impedance and so reduces the rotor current. At first, the effect of improved
p.f predominates the current decreasing effect of impedance. So, starting torque is increased.
At time of starting, external resistance is kept at maximum resistance position and after a
certain time, the effect of increased impedance predominates the effect of improved p.f and
so the torque starts decreasing. By this during running period the rotor resistance being
progressively cut-out as the motor attains its speed. In this way, it is possible to get good
starting torque as well as good running torque.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
22
PROCEDURE :
NO LOAD TEST :
(1).
(2).
(3).
(4).
FORMULA USED:
FOR NO LOAD TEST:
Wsc = 3 Vo IoCOS watts
Iw = Io cos amps
Ro= V0/ Iw
Xo= Vo/Iu
FOR BLOCKED ROTOR TEST:
Wsc =3I2*Ro watts
Ro1 = Wsc/3(Isc)2
Zo1 = Vsc/Isc
Xo1 = Zo1^2-Ro1^2
TABULAR COLUMNS:
NO LOAD TEST:
Voltage
Voc
Current
Ioc
Volts
Amps
Wattmeter
readings (W1)
Wattmeter Toyal
readings
Power
(W2)
Wo
(W1-W2)
coso=
Wo/
(3 Voc
Ioc)
o=
Current
Isc
Volts
Wattmeter
readings (W1)
Amps
coso=
Wsc/
( 3Vsc
Isc)
sc=
RESULT: Hence by conducting the no load & blocked rotor test of 3- phase induction
motor
EXP.NO. 04
DATE:
Alternator
Rated Power
Rated voltage
25
Transformer
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
SL.NO
Type
Ammeter
MC
Voltmeter
MI
Wattmeter
EDM
Rheostat
Wire wound
Potential Divider
Wire wound
Tachometer
Range
Quantity
Digital
THEORY :Hysteresis and eddy current losses are called iron loss and take place in core of the
transformer .
Hysteresis loss is given by = Wh = KBmox1.6 f = Af
Eddy current loss also depends on the frequency f and is given by
We = KB2mox f2 t2 =Bf2
B max = Maximum flux density weber / m2
F = frequency cycles/ seconds
t = thickness of stamping
The iron loss will be expressed by
W i = Af +B f2
W i/ f = A + B f ,
y =mx+c
This is equation of straight line y = m x + c, when y = w i / f , c = A , and m = B
and x = f.
Eddy current and Hysteresis loss can be separated when A and B are found.
The variable frequency supply is obtained from an alternator when frequency can be
varied.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
3 Pt starter
220V ,DC
Supply
||
||
||
||
||
||
|| D
|| P
|| S
|| T
10 A
L A F
18/12A
145
2.8A
360
1.2A
R
X
26
145
2.8A
PROCEDURE :
(1) Connections are done as per the circuit diagram.
(2) Initially rheostat in the armature circuit of motor is kept at maximum position, the
rheostat in the field circuit of motor is kept at minimum position and the rheostats in the
field circuit (potential divider)of the alternator are kept so that minimum voltage is
applied to the field circuit of the alternator.
(3) Start the motor with the help of 3-point starter
(4) Bring the speed of the motor to the rated speed by using the rheostats of the motor.
(5) By increasing the excitation of alternator using the potential divider bring the voltage of
the alternator to the rated voltage.
(6) Apply the rated voltage to the high voltage side of the transformer by closing the DPDT
switch.
(7) Note down all the meter readings and speed.
(8) Alternator is made to run at different speeds below the rated speed and adjust the voltage
of the alternator, so that v / f ratio is constant.
(9) At each and every speed, note down the readings of voltmeter, ammeter, wattmeter and
the speed of the motor.
(10) Perform the experiment up to 80% of the rated speed and graphs are drawn between
27
Voltage
(V)
(ii) losses Vs f
Wattmeter
reading (W)
Speed
(rpm)
f = PN / 120
V/f
Wi / f
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
MODEL GRAPH
W/f
PRECAUTIONS :
(1) Care must be taken about the v / f value constant so that the flux density is maintained
constant.
(2) The rheostat in the field circuit of motor should be minimum position, the rheostat in the
armature circuit of motor should be maximum position and potential divider of alternator
should give voltage to the alternator at the time of starting.
28
RESULT : Separate hysteresis and eddy current losses of a given 1- transformer are
obtained as follows:
Eddy current losses=
Hysteresis losses =
Total Core losses
=
EXP.NO. 05
DATE:
5. EFFICIENCY OF A THREE PHASE ALTERNATOR
Aim:-To conduct a suitable test on the given alternator and to determine the efficiency of a
three phase alternator.
