Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources

Interviews

Sabolich, Scott. Personal Interview. 3 March 2010.

I learned from this interview that Scott Sabolich followed in his father and
grandfather’s footsteps by becoming a prosthetist. Scott’s hero was his father,
John Sabolich. The Sabolich Center typically sees patients that are difficult to fit.
The Center ‘s research is funded by tax dollars. Scott is the USA’s Parolympian
Prosthetist. Lester Sabolich, Scott’s grandfather, worked as a bracer in the VA
hospital during WWII. In 1947, Lester opened a small prosthetic clinic that has
grown into the Sabolich Center of today.

Scott Sabolich Research and Prosthetics. Facility tour. 3 March 2010.

This center was the first building that was built from the ground up
specifically for prosthetics. The landscape was created with the patient in mind,
a walking trail around the lake and uneven terrain to practice walking outside.
Inside, long hallways were designed with mirrors at the end so that the patient
can see how they walk and what needs to be adjusted on the prosthetic. The
lab, where they create difficult prosthetics, has a work table and tools for each
technician. There are 12 patient rooms. A lounge area was added so that the
patients can socialize and get support from fellow or former prosthetic wearers.

Magazines

Sabolich, Scott and Jay Martin. The Sabolich Socket. In Motion, Sept./Oct. 2001.
In this article I learned that the above the knee socket has changed
completely in the last 20 years. Before 1980, this socket was made of hard,
heavey materials like plastic and wood. The Sabolich Socket is still changing.

Secondary Sources

Books

Mitchell, A. Claudia and Jaqueline Reid-Walsh. Girl Culture: Bionic Woman.

Philadelphia. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999.
This resource showed me that prosthetics change people’s lives in good
and bad ways. In this case, the woman mentioned was in an incident and was
given many bionic or artificial body parts. This changed her life completely.
Although, eventually, she became very independent. Jaime Sommers’ acting
career really launched because of her tragedy. However, she was stuck with
many prosthetic acting parts for life.
Internet

Bellis, Mary. The History of Prosthetics. Inventors. About.

<http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blprosthetic.html > (accessed
January 15, 2010)
From this article I learned that archeologists discovered the oldest known
splint from the 5th Egyptian dynasty. In 1858 a copper/wooden artificial limb was
dug up in Capri, Italy. Ambroise Pare’ showed amputation to the medical field in
1529. A huge improvement was created in the attaching of prosthetics in 1946.
Ysidro M. Martinez’s below the knee prosthetic did not undergo issues with
conventional prosthetics in 1975.

Clements, Isaac Perry. The History of Prosthetics. How Stuff Works.

http://health.Howstuffworks.com/prosthetic-limb1.htm (accessed December 7,
2009)
Ancient stories and poems referred to prosthetic limbs. Prosthetics were
made out of basic materials. Prosthetics were invented mainly to hide the fact
that someone had lost a limb. Peg legs and hook shaped hands were used
through history. With the help of technology, prosthetics are improving and
becoming more and more life-like.

History of Prosthetics. Endolite Asia.

<http://www.endoliteasia.com/company/history/history.html.> (accessed January
15, 2010)
This article taught me that in the 1500’s a Bruegel painting has prosthetic
designs and shows attitudes towards these disabilities. In the 1800’s the
Angelsea or Clapper leg was created. After World War II the need for prosthetics
lead to the discovery of the Blatchford stabilized knee. Brian Blatchford designed
the UK Modular System and developed the first carbon fiber prosthetic system.
Technology at Blatchford helped design skin covering for prosthetics. Blatchford
technology also helped with computerized prosthetics.

The History of Prosthetics.

http://www.1hup.edu/yinram/Prosthetics/history_of_prosthetics.htm. (accessed

January 15, 2010)

From this resource, I learned that mankind has been dealing with
amputation since prehistoric times. The first prosthesis used, that we know of,
was in 484 B.C. It was used by a Persian soldier who cut his foot off to escape
captivation. Ambroise Pare was the first person to apply science to the invention
of limbs in 1575. Most amputations were due to warfare.

The History of Prosthetic Devices. UNC.

