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A Multi-Carrier Communication Technique For Interference-Free Spectrum Sharing in CR
A Multi-Carrier Communication Technique For Interference-Free Spectrum Sharing in CR
I. A BSTRACT
Future cognitive radio systems are envisioned to accommodate multiple users that are able to co-exist without causing
harmful interference to each other. In this paper, we introduce a
new modulation scheme, based on Single-Carrier FDMA (SCFDMA) and Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), which enables
interference-free spectrum sharing between radios that operate
over different air interfaces. The basis of our approach is that
non-OFDM signals can be sampled and the resulting data
samples can be used as the data symbols for an SC-FDMA
style transmission.The concept is demonstrated by showing
that a CPM-based radio and a conventional SC-FDMA radio
can transmit over the same shared channel without interfering
and thus without suffering any loss in performance.
II. I NTRODUCTION
Regulatory bodies have determined that most of the radio
frequency spectrum is severely underutilized, and it has been
concluded that spectrum utilization varies greatly. Furthermore, fixed spectrum allocation prohibits those frequencies
that are underutilized from being used by unlicensed users.
Thus, there is a great motivation for allowing unlicensed users
to use licensed bands whenever they will not cause harmful
interference to the incumbent radio system.
Cognitive radio (CR) is a future paradigm for wireless
communications in which a network or a wireless node
changes its transmission or reception parameters in order to
avoid interfering with licensed or unlicensed users during
communication. CR was first presented by Mitola and Maguire
[1].
Much of the emphasis for future CR systems has been
on the adoption of multi-carrier OFDM. For high data rate
communications, OFDM has received a lot of attention in
the past few years. OFDM is a popular broadband wireless
system, which is currently in use in wireless LAN, fixed
broadband wireless access and in digital video and audio
broadcasting. The spectral efficiency of this system is based
on the orthogonality of subcarriers, which provides a way to
pack more subchannels into the same channel spectrum. Single
carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) is a recent variant of OFDM
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Encoder
Decoder
Serial-to-Parallel
Parallel-to-Serial
DFT
IDFT
Subcarrier
Mapping
Inverse
Subcarrier
Mapping
IDFT
DFT
Pulse
Shaping/DAC
Fig. 1.
^D n `
Channel
= 0 J1 ,
(1)
then the symbols coming out of the DFT are defined as
Ak =
^Ak `
Subcarrier
Mapping
K!J
J
~
T T
K
^D~m `
IDFT
(K-point)
n =
(4)
!
J1
1 X
Ak ej2in/J ej2qn/QJ
n =
(5)
QJ i=0
n = n ej2qn/QJ
(6)
Q
baseband unit.
III. BACKGROUND
A. Overview of SC-FDMA
Fig. 1 illustrates a block diagram of an SC-FDMA transmission system. In SC-FDMA, a block of time domain data symbols are transformed to the frequency domain by application
of the DFT (also known as DFT-precoding), and then mapped
to a subset of the total available subcarriers. As in OFDMA,
the transmissions from multiple users remain orthogonal due
to the fact that each user is assigned to use a distinct set of the
available subcarriers. However, the advantage of this approach
as compared to OFDMA is that the overall transmit signal is
a single carrier signal, which reduces the PAPR as compared
to conventional multicarrier OFDMA.
In a general SC-FDMA system, there are a total of K
subcarriers, of which J are mapped to a particular user.
In the time domain, the input data symbols have symbol
duration T seconds and the symbol duration is compressed
to T = (J/K) T after going through SC-FDMA modulation,
as noted in Fig. 2.
Although there are different methods available to allocate
the subcarriers, in this paper we consider the I-FDMA mode,
whereby the DFT outputs of the input data corresponding
to a single user are allocated to equidistant subcarriers over
the entire bandwidth. For uplink transmissions, zeros are
inserted in the unused subcarriers (i.e., the subcarriers that are
occupied by other users). As proven in [2], under this regularly
QJ1
1 X j2kn/QJ
Ak e
.
QJ
k=0
K
~
T
Fig. 2.