Name Plate Details:Serial Number
1
2
3
Parameters
Rated Voltage
Rated Current
Rated Speed
DC Shunt Motor
29
Alternator
Rated Power
Rated Field Current
ApparatusRequired:Serial Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
Item
Voltmeter
Ammeter
Rheostat
Tachometer
Potential Divider
Connecting
Wires
Type
MI&MC
MI&MC
Wire wound
Digital
wirewound
Range
Quantity
Theory:Just as in case of generator the input to the alternator is not readily measured .The
direct measurement of efficiency of actual loading is accompanied by different difficulties of
providing the necessary power and finding suitable load .Efficiency is therefore determined
by measuring the losses of the machinery .The losses in alternator are as follows :a) Electrical Losses: - This includes field loss, armature winding loss, and brush contact
loss. The copper loss in the field circuit is obtained by adding If2Rf loss of field
winding and the electrical loss of field rheostat or more simply by multiplying the
excitation voltage by current. This loss is constant for any given voltage and power
30
ii.
iii.
iv.
X=V1I1-Ia12Ra
Fw=W1=0.35X
Couple the alternator mechanically with dc motor, run the dc motor again at Ns
with alternator field unexcited .Record V2I2 values
V2I2=X + W2 + Ia22Ra
W2 = V2I2-(X+Ia22Ra)
Field core loss is equal to the product of voltage applied to field winding and
normal field current.
W3=IfVf
Run the dc motor at rated speed, perform three- phase Symmetrical short circuit
test on alternator with short circuit current equal to the rated current of alternator
Record V3, I3 values.
V3I3=X +W4 +Ia32Ra
31
1+2 +3
4
Total Loss=2x2W4
Maximum Efficiency = +
Observation:V1=
V2=
VF=
V3=
I1=
I2=
IF=
I3=
Ia1=
Ia2=
Ra=
Ia3=
Calculation:V1=
I1=
Ia1=
R a=
X=V1I1-Ia12Ra
Fw=W1=0.35X
V2I2=X + W2 + Ia22Ra
W2 = V2I2-(X+Ia22Ra)
W3=IfVf
V3I3=X +W4 +Ia32Ra
W4=V3I3-(X + Ia32Ra)
Total Loss=W1+W2+W3+W4
Efficiency =
1+2 +3
4
32
Total Loss=2x2W4
Maximum Efficiency = +
at full load
EXP.NO. 6
DATE:
Induction Motor
Rated Power
Rated Voltage
Rated Current
Rated Speed
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No
Name of apparatus
Type
1.
Ammeter
MI
2.
Voltmeter
MI
33
Range
Qty.
Wattmeter
EDM
4.
Tachometer
digital
5.
Connecting Wires
THEORY:
A 3-phase induction motor consists of stator and rotor with the other associated parts. In the
stator, a 3-phase winding is provided. The windings of the three phase are displaced in space
by 120.A 3-phase current is fed to the 3-phase winding. These windings produce a resultant
magnetic flux and it rotates in space like a solid magnetic poles being rotated magnetically.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
1.Connections are given as per circuit diagram.
2.3- induction motor is started with DOL starter.
3. If the pointer of one of the wattmeter readings reverses, interchange the current coil
terminals and
take the reading as negative.
4.The no load readings are taken.
34
PRECAUTIONS:
1.TPST switch is kept open initially.
2.There must be no load when starting the load.
FORMULAE USED:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
% slip= (Ns-N/Ns)*100
Input Power = (W1+W2)watts
Output Power = 2NT/60 watts
Torque = 9.81*(S1-S2)*R N-m
% efficiency = (o/p power/i/p power)* 100
OBSERVATIONS:
S.NO
Line
Voltage
volts
Input
Current
Amps
Wattmeter Reading
W1*4
W2*2
watts
S1
Spring Control
S2
Speed
watts
1
2
3
4
5
6
CALCULATIONS:
Speed
S1- S2
T
(S1S2)9.81
Out put
power
Input
power
2NT/60
W1+ W2
35
Slip
Ns
Ns
Power
factor
/
3
GRAPHS:
1)
2)
3)
4)
36
RESULT: Hence the load test on Squirrel cage Induction motor is performed and
performance characteristics are drawn.