<http://www.unc.edu/~mbritt/Prosthetics%20History%20Webpage%20-
%20Phys24.html. > (accessed December 7, 2009)
 Prosthetics have been around for very long time. Prosthetics have
improved from technology and new techniques. According to mythology
prosthetics have existed from 3500 B.C. to today. In mythology many different
gods did not have some limbs which might have caused the creation of
prosthetics. The first recorded document was in the Rig-Veda, and Anthropology
book, about prosthetics.

Jaipur Foot- An Extraordinary Artificial Limb

http://www.jaipurhoteldeals.com/JaipurFoot.html. (accessed February 14, 2010).
From this article I learned: Developed in 1968, the Jaipur Foot has two
parts to it, which are the foot and the joint or not depending on the location where
the limb is needed. In this artificial limb the wooden socket was replaced with a
lighter weight aluminum socket. This artificial limb is also fitted for free by
BMUSS. The socket fitting makes the socket interface ensured.

Lopez, Richard A. The History of Prosthetics. The University of Rhode Island Report.
www.ele.uri.edu/courses/ele284F09/RichardL_1.pdf.
From this article I learned that the first record of prosthetic use was in 500
B.C. In the Dark Ages there was not much advancement in this innovation.
Ambroise Pare’ was a French sergeant who showed the world amputation.
Ambroise Pare’ invented limbs for the elbow and arm. Peiter Verduyn created
the first non-locking artificial limb. The use of aluminum in the making at
prosthetics was introduced by Gustav Hermann. The need for prosthetics after
the Civil war increased improvements.

Morton, M. Kim, A Brief History of Prosthetics in Motion

http://www.amputee-coalition.org/inmotion/nob_dec_07/history_prosthetics.html
(accessed January 30, 2010)
This article talks about the evolution of prosthetics from Egyptian
Dynamics to World War I. I also learned that prostheses are one of the greatly
improved inventions. The use of iron in these artificial limbs was tested and
determined obsolete. The computerized leg has been evolving since 1500 B.C.
During the Renaissance improvements were gained rapidly and which the
prosthetics were made generally of iron, steel, copper, and wood.

Prosthetics. Hanger Inc. http://www.hanger.com/prosthetics/pages/default.aspx

(Accessed December 7, 2009)
1.7 million people have to live with limb loss. 70% of people with
prosthetics are older adults. The amputation of a limb can save a life. Out of
100, 000 babies, almost 26 are born without a limb.

Prosthetics Was in Application More Than 3000 Years Ago: Disproves Earlier Finding.
Microfinance Empowers. http://www.medgear.org/entry. (accessed January 15,
2010)
This article taught me that our technology is not ingenious. However,
practices long ago would be hard to take in. Ancient Egyptians between 1069
 and 664 B.C. were the first to apply plastic surgery which many people think is a
new invention. A fake wooden replacement was used for lost toes and was call
the “Cairo Toe”. Clues of no use archeologists say the toe might have been a
showpiece. A prosthetic leg made of bronze was later discovered. The “Cairo
Toe” is in an Egyptian Museum for viewing.

Thurston, AJ. “Pare’” and Prosthetics: In The Early History of Artificial Limbs. PubMed.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17973673. (accessed February 14, 2010).
In this article it teaches me that there is evidence that prostheses were
used in ancient Egyptian periods. Prosthetics were created for appearance and
spiritual reasons instead of medical purposes. Amputation was more fearsome
than death, because it affected their afterlife in some cultures. The first real
rehabilitation discoveries were made in the communities of Greece and Rome.
Ambroise Pare’ invented the upper and lower limb prostheses.

Journals

Chang, Wen-tung and Tseng, Ching-Huan, and Wu, Long-Iong. Creative Mechanism
Design for Prosthetic Hand. Journal of Engineering in Medicine 218 Part H:J
(June 6, 2004) 10.
I found in this paper that people everywhere are in great desire for
prosthetics. Scientists are creating gripping devices for prosthetic hands, which
are being introduced by creative mechanism designs. Most designs for gripping
devices and artificial hands have planar four-bar linkage involved. The
methodology design made for creative mechanism is put into six different steps.
These steps have helped to create five new and different mechanisms to use
with gripping devices.

Magazines

Advances in the Control of Prosthetic Arms. Technology and Disability, 15 (2003) 57-
67. IOS Press. Guest Editorial.
This article taught me that there are many engineers that succeeded in
Making prosthetics. The idea of the patient controlling or moving an artificial arm
has been around for a while. Microprocessors are used to help control
prosthetics. Technology has made a very big impact on prostheses
improvements. Pioneers helped scientists identify changes made by unknown
editors of the past.