(2)
Ai k = q + iQ
Ak =
(3)
0
otherwise.
ADC
^A~ `
n ej2kn/J .
n=0
DFT
(J-point)
J1
X
where n , n mod J.
IV. S IGNAL M ODEL
Fig. 3 illustrates the symbol generation unit that might be
used to communicate with a number of a mixed set of CRs,
some of whom normally communicate using non-OFDM signals and others of which normally use OFDM-based signals.
In order to demonstrate the concept, we present a derivation
for the case where one of the non-OFDM radios normally
operates over a Continuous Phase Modulation (CPM) system.
However, the concept can be easily extended to any physical
layer waveform. Before proceeding, however, we review some
of the basic definitions of a CPM waveform.
A. CPM Signal Model
Here we assume that the first Q users normally transmit
CPM waveforms. The complex baseband CPM signal may be
represented as
s(t; ) = exp{j(t; )}
where the phase is a pulse train of the form
X
(t; ) = 2
hi i q(t iT )
(7)
(8)
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N/T
s1 (t )
Q non-OFDM
complex baseband
continuous-time
signals (eg., some
may be CPM,
and some may
be CDMA, etc.)
D conventional
OFDMA data sets
(eg., mixtures of
BPSK, QPSK,
16-QAM, etc.)
0 t < JT
.
.
.
S/P
DFT
S/P
DFT
N/T
sQ (t )
0 t < JT
a k ,1
S/P
a k ,D
S/P
.
.
.
T: symbol interval
N: number of samples per symbol interval
S/P: Serial to Parallel
P/S: Parallel to Serial
Subcarrier
Mapping
IDFT
P/S
Transmission
Filtering
Cyclic
Prefix
D/A
Fig. 4.
Fig. 3.
all of the symbols that have worked their way through the
frequency pulse and now contribute a constant value to the
overall phase.
The JT second continuous-time signal in is sampled
at rate fsa = N/T to yield the vector of signal
>
s0,q sJN 1,q
samples sq , where sq =
and
sm,q , sq (t; q ) |t=mTsa ; n = 0, . . . , JN 1. The sampling interval is defined as Tsa = 1/fsa . At the receiver, we
propose to use the discrete-time equivalent of a conventional
CPM detector in order to detect the transmitted symbols.
Hence, proper detection at the receiver requires the sample
rate, fsa , to be adequate to provide a faithful representation of
the JT -second continuous-time waveform. Hence, we assume
that the over-sampling ratio satisfies N 2, in which case the
signal vector, sq has a minimum length of 2J.
The transmitter groups the modulation samples into blocks
each containing JN samples. Once the continuous-time waveform of each user has been transformed into its discrete-time
equivalent, the data vector becomes completely analogous to
the vector of data symbols that would be used in a conventional SC-FDMA transmission. Consequently, multiple access
is enabled by the assignment of overlapping but mutually
orthogonal subcarriers to each user.
The next step is to perfom an JN -point DFT, followed by
a linear mapping of the DFT coefficients to the appropriate
set of subcarriers. Finally, the data symbols are transformed
into the time domain and prepared for transmission.
0 t < LT
1/2LT 1 cos 2t
LT
. (10)
FLRC (t) =
0
otherwise
Rt
and qLRC (t) = 0 FLRC ()d.
During the interval corresponding to the nth symbol, nT
t (n + 1)T , the phase may be expressed as
(t; ) = 2
|
n
X
hi i q(t iT ) +
i=n(L1)
{z
(t; n )
nL
X
hi i
i=0
{z
(11)
nL
V. N UMERICAL R ESULTS
We demonstrate co-existence between two co-channel CRs.
The first CR normally CPM, using the parameters: M = 4,
raised cosine frequency pulse shaping, signal memory L =
2 and h = 5/16, 6/16. Gray mapping is applied. The CPM
signal is sampled 8 times per symbol interval and it sends
256 symbols per data frame. Hence, its transmission requires
a total of 2048 data subcarriers. The second CR normally sends
BPSK over a conventional OFDMA network and is assigned
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