LAWS/DEFINITION

1. INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS
Sensitivity

Accuracy
Consistency

Parallax error

Zero error

Ability of instrument to detect

small change of quantity
measured.
Ability of instrument to give
reading closer to actual value.
Ability of instrument to give
constant reading every time
the measurement is made
When eyes is not
perpendicular to the scale
when take the reading
When the instrument give
reading when it is suppose to
be zero

2. FORCES AND MOTION

Weight (N)
Gravitational force (N)
Gravitational
Acceleration due to
acceleration, g (10 gravitational force.
ms-2)
Elasticity
Property of matter that enables
an object to turn to its original
size and shape when the forces
acting on it are removed.
Inertia
Tendency of object to remain
at rest or moving with
constant velocity
Impulsive force
Rate of change of momentum
Impulse
Change of momentum

Focal point
Focal length of
lens
Focal length of
concave mirror
Snell law.

Refractive index

Point that all parallel light with

principal axis are converge to.
Distance between focal point
and the optical center
Distance between pole and the
principal focal point
Sin i
------- = constant
Sin r
Sin i
------Sin r

Refraction of light. Light change its speed and

direction when travel through
different medium

6. WAVES
Monochromatic
light
Constructive
interference
Destructive
interference
Frequency
Wavelength

Light that has one wavelength

only
When trough meet
trough//when crest meet crest
When trough meet crest

Number of oscillation in 1s
Distance between 2
consecutive trough/crest/wave
front
Diffraction
Wave phenomenon when wave
travel through obstacle of
gap/slit
Coherent sources Two sources that have same
frequency and same phase.

7. ELECTRICITY
3. FORCES AND PRESSURE
Ohms Law
Pressure

Force acting normally to the

unit of surface area.
Archimedes
A body that is wholly or
Principles
partially immerse in liquid, the
buoyant force = weight of
liquid displaced
Bernoulli principle Pressure of the fluid is lower
when speed of the fluid is
higher

4. HEAT
Thermal
equilibrium
Heat
Temperature
Specific heat
capacity
Heat capacity
Thermal
equilibrium

When net rate heat transfer

between two bodies is zero
Type of energy
Degree of hotness
Energy required to increase the
temperature of 1 kg substance
by 1oC.
Energy required to change
temperature of object by 1oC
Net heat transfer between two
bodies is zero.//temperature of
two body touching each other
is equal.

5. LIGHT
Critical angle

Angle of incidence when angle

of refraction=90o

Current is directly proportional

to the voltage when physical
condition and temperature is
constant,
9V battery
The battery supply 9J of
electrical energy to transfer 1C
of charge
9W, 12V bulb
The bulb use 9J of electrical
energy in 1s when connected to
12V power supply
8A
8C of charges has been transfer
in 1s
Emf
The work done by a source in
driving a unit of charge around
a complete circuit.
Potential
Work done to transfer 1C of
difference//voltage charge from one point to
another
Power
Amount of energy use in 1C

8. ELECTROMAGNETISM
Electromagnetic
induction
Catapult field
Electromagnet

Production of induced current

in solenoid when the solenoid
cut the magnetic field
Non-uniform magnetic field.
Soft iron winding with solenoid,
has magnetic field when
current flow through the
magnet and lost it when no
current flow.

Lenz Law

Determine the
direction of force
produced by
current carrying
conductor in
magnetic field
Determine pole of
solenoid
Determine the
direction of
current produced
by generator

Induced current produced in

the solenoid always oppose the
effect causing it
Use Fleming Left Hand Rule

Use right hand grip rule.

Use Flemings Right Hand Rule.

9. ELECTRONICS
Thermionic
emission
Logic gates

Electron release by a hot metal

surface
Electronic switch that have one
or more inputs but have only
one output

10. RADIOACTIVITY
Radioisotope

Nuclear fission
Nuclear fusion
Half life

Beta particle
Alpha particle
Gamma ray

The isotope with unstable

nuclei that emit radioactive
radiations.
A process of breaking up heavy
nucleus into lighter nucleus
A process of merging lighter
nuclei into heavy nucleus.
Time taken for un-decay nuclei
become half from its original
amount.
Fast moving electron.
Helium nucleus
An electromagnetic wave

==============================
Precautionary steps during experiment
Eye must be perpendicular to the scale of
ammeter/voltmeter/meter rule when take the
reading.
All connection must be tight enough.
Take several reading and find the average.
For each value of manipulated variable, take
several reading of responding variable and find
the average
Do not on the switch for longer time.
Turn off the switch when not take the reading.