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Retaining Walls - 2
Retaining Walls - 2
REINFORCED
CONCRETE
Fifth Edition
Reinforced Concrete Design
A Fundamental Approach
Fifth Edition
RETAINING WALLS
A. J. Clark School of Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
SPRING 2004
By
Dr . Ibrahim. Assakkaf
Introduction
Slide No. 1
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Slide No. 2
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Figure 1
Common Types of Walls
Introduction
Slide No. 3
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Introduction
Introduction
Slide No. 4
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Slide No. 5
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Gravity Walls
The gravity wall (Figure 1a) depends mostly
on its own weight for stability.
It is usually made of plain concrete and is
used for walls up to approximately 10 ft in
height.
The semigravity wall is a modification of the
gravity wall in which small amounts of
reinforcing steel are introduced.
This, in effect, reduces the massiveness of
the wall.
Slide No. 6
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Figure 1
Common Types of Walls
Introduction
Slide No. 7
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Cantilever Walls
The cantilever wall (Figure 1b and Figure 2) is
the most common type of retaining structure
and generally is used for walls in the range
from 10 to 25 ft in height.
It is so named because its individual parts
(toe, heel, and stem) behave as, and design
as, cantilever beams.
Aside from its stability, the capacity of the wall
is a function of the strength of its individual
parts.
Introduction
Slide No. 8
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Introduction
Slide No. 9
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Counterfort Walls
The counterfort wall (Figure 1c) may be
economical when the wall height is in excess
of 25 ft.
The counterforts are spaced at intervals and
act as tension members to support the stem.
The stem is then designed as a continuous
member spanning horizontally between
counterforts.
Introduction
Slide No. 10
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Battress Walls
The buttress wall (Figure 1d) is similar to the
counterfort wall except that the buttress are
located on the side of the stem opposite to the
retained material and act as compression
member to support the stem.
The counterfort wall is more commonly used
because it has a clean, uncluttered exposed
face and allows for more efficient use of
space in front of the wall.
Introduction
Slide No. 11
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Introduction
Slide No. 12
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Bridge Abutment
The bridge abutment (Figure 1f) is similar in
some respects to the basement wall.
The bridge superstructure induces horizontal
as well as vertical loads, thus altering the
normal cantilever behavior.
Introduction
Slide No. 13
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Bearing Walls
The bearing wall (Figure 1g) may exits with or
without lateral loads.
A bearing wall may be defined as a wall that
supports any vertical load in addition to its
own weight.
Depending on the magnitudes of the vertical
and lateral loads, the wall mat have to be
designed for combined bending and axial
compression.
Slide No. 14
Slide No. 15
Slide No. 16
Water Drainage
An important consideration is that water must
be prevented from accumulating in the backfill
material.
Walls are rarely designed to retained
saturated material, which means that proper
drainage must be provided.
It is generally agreed that the best backfill
material behind a retaining structure is a welldrained, cohesion-less material.
Slide No. 17
Lateral Pressure
The lateral pressure can exit and develop in
three different categories:
Active state;
At rest sate; and
Passive state.
Slide No. 18
Slide No. 19
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Slide No. 20
Slide No. 21
Level Backfill
If a level backfill (of well-drained cohesionless
soil) is considered, then the assumed
pressure diagram is shown in Figure 3.
The unit pressure intensity py in any plane a
distance y down from the top is
p y = K a we y
(1)
11
Slide No. 22
Slide No. 23
1
1
p y area = (K a we hw )(hw 1)
2
2
1
= K a we hw2
2
Ha =
(2)
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Slide No. 24
Ka =
we
1 sin
= tan 2 45o
1 + sin
2
(3)
Slide No. 25
Hp =
1
2
K a we (h)
2
(4)
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Slide No. 26
Kp =
1 + sin
1
= tan 2 45o + =
1 sin
2 Ka
(5)
Slide No. 27
Sloping Backfill
If a sloping backfill is considered, then the
assumed active pressure distribution is shown
in Figure 4, where Hs = Kpwehb2 and hb is the
height of the backfill at the back of the footing,
and Ka is the coefficient of active earth
pressure. Thus
cos cos 2 cos 2
K a = cos
cos + cos 2 cos 2
(6)
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Slide No. 28
Slide No. 29
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Slide No. 30
Kawe (lb/ft3)
32
10
33
20
38
30
54
Slide No. 31
16
Slide No. 32
hsu =
ws
we
ws
we
(7)
Slide No. 33
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Slide No. 34
Slide No. 35
Example 1
Compute the active earth pressure horizontal
force on the wall shown for the following
conditions:
= 25o
= 0o
ws = 400 psf
we = 100 lb/ft3
hw = 15 ft
18
Slide No. 36
Example 1 (contd)
hsu =
ws 400
=
= 4 ft
we 100
1 sin 1 sin 25
=
= 0.406
1 + sin 1 + sin 25
1
1
2
H a = K a we hw2 = (0.406 )(0.100 )(15) = 4.57 k/ft of wall
2
2
H su = K a we hsu hw = 0.406(0.100 )(4 )(15) = 2.44 k/ft of wall
Ka =
Slide No. 37
Example 2
Find the passive earth pressure force in front
of the wall for Example 1 if h = 4 ft.
1 + sin 1 + sin 25
=
= 2.46
1 sin 1 sin 25
1
2
H p = K p we (h)
2
1
2
= (2.46 )(0.100 )(4 ) = 1.97 k/ft of wall
2
Kp =
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Slide No. 42
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Slide No. 46
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Slide No. 48
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Slide No. 49
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Example 3
For the wall shown, determine the factors of
safety against overturning and sliding and
determine the soil pressures under the
footing. Use Ka = 0.3 and we = 100 lb/ft3. The
coefficient of friction f = 0.50.
25
Example 3 (contd)
Slide No. 50
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Slide No. 51
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Example 4
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Slide No. 52
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Example 4 (contd)
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