Aldhous, Peter. Reaching for the Next Generation of Prosthetic Arms. New Scientist,
 April 27, 2006.
I learned that the Department of Veterans Affairs has treated over 400
amputees injured in the Iraq and Afghanistan Wars. The DARPA has created
two different projects to construct a good prosthetic arm that should cost around
$73 million by 2009. Good prosthetic legs are available however, arms are
greatly needed. People with prosthetic arms have to learn to use and operate
from scratch. It is a challenge for doctors to integrate the victim’s limb without
hurting their nervous system. Patients are eventually able to move their
prosthetic arm by thinking and moving the amputated limb.

Amputee’s Recipe: Just Add Water. Challenge Magazine, Spring 2001.

Maria Greenfield was hit by a car and lost both her legs at the age of 19.
One of her legs was amputated above-the-knee and the other was amputated
below-the-knee. She was very involved in high school, swimming and diving. Dr.
Scott Sabolich created special prosthetic legs for contact with water. She is now
married with 2 kids and fulfills a regular life thanks to her prosthetics.

McClellan, Doug. Software for Artificial Limbs. Technology Review, July 1993.
The Department of Veterans Affairs is one of the helpers that financed
research for prosthetics software. Precision is essential because it can be
miserable if the prosthetic doesn’t fit securely and comfortably right. I found a
quote by Stephen Carter about how prosthetics are made with technology. The
quote read: “In my wildest imagination, I never thought a computer could design
a prosthetics as well as I could.” One hundred twenty prosthetics centers are
estimated to be using a CAD system.

We Can Rebuild Him. Inc. June 2008:108

I learned that prosthetics have changed and improved greatly in time.
Computer chips are installed in the artificial limbs, which allows you to send
messages through your nerves. People and scientists are working to create
artificial eyes that relay illustrations in your brain. Prostheses are rapidly
becoming more lifelike. Solutions for internal organ injuries could be made by
turning cells into artificial organs.

Newspapers

Evans, Gavin. Man made scarcely a week goes by without a report of some new leap
of medical science in recreating limbs, organs, or body tissue; but just how close
are we to realizing the dream or nightmare- of the bionic man? The Guardian.
[London (UK)] 2, Sept. 1998, sec T:0002
Durable prosthetics are being built and created. 10,000 microchips let
people move their prosthetic limbs through thinking. Lifelike prosthetics are
being used. There are many projects in construction to improve prosthetics.
There is a wide variety of different prosthetics.
Hughes, Mark. Woman with Prosthetic Arm Forced to Work Out of Sight in Storeroom.
The Independent. London (U K). June 25, 2009:10
People with prosthetic arms or limbs are sometimes victims of disability
Discrimination. It is hard for persons with prosthetic arms to find good reliable
jobs. I found this quote: “I questioned my worth as a human being,” by Riam
Dean. Prosthetic users were treated unfairly. Discrimination against prosthetics
caused depression and low self esteem.

New Prosthetic Limbs May Facilitate Careers. Jakarta Post. September 7, 2009
This article is about a foundation called Limbs for the Limbless who pro-
Vide prosthetic limbs to the needy. Even after being given limbs, people with
prosthetic limbs are not guaranteed to find jobs easily. Prosthetics impact
people’s lives greatly. They are forced to sacrifice a lot. Prosthetics are very
useful.

Roan, Shari. Science Quickens It’s Steps. Los Angeles Times. March 9, 2006. A1+
I found this quote: “Never has there been a time, in my experience, where
the amputee has been offered so much to overcome the obstacles of having to
adjust to their new body.” Throughout the wars more people have fought and
got injuries. This is the main reason for the invention of prosthetic limbs.
Prosthetics are advancing more and more through time. The goal of prosthetic
limb creators is to make prosthetics as life-like as possible.

Siegel-Itzkovich, Judy. Bionic Limbs: Science Fiction No Longer. Jerusalem Post

. November. 1, 2009 pg 6.
A superior in the battlefield wants to build a better prosthetic limb to outdo
the first making. Scientists want to create limbs that can carry out commands.
They are unsure how other original body parts will react to medicines in the
prosthetic. Prosthetics are being improved. Prosthetics are very valuable.