Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Biochemistry Exam
Biochemistry Exam
6) Specificity of protein-ligand interactions. Lock and key model and Induced fit model for substrate
binding.Types of natural ligands.Competitive inhibitors.Drugs as competitive inibitors
11) Mechanism of enzyme regulation in cell ( covalent modification, regulation of enzymes amount ,influence of
other factors)
13) Regulationof enzyme activity: phosphorylation- dephosphorylation, partial proteolysis. Actication of protein
kinase A
17) Structure and biological role of DNA.Species- and individual specificity of the primary structure of DNA.
20) Genetic code and its main features.Role of tRNA in the decoding of genetic information.
21) Biosynthesis of proteins: main components and steps.Posttranslational processing of polypeptide chains and
its biological significance.
23) Disorder in the primary structure of DNA. DNA repair: biological significance.
26) Cell differentiation and ontogenesis as a result of regulation of gene activity .Identify of the primary structure
of DNA in various cells of same organism.
27) Molecular mechanism of genetic variability: types of molecular mutation , biological effects.Examples of
hereditary diseases caused by mutations.
30) Structure of main membrane lipids.Structure and properties of the lipid bilayer.Selective permeability of
membrane.
33) Catabolism and anabolism.ATP-ADP cycle. Main pathways of ADP phosphorylation .ATP utilization.Substrate
level phosphorylation,its significance.
34) Structural organization of the ETC chain. Oxidative phosphorylation of ADP. P/O ratio.
35) Structure of mitochondria and structural organization of ETC chain.Transmembrane electrochemical potential
as an intermediate form of energy in oxidative phosphorylation.
36) Coupling of oxidation of ATP synthesis in the electron transport chain .Respiratory control.Uncoupling of
respiration and phosphorylation.
37) Regulation of the ETC chain( respiratory control).Thermoregulatory func of tissue respiration.
38) Disturbance in energy metabolism: low energy states.Hypoxia and other causes of low energy states.
39) NAD-dependent dehydrogenases and their substrates.Structures of oxidised and reduced forms of
NAD.Electron route in respiratory chain. P/0 ratio.
40) FAD-dependent dehydrogenase and their substrates.Electron route in respiratory chain. P/O ratio.
41) Specific and common pathway of carbohydrate,fat and protein catabolism.TCA cycle as the main source of
dehydrated substrates in ETC chain.
43) TCA cycle: reaction sequence , biological significance,regulation,relationship with the ETC.
44) Relationship btw the TCA cycle and ETC chain.Mechanism of regulation TCA and ETC chain.
45) Dietary carbohydrates: daily requirements, structure, digestion and absorption.Impaired digestion of
carbohydrates.
47) Anaerobic glycolysis: reaction sequence, functions of anaerobic glycolysis.Rate limiting enzymes.
50) Gluconeogenesis fr amino acid and glycerol : biological significance. Glucose alanine cycle.
52)Regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver( regulatory enzyme activator and inhibitors.
53) structure of glycogen. Function of glycogen in skeletal muscle n liver. Synthesis and degradation of glycogen
59) Pentose phosphate pathway of glucose metabolism : reaction of oxidative phase of pentose phosphate
pathway, distribution, physiological significance
61) role of pentose phosphate pathway of glucose metabolism in the liver and adipose tissue
62) major lipids of human organism : structure, function(TAGS, phospholipids, cholesterol, glycolipid) main fatty
acids
64) dietary lipids, daily requirement. Essential fatty acids. Digestion and resynthesis of fats.chylomicrons:
structure, formation, function. Hyperchylomicroanemia
66) beta oxidation of fatty acid: reaction sequence, biological significance, regulation
67) disorders in fatty acids oxidation. Medium chain acyl coa dehydrogenase deficiency
68) Biosynthesis of fatty acid reaction sequence, regulation, biological significance effect of insulin
68) biosynthesis of Tag from carbohydrates in the liver and adipose tissue. Effects of insulin
69) tag degradation in adipose cell. Hormonal regulation. Fate of fatty acids and glycerol
70) very low density lipoprotein(vldl) : synthesis, composition, transport function, hypertriglycerolemias, fatty
liver
71) synthesis and utilisation of ketone bodies: reaction sequence and biological significance. Ketonemia and its
effect
72) cholesterol : biological role, biosynthesis of cholesterol, reaction sequence( down to mevalonic acid
formation) regulation
73) low density lipoproteins(ldl) formation, transport function.ldl receptor (disorders). Familial
hypercholesterolemia
74) high density lipoprotein (hdl) : formation, transfer function. Role of lecitithine cholesterol acyltransferase(
lcat)
77) role of full-value of protein nutrition in human health.essential n non essential amino acid. Digestion of
protein in gastrointestinal tract : enzyme, activation of mechanism and biological signifance
78) transamination reaction of aamino acids: enzymes coenzymes, biological role.diagnostic signifance of
transaminase assays
79) type of deamination of amino acids : role of glutamate dehydrogenase, biological signifance.
80) catabolism of amino acids: formation and detoxification of ammonia in tissues. Toxicity of ammonia.
Hyperammonemia: causes and effects
83) Metabolism of carbon skeleton of amino acid. Glycogenic and ketogenic acid. Gluconeogenesis from amino
acid. Role in starvation, regulation
84) Essential and non-eseential amino acid. Biosynthesis of essential amino acids fr glucose.
85) Metabolism of serine and glycine. Role of H4-folate and its derivatives in amino acid and nucleotide
metabolism.
87) Catabolism of tyrosine: main stage, end products. Alkaptonuria causes and manifestations.
94) Catabolism of purine nucleotides: reaction sequence,end products. Hyperurikemia: causes and
manifestations. Gout
96) Biosynthesis of dioxyribonucleotides : substrates. Biosynthesis of TMP : role of H4-folate. Inhibitors of TMP
synthesis as drugs.
97) Central regulation of endocrine system : role of liberins,statins and tropic hypophyseal hormones
100) Epinephrine: structure , mechanism of action, effect on metabolic processes in target tissues.
102) Insulin receptor. Effect of insulin on metabolism: transport of glucose across membrane,regulation of
enzyme activity and synthesis.
104) Cortisol: structure,synthesis,regulation of cortisol secretion, effect on fuel metabolism in target tissue.
Cushing s syndrome.
105) Diabetes mellitus: metabolism change in DM.Causes,symptoms and late complications of DM. Insulindependent and insulin-independent DM
106) Metabolism change in starvation. Role of hormone in maintenance of blood glucose level in starvation
107) Hormonal regulation of sodium and water balance. ADH structure, mechanism of signal transduction and
effect on target cell.
110) Tyroid hormone: structure,synthesis,biological effect. Feedback regulation of thyroid hormone secretion.
Hypo- and Hyperthyroidism causes and symptoms.
112) Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin: chemical nature, mechanism of action,effect on calcium and phosphate
metabolism.
113) Calcitriol : structure,synthesis, mechanism of action,effect on calcium and phosphate metabolism. Rickets