EXP.NO. 7
DATE:
DC Shunt Motor
Alternator
Rated Power
Rated Voltage
Rated Current
Rated Speed
Rated field current
APPARATURS REQUIRED:
SL.NO
1
Type
Ammeter
MC
37
Range
Quantity
Ammeter
MI
Voltmeter
MI
Rheostat
Potential Divider
Tachometer
Wire
wound
Wire
wound
Digital
THEORY:
The regulation of a 3-phase alternator may be predetermined by conducting the Open
Circuit (OC) and the Sort Circuit (SC) tests. The methods employed for determination of
regulation are EMF or synchronous impedance method, MMF or Ampere Turns method and
the ZPF or Potier triangle method. In this experiment, the EMF and MMF methods are used.
The OC and SC graphs are plotted from the two tests. The synchronous impedance is found
from the OC test. The regulation is then determined at different power factors by calculations
using vector diagrams. The EMF method is also called pessimistic method as the value of
regulation obtained is much more than the actual value. The MMF method is also called
optimistic method as the value of regulation obtained is much less than the actual value. In
the MMF method the armature leakage reactance is treated as an additional armature reaction.
In both methods the OC and SC test data are utilized.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
38
Note down the name plate details of the motor and alternator.
Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
Switch ON the supply by closing the DPST switch.
Using the Three point starter, start the motor to run at the synchronous speed by
adjusting the motor field rheostat.
5. Conduct Open Circuit test by varying the potential divider for various values of field
current and tabulate the corresponding Open Circuit Voltage readings.
6. Conduct Short Circuit test by closing the TPST switch and adjust the potential divider
to set the rated armature current and tabulate the corresponding field current.
7. The Stator resistance per phase is determined by connecting any one phase stator
winding of the alternator as per the circuit diagram using MC voltmeter and ammeter
of suitable ranges.
PROCEDURE TO DRAW GRAPH FOR EMF METHOD:
1. Draw the Open Circuit Characteristic curve (Generated Voltage per phase VS
Field current).
2. Draw the Short Circuit Characteristics curve (Short circuit current VS Field
current)
3. From the graph find the open circuit voltage per phase (E1 (ph) for the rated short
circuit current (Isc).
4. By using respective formulae find the Zs, Xs, Eo and percentage regulation.
PROCEDURE TO DRAW GRAPH FOR MMF METHOD:
39
(V + IaRa)2 + ( IaXs)2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:
S.No.
MODEL GRAPH:
RESULT:
Thus the regulation of 3-phase alternator has been predetermined by the EMF and
MMF methods.
41
EXP.NO. 8
DATE:
Synchronous Motor
Rated Power
Rated Voltage
Rated Current
Rated Speed
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.no
Name of
Apparatus
Range
Type
42
Quantity
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Wattmeter
Rheostat
Tachometer
Connecting
Wires
MI
MI
EDM
Wire Wound
Digital
THEORY:
The variation of field current effects the power factor at which the synchro- nous motor
operates. For a syn motor, the armature current phasor is given by Ia=V-E where V is the
applied voltage .From the above equation it is clear that the magnitude and phase angle of
phasor Ia
depends upon the value of DC excitation. When the syn. Motor is operated at constant load
with variable field excitation, it is observed that:
a) When the excitation is low, the armature current is lag in nature & the magnitude is
comparatively high.
b) If the excitation is gradually increased, the magnitude of Ia is gradually decreasing and the
angle of lag is gradually reduced.
c) At one particular excitation, the magnitude of Ia corresponding to that load in minimum
and vector will be in phase with V vector.
d) If the excitation is further increased, the magnitude of Ia again gradually increased and Ia
,vector goes to leading state and the angle of load is also gradually increased.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
43
PROCEDURE:
(1) Note down the name plate details of the motor.
(2) Connections are made as per the circuit diagram..
(3) Close the TPST switch.
(4) By adjusting the autotransformer from the minimum position to the maximum
position the rated supply is given to motor. The motor starts as an induction
motor.
(5) In order to give the excitation to the field for making it to run as the synchronous
motor, close the DPST switch.
(6) By varying the field rheostat note down the excitation current, armature current
and the power factor for various values of excitation.
(7) The same process has to be repeated for loaded condition.
(8) Later the motor is switched off and the graph is drawn.
PRECAUTION:
(1) The Potential barrier should be in maximum position.
(2) The motor should be started without load.
(3) Initially TPST switch is in open position.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
44
IF
Ia
W1
W2
Amps
Volts
Amps
Watts
Watts
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Power Factor:
Cos=(W/ 3 VLIL)
Where
IL= Ia+ IF
MODEL GRAPHS:
45
W
W1+ W2
Watts
COS=
W/( VL
IL )
RESULT: The determination of V and inverted V curves of three phase synchronous motor
was obtained.
EXP.NO.09
DATE:
46
Parameter
Rated Power
Rated Voltage
Rated Current
Rated Speed
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No
1
Name of
Apparatus
Voltmeter
Ammeter
Wattmeter
Connecting
wires
Range
Type
Qty.
MI
MI
MI
MI
UPF EDM
LPF EDM
THEORY:
A 1- induction motor consists of stator,rotor and other associated parts.In the rotor of a
single phase winding is provided.The windings of a 1- winding(provided) are displaced in
space by 120.A single phase current is fed to the windings so that a resultant rotating
magnetic flux is generated.The rotor starts rotating due to the induction effect produced due
to the relative velocity between the rotor winding and the rotating flux.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
47
PROCEDURE:
NO LOAD TEST:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Precautions are observed and the motor is started at no load.
3. Autotransformer is varied to have a rated voltage applied.
BLOCKED ROTOR TEST:
1.
2.
3.
4.
PRECAUTIONS:
48
Reff = 1.5*Rdc
FORMULAE:
NO LOAD TEST:
cos = Wo/VoIo
Iw = Io cos
Im = Io sin
Ro = Vo/Iw
Xo = Vo/Im
Vo(volts)
Io(amps)
Wo(watts)
49
Vsc(volts)
Isc(amps)
Wsc(watts)
EQUALENT CIRCUIT:
EXP.NO.10
DATE:
50
DC Shunt Motor
Alternator
Rated Power
Rated Voltage
Rated Current
Rated Speed
Rated field current
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.no
Name of
Apparatus
1
Ammeter
2
Voltmeter
3
Variac
4
Rheostat
5
Tachometer
6
Connecting
Wires
Range
Type
Quantity
MI
MI
Wire Wound
Digital
THEORY:
In a salient pole alternator, the reactance of magnetic circuit along is along its quad stator
axis. The alternator is driven by auxiliary prime mover at a speed slightly less than the
synchronous speed under these conditions. The armature current is when the armature current
mmf is in line with the field poles. The reactance by the magnetic field current is minimum.
The ratio of maximum voltage to minimum current gives the direct axis impedance and the
ratio of minimum voltage to maximum current gives the armature axis impedance.
The values of Xd & Xq are determined by conducting the slip-test. The syn. machine is
driven by a separate prime mover at a speed slightly different from synchronous speed. The
field winding is left open and positive sequence balanced voltages of reduced magnitude
(around 25% of the rated value) and of rated frequency and impressed across the armature
terminals. Here, the relative velocity b/w the field poles and the rotating armature mmf wave
is equal to the difference b/w syn. speed and the rotor speed i.e, the slip speed . When the
rotor is along the d-axis, then it has a position of min reluctance, min flux linkage and max
flux produced links with the winding.then Xd = (max. armature terminal voltage/ph) / (min.
armature current/ph)As the current is small then Vt
will be high as drop will be small.When the rotor is along q-axis, then it is max, then the flux
linkage would be max.Then The min flux produced links with winding. So max emf. Xq =
(min. armature terminal voltage/ph) / (max. armature current/ph)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
51
PROCEDURE:
52
5.
6.
7.
8.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. The motor field rheostat should be kept in minimum.
2. The direction of the rotation due to prime mover and the alternator on the motor
should be the same.
3. Initially all the switches are kept open.
TABULAR COLUMNS
To find the Direct Axis and Quadrature axis impedances:
S.NO
Vmax
Vmin
Imax
Imin
53
S.No.
Amps
Amps
FORMULAE USED:
1. Rac=1.6Rac
2. Zd = Vmax/Imin
3. Zq = Vmin/Imax
4. Xd = Zd2 Rd2
5. Xq = Zq2 Rd2
6. Id = Ia sin amps
7. Iq = Ia cos amps
8. %Reg = (Eo-V/V)*100
Where,
Zd = direct axis impedance in
Zq = quadrate axis impedance in
Xd = direct axis reactance in
Xq = quadrate axis reactance in
Id = direct axis current in amps
Ia = quadrate axis current in amps
RESULT: Hence by performing slip test we find the values of Xd= and Xq= .
DATE:
54
SCOTTCONNECTION
AIM : To convert three phase system to two phase system with the help of scott
Connection
NAME PLATE DETAILS:
Rated power
Rated voltage
Rated current
Frequency
APPARATURS REQUIRED:
SL.NO
Name of the Apparatus
1
Ammeter
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Voltmeter
Wattmeter
Wattmeter
Dimmerstat
Type
Range
Quantity
THEORY :Phase conversion from three to two phase is needed in special cases, such as in
supplying 2-phase electric arc furnaces.
The concept of 3/2-phase conversion follows from the voltage phasor diagram of
balanced 3-phase supply shown in Fig 1. If the point M midway VBC could be located , then
VAM leads VBC by 90o. A 2-phase supply could thus be obtained by means of transformers;
one connected across AM, called the teaser transformer and the other connected across the
lines B and C. since VAM= (3/2) VBC , the transformer primaries must have 3 N1/2 (teaser)
and N1 turns; this would mean equal voltage/turn in each transformer. A balanced 2-phase
supply could then be easily obtained by having both secondaries with equal number of turns,
N2. The point M is located midway on the primary of the transformer connected across the
lines B and C. The connection of two such transformers, known as the Scott connection, is
55
Teaser Transformer
_
IA
a2
_
Ia
+
3 N1 / 2
N
_
IA
B
C
N1 / 2
_
Ic
a1
_
IA / 2
_
IB
b2 / Ib
1(a)
+
_
Va
N2
_
Ib
_
IA / 2
_
IBC
N1 / 2
N2
b1
_
Vb
_
Va
_
Vb
(b)
(c)
LOAD ANALYSIS:56
easily found on
_
_
IA = (2N2 / 3N1) x Ia = (2 Ia / 3) (for N1 / N2 = 1)
_
_
_
IBC = N2 / N1 Ib = Ib (for N1 / N2 = 1)
_
_
_
IB = IBC - IA / 2
_
_
_
Ic = - IBC - IA / 2
The corresponding phasor diagram for balanced secondary side load of unity power
factor is drawn in fig. (2) from which it is obvious that the currents drawn from the 3phase system are balanced and cophasal with the star voltages. The phasor diagram for the
case of an unbalanced 2-phase load is drawn in fig (3)
Va
IA = 23
Ia
IBC =1
- IBC
- IA / 2 = 1 / 3
- IA / 2
C
Ic
B
IB = 1 + 1/ 3 = 2 / 3
A
1
Va
- IBC
Vb
Ib
Ia
Fig.(2)
- IA / 2
IA
IC
a
b
C
Vb
B
IB
IBC
IA / 2
Fig.(3)
Ib
57
Teaser
Transformer
2 KVA,415 / 240
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
SCOTT CONNECTION
||
||
||
||
415V, 3-,
||
50Hz,
||
AC Supply
||
||
||
||
Y
||
||
||
415V, 3-,
||
50Hz,
AC Supply
||
||
||
10
A
0 300
V,MI
0600
V,MI
T
P
S
T
24
0
86.6
%
V
10
A
0 600
V,MI
41
5
50
%
0 300
V,MI
10
A
24
0
0
Main
Transformer
2 KVA
415 /
240 V
PROCEDURE :
58
TABULAR FORM :
S.NO
VRY
in
volts
3 - SUPPLY
VYB
in volts
2 - SUPPLY
VBR
in volts
VL in volts
RESULT:
DATE:
59
T/F-1
T/F
Rated power
HV side
LV side
T/F-2
HV side
LV side
Rated voltage
Rated current
Frequency
APPARATURS REQUIRED:
SL.NO
Type
Ammeter
MI
Ammeter
MI
Voltmeter
MI
Voltmeter
MI
Wattmeter
EDM(LPF)
Wattmeter
EDM(UPF)
Dimmerstat
THEORY:
60
Range
Quantity
PROCEDURE :a) Make connections as for circuit diagram, keep the load switch and switch S open .
b) Switch on the mains , see the volt meter reading of V1 , if this reading is 460V(double
the secondary voltage of both the machines) then switch of and inter change the
connections of secondary of any transformer . if reads zero then the switch S can be
closed , this way the polarities can be checked since wrong polarity will short circuit
the transformers if operated in parallel .
c) Close switch S and then close the load switch.
d) For various values of load current , record terminal voltage ,current in two secondarys
, power supply by the two transformers and the total power,(do not exceed 10 A for
total current)
e) Switch of load and switch of main.
f) Determine the equivalent reactances and resistances of both transformers referred
to HV winding by SC test
61
CAULATIONS :-For a given load current IL at an angle the current and power
supply by each
transformer can be found out by the following formula
IA= (IL)X{(ZB)/(ZA+ZB)}
IB = (IL)X{(ZA)/(ZA+ZB)}
If S is the load KVA, then the KVA shared by the transformers can be found out by
SA= (S)X{(ZB)/(ZA+ZB)}
SB = (S)X{(ZA)/(ZA+ZB)}
Check the result obtained with the Theoretical calculations .
62