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Content:

What is MySQL ? Its good features.

Installation guide.
Security and Privilege System
Compatibility with standards
Locks an interesting feature
Table types
Some more salient features
Replication

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What Is MySQL?
A fast, reliable, easy-to-use, multi-user multi-threaded
relational database system.
It is freely available and released under GPL (GNU
General Public License ).

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Why Use MySQL ?

MySQL server can handle very large databases.
Offers rich and very useful set of functions.
Connectivity, speed and security make MySQL very
suited for accessing database on a network.
A lot of contributed software available.

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What Does MySQL Offer ?

A privilege and password system that is very flexible
and secure and allows host-based verification.
Multi-threaded request-handling using kernel thread.
Replication features.
Very actively developed.
Memory leak proof.

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Quick Installation Guide

tar zxvf Mysql.x.xx.xx.tar.gz

cd Mysql-x.xx.xx.xx
./configure prefix=/usr/local/mysql
make
make install
scripts/mysql_install_db
safe_mysqld
Mysql u root password mypassword

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Configuring MySql

--bindir=Dir specifies dir for binaries

--localstatedir=Dir data dir
--with-tcp-port=portno
--with-unix-sock-path=absolute-path
--with-mysqld-ldflag=-all-static
--with-charset=charset (default Latin1)
--with-low-memory

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Support
Works on many different platforms like FreeBSD ,
NetBSD , Linux 2.0+, Windows 95, 98, 2000 & NT, HPUX etc
There are client tools and APIs available in c, c++,
java, perl, python, php, Tcl

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Security in mysql
Issues that bother: eavesdropping,altering
Uses ACLs (Access Control Lists) , also theres some
support for SSL connections
Has inbuilt methods for storing confidential data like
passwords in encrypted form.
Access is restricted thru grant of privileges to
users,hosts
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Privileges provided by mysql

The five tables: user,db,host,tables_priv,columns_priv
The privileges come into play only if there is a
retrieval of data from the database, or updation of
data in the database,e.g:
select 1+1;
calculator
File privilege : load data infile, select . Into outfile

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How the privilege system works

First reference to user followed by db and host , takes
place during connection verification
Reference to tables_priv and columns_priv at data
access stage
Ordering of user table on the basis of more specific
host values first, followed by more specific user
values.
For security purposes , mysql disallows host
addresses of the form :192.168.7.yahoo.com
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Some tips on security

Beneficial to invest in a firewall ; check using telnet
server_port 3306
Do not rely on the data entered by the user, he can trick
the code by using special character sequences
Make use of tcpdump, to check the whether or not mysql
data streams r unencrypted:
tcpdump l i eth0 w src port 3306|strings
Dont run mysqld as root.
Dont give process and file privileges to users as far as
possible.
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Continued..
Following mysqld options affect security:
1. - secure 2. skip-grant-privileges
3.
skip-name-resolve 4. skip-networking
Passwords by default are stored in hashed form in
database.But if the scrambled password is known the
hacker can still log in as the user.
Passwords can be stored in my.cnf file when
noninteractive access has to be done
Inbuilt functions for hashing: password,
encrypt,encode,decode
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Compatibility with Standards

What doesnt MySQL have ?
Transactions no provision for commit and rollback
No nested sub-queries
Views are not supported
Foreign keys not used for referential integrity checks

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Compatibility (contd.)
What extra does MySQL have ?
Locking/Unlocking of tables
Atomicity of operations
Directory organization
Access of tables across tables
Several other features, discussed later

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More about Locks !

Locks help in maintaining integrity, atomicity

Read locks enable you to only read from the locked

tables.
Write locks enable you to read and write exclusively.
Other threads cant access/update currently locked
tables
Write locks have higher priority than read locks
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MySql Table Types

Creates a .frm file that holds the table and column definition.
Syntax for defining table type is .. :
CREATE
TABLE test (
)
TYPE=HEAP ..
Categorization of types : Transaction safe type and Non
transaction safe type.
Transaction Safe table types allow rollbacks,restore changes if
update fails ,etc .
Non Transaction Safe table types are much faster ,use less disk
space as well as memory for updates.
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MyISAM tables
Use B-Tree indexing to store the keys, string indexes are
compressed .
MyISAM itself supports three different table formats: a)
static (fixed length) b) Dynamic c) Compressed
Static : fastest ,secure and simplest format ,
used when there are no varchar, blob or text.
Dynamic : each record stores a header that contain its
length
Compressed : created using myisampack tool , they are
read only ,use very little space as each record is
compressed separately
ISAM is a deprecated version of MyISAM
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Merge tables
A collection of identical MyISAM tables which are used
collectively.
FOR eg :
CREATE TABLE t1 (a INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY
KEY, message CHAR(20));
CREATE TABLE t2 (a INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY
KEY, message CHAR(20)) ;
CREATE TABLE total (a INT NOT NULL, message
CHAR(20), KEY(a)) TYPE=MERGE UNION=(t1,t2)

allowed : select ,insert and Operations update .

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Heap tables and Berkley DB

Use hashed index and are stored in memory
Generally used for temporary tables .

Berkley DB is used for making the tables transaction

safe

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MySQL Language Reference

OPTIMIZE
Syntax :: OPTIMIZE TABLE tbl_name[,tbl_name]..
Used only for MyISAM tables
It performs the following functions :repairs the table if the
table has deleted rows,sorts the index,and the statistics are
also made to date.
CHECK
Syntax ::
CHECK
TABLE tbl_name[,tbl_name...] [TYPE = [QUICK | FAST |
EXTEND | CHANGED]]
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MySQL Language Reference

Checks a table for errors and updates the key

statistics of the table
BACKUP
BACKUP TABLE tbl_name[,tbl_name...] TO
'/path/to/backup/directory
This again works only for MyISAM
ANALYZE
During analysis the table is locked with a read lock
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MySQL Language Reference

REPAIR
Syntax:
REPAIR TABLE tbl_name[,tbl_name...] [TYPE = QUICK]
FLUSH
Syntax :
FLUSH flush_option [,flush_option]
Used to clear the internal cache of Mysql
It has various options like HOSTS,LOGS,PRIVELEDGES,
TABLES tbl_names,etc
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Replication in MySQL
What??
One server is designated as the master, while the other ( or
others) as slave(s)
Updates done only on master and binary logs made
The slave connects to the master, catches up on the
missed updates, and then starts receiving updates
immediately as they come to the master.
Why??
For robustness you have two systems and switch to the
backup if you have problems with the master.
The extra speed is achieved by sending a part of the nonupdating queries to the replica server.
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How To (SLAVE)
Upgrade both slave and master to 3.23.15 or higher.
PUT THESE IN my.cnf of SLAVE
master-host,user,passwd
server-id=< unique no>= 1 & <=2^32-1
master-connect-retry !! (keep trying)
master-info-file
replicate-rewrite-db
skip-slave-start
Restart the slave(s)
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How To (SLAVE) (contd)

Take a snapshot of all the tables/databases on the

master
Use command LOAD TABLE <tblname> FROM
MASTER (3.23.23)+
SLAVE START/STOP
FLUSH SLAVE

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HOW TO (MASTER)

log-bin , FLUSH MASTER , FLUSH SLAVE

When you start the slave thread will be created
Tables are not Locked
SET SQL_LOG_BIN=0/1
CHANGE MASTER TO master_def_list

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Thank You